Lecture 4

CSE 1101
C loops
CONTROL STRUCTURE
Repetition Statements

Every programming language has some constructs that can be used to

define controlled repetitions (or loops) on a program block.

A program block that is executed repeatedly by a repetition statement

is called its loop body.

The repetition is controlled by a condition that is associated with the

repetition statement.

There are two types of repetition statements:

•pretest repetition statements

•posttest repetition statements

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REPETITION STATEMENTS
 You can make decision with your program.
 Another problem arise when you want repeating
doing one operation.
 For example:
create a program to print 1 to 10.
CONTROL STRUCTURE
A pretest repetition statement computes a value for its associated
predicate before entering the loop body and will execute the loop body as
long as the predicate is true.

Once the predicate computes to false, repetition stops and the program
control passes to the next statement that follows the repetition
statement.

Flowchart
true
predicate loop body

false

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CONTROL STRUCTURE
A posttest repetition statement first executes the loop body and then
computes the predicate. If the predicate is true, the loop body is executed
again; otherwise, the repetition terminates.

Flowchart

true

loop body predicate

false

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CONTROL STRUCTURE

There are three statements for repetitions:

while statement;
for statement; a pretest repetition statement
do-while statement; a posttest repetition statement

Using while Statements

enclosed in parenthesis
while (Expression)
Statement; loop body
/*end while*/ comment: to show termination

Example
while (++counter <= 10) {
printf (“%d\n”, counter);
/*end while*/

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THE ESSENTIALS OF REPETITION

 Loop
 Group of instructions computer executes
repeatedly while some condition remains true
 Counter-controlled repetition
 Definite repetition: know how many times loop
will execute
 Control variable used to count repetitions
 Sentinel-controlled repetition
 Indefinite repetition
 Used when number of repetitions not known
 Sentinel value indicates "end of data" 7
THE FOR REPETITION STATEMENT

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THE FOR REPETITION STATEMENT
 Format when using for loops
for ( initialization; loopContinuationTest; increment )
statement
 Example:
for( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ )
printf( "%d\n", counter );
 Prints the integers from one to ten
No
semicolon
(;) after
last
expression

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THE FOR REPETITION STATEMENT
 For loops can usually be rewritten as while loops:
initialization;
while ( loopContinuationTest ) {
statement;
increment;
}
 Initialization and increment
 Can be comma-separated lists
 Example:
for (int i = 0, j = 0; j + i <= 10; j++, i++)
printf( "%d\n", j + i );

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THE FOR STATEMENT : NOTES AND
OBSERVATIONS
 Arithmetic expressions
 Initialization, loop-continuation, and increment
can contain arithmetic expressions. If x equals 2
and y equals 10
for ( j = x; j <= 4 * x * y; j += y / x )
is equivalent to
for ( j = 2; j <= 80; j += 5 )
 Notes about the for statement:
 "Increment" may be negative (decrement)
 If the loop continuation condition is initially false
 The body of the for statement is not performed
 Control proceeds with the next statement after the for
statement
 Control variable
 Often printed or used inside for body, but not necessary 11
THE FOR STATEMENT : NOTES AND
OBSERVATIONS

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1 /* Fig. 4.5: fig04_05.c
2 Summation with for */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main( void )
7 {
8 int sum = 0; /* initialize sum */
9 int number; /* number to be added to sum */
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11 for ( number = 2; number <= 100; number += 2 ) {
sum += number; /* add number to sum */
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Note that number has a different
13 } /* end for */
14 value each time this statement is
15 printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum ); /* output sum */ executed
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17 return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */
18
19 } /* end function main */

Sum is 2550

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THE WHILE REPETITION STATEMENT

 Repetition structure
 Programmer specifies an action to be repeated while
some condition remains true
 Psuedocode:
While there are more items on my shopping list
Purchase next item and cross it off my list
 while loop repeated until condition becomes
false

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THE WHILE REPETITION STATEMENT

 Example:
int product = 2;
while ( product <= 1000 )
product = 2 * product;

• Not providing the body of a while statement with an action that

eventually causes the condition in the while to become false.
Normally, such a repetition structure will never terminate—an error 15
called an “infinite loop.”
THE DO…WHILE REPETITION
STATEMENT
 The do…while repetition statement
 Similar to the while structure
 Condition for repetition tested after the body of the
loop is performed
 All actions are performed at least once
 Format:
do {
statement;
} while ( condition );

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THE DO…WHILE REPETITION
STATEMENT
 Example (letting counter = 1):
do {
printf( "%d ", counter );
} while (++counter <= 10);
 Prints the integers from 1 to 10

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THE DO…WHILE REPETITION
STATEMENT
 Flowchart of the do…while repetition
statement

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1 /* Fig. 4.9: fig04_09.c
2 Using the do/while repetition statement */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main( void )
7 {
8 int counter = 1; /* initialize counter */
9
10 do {
11 printf( "%d ", counter ); /* display counter */
} while ( ++counter <= 10 ); /* end do...while */
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increments counter then checks if it
13
14 return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */ is less than or equal to 10
15
16 } /* end function main */

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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C’S SINGLE-ENTRY/SINGLE-EXIT SEQUENCE,
SELECTION AND REPETITION STATEMENTS.

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THE BREAK AND CONTINUE STATEMENTS
 break
 Causes immediate exit from a while, for,
do…while or switch statement
 Program execution continues with the first statement
after the structure
 Common uses of the break statement
 Escape early from a loop
 Skip the remainder of a switch statement

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THE BREAK AND CONTINUE STATEMENTS
 continue
 Skips the remaining statements in the body of a
while, for or do…while statement
 Proceeds with the next iteration of the loop
 while and do…while
 Loop-continuation test is evaluated immediately after the
continue statement is executed
 for
 Increment expression is executed, then the loop-
continuation test is evaluated

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REFERENCES

Problem Solving using C, Uckan, Yuksel, Mc

Graw Hill, 1999.

C How to Program, Deitel&Deitel, Prentice-

Hall, 6th Edition, 2010.

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Q&A
Any Question?
 Can you write an infinity loop using
for/while/do-while statements?

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