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Class 10th Maths ]
CHAPTER -1 REAL NUMBERS

REAL NUMBER

Rational number and irrational number taken together are called real number

RATIONAL NUMBER

Any number that can be written as a ratio (or fraction) of two integers is a rational number.

p/q of two integers such that q ≠ 0.

( T,N.T repeating decimal no.)

IRRATIONAL NUMBER

An irrational number is a number that cannot be expressed as a fraction for any

integers.

√2, √3, √5, √11, √21, π(Pi) are all irrational.

(N.T, N.R decimal no)

THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC

Every composite number can be expressed in the form of the product of prime in
one only one way apart from one order in which primes are written.

RELATION BETWEEN HCF AND LCM

L.C.M. × H.C.F. = Product of two given numbers

NOTE- Product of three numbers Is not equal to one product of their HCF
and LCM

(SOME RESULT RELATED TO RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBER )

 The sum of rational and irrational number is always irrational.(2+√2)

  The product of any rational number and any irrational number will always be an
irrational number. .(2×√3= 2√3)
 the sum of two irrational numbers not always irrational.√2 +(−√2)=0
 The product of two irrational numbers is not always an irrational number.√2×
√2=2)
CHAPTER-2 POLYNOMIAL

A polynomial is a sum of monomials.

A function p(x) of the form.

P(x)= a0 +a1x +a2x2 + ⋯ + anxn is called polynomial

a0 +a1 +a2.........an (coefficient)

DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL

The Highest or the greatest power of a variable in a polynomial equation.

TYPES OF POLYNOMIAL

1. LINEAR POLYNOMIAL (Degree-1)

P(x) = ax + b, where a and b are real numbers and a ≠ 0.

Example: √7 x+3

x-3/11

2. QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL (Degree – 2)

p(x)= ax2 + bx + c, where a≠0.

Example- 2x2 + 4x +3

4x2 – 3x +8

3. CUBIC POLYNOMIAL (Degree-3)

P(x)=Ax3+bx2+cx+d, where a≠0

Example- 2 – z3

2y3 –y2 +y +3
 4. ZEROES OF POLYNOMIAL

A real number ‘a’ is said to be one zero of a polynomial P(x) , if P(a)= 0

Example- p(x) = 2x + 3, p(a) = 0

Then, 2a + 3 = 0

2a =-3, a= -3/2

GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF THE ZEROES OF POLYNOMIAL

The graph of p(x) = y of degree x interest the x-axis at almost x point

QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL FORMATION

P(x)= K[ x2- (α+β) x +αβ]

K – non-zero constant

[RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ZEROES AND COEFFICIENTS OF A

POLYNOMIAL]

P(x) = ax2 + bx + c, α and β are one zeroes of p(x)

α+β (sum of zeroes ) = −b

𝑎

α×β(product of zeroes)= 𝑐
𝑎

SOME USEFUL RELATION

1. α2+β2 = (α+β)2 - 2 αβ
2. √𝛼 +√𝛽 = √(α + β) + 2√αβ

3. α + . β α2+β2 (α+β)2
= =
β α αβ 𝛼𝛽
 4. α-β = √(𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 4𝛼𝛽

5. α4 +β4 =( (α+β)2 -2αβ)2 – 2 (αβ)2

6. α3 +β3 = (α+β) (α+β)2 -3 αβ

7. α2β + β2α = αβ (α+β)

1
8. 1 + =
𝛼+𝛽
𝛼 𝛽 𝛼𝛽

𝛼2 𝛽2 α3+β3 α+β (α+β)2−3αβ

9. 𝛽
+ 𝛼
= αβ
= 𝛼𝛽

CHAPTER-3 (Pair of Linear equation in two variables)

GENERAL EQUATION

ax + by +c = 0 is called linear equation in two variables x and y

where a, b, c are constant coefficient of x, y and constant term

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0

a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0

Where a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 are real numbers.

Method of solving pair of Linear equation in two variables.

ALGEBRAIC METHOD
 a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0

a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0

a) Substitution method
b) Elimination method
CONDITION OF SOLVABILITY

a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0

a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
𝑏1
case I 𝑎1 ≠ unique soln, Interesting lines, Consistent
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑏1
Case ii 𝑎1 ≠ = 𝑐1 infinite solution , coincident lines, Consistent
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

𝑏1
Case iii 𝑎1 ≠ ≠ 𝑐1 no solution, parallel lines, inconsistent
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

CHAPTER-4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

GENERAL EQUATION–
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a≠0

Method of solving Quadratic Equation

1. Prime factorization
2. Quadratic formula

QUADRATIC FORMULA

Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 be quadratic equation

D = b2 - 4ac D --- Discriminate

If D≥ 0 then x = −𝑏 ± √𝐷
2𝑎
NATURE OF ROOTS

i) D< 0 , No real roots

ii) D= 0, two equal roots or coincident roots.
iii) D>0, two distinct real roots.

CHAPTER – 5 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

Sequence is a list of number that follow a certain rule. Each of the numbers in the sequence is
called term.

Example- 1, 5, 9, 13, 18 ……..

1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ………

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

Sequence of numbers that has a fixed common difference between any two consecutive
numbers is called an arithmetic progression (A.P.).

Example – 2,4,6,8,10

TYPES OF A.P

FINITE A P- An arithmetic progression with finite number of terms is called a finite AP

EX- 5,10,15, ....... 100

INFINITE A.P- an A.P whose number of terms is infinite.

EX- 1,3,5,7........

Nth TERMS OF AN A.P

a, a+d, a+2d, ............a + (n-1) d

an = a + (n-1)d

Here ′a′ - first term

an - nth terms /last term

n- no of terms
d- common difference.
SUM OF FIRST nth TERM OF AN A.P

Sn = 𝒏 [2a + (n – 1) d],
𝟐

Sn – sum of n terms
a- First term
N- no of terms

D- common difference

Or

Sn=n/2(a+l) l=an= last terms

MIDDLE TERMS OF THE A.P

an = a+(n-1) d

Case i n= even

Middle terms – (n/2)th and (n+1/2)th

Case ii- n= odd

Middle terms ( n+1/2)

CHAPTER-6 TRIANGLE

SIMILAR FIGURE-

i) All congruent are figure are similar but the similar figure need not be
congruent.
ii) Two polygon of same number of sides are similar if
a) All the corresponding angles are equal.
b) All the corresponding sides are proportional.

SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLE S

Two triangle are similar if

i) Their corresponding angles are equal.

 ii) Their corresponding sides are in the same ratio.

A D

B C E F ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐷𝐸𝐹
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
= ==
𝐷𝐸 𝐸𝐹 𝐷𝐹

<A=<D, <B =<E, <C = <F

BPT (Basic proportionality Theorem)

If a line is drown parallel to one side of triangle to interest the other two sides in
distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio

If DE// BC Then A
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
== D E E
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶

B C

CONVERSE BPT THEORM

If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in one same ratio, then one line is
parallel to third side. A
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
If == D E
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶

Then , DE // BC B C

SIMILARITY CRITERION

AAA Similarity Criterion: - If two triangle are equiangular , then they are
similar.

AAA Similarity:- If two angle of one Triangle are respectively equal to two
angles of another triangle , then the two triangles are similar.
 SSS Similarity Criterion:- If the corresponding sides of two triangles are
proportional , then they are similar.

SAS Similarity Criterion :- If in two Triangles , one pair of corresponding

sides are proportional and the included angles are equal then the two triangle
are similar.
CHAPTER- 7 CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

CO-ORDINATES :- Position of a point Pin the Cartesian plane with respect to co-
ordinate axes is represented by the ordered pair (x, y)

x - Abscissa

y - Ordinate

DISTANCE FORMULA

A (x1 y1) (x2 y2) B

AB = √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

COLLINEARITY

A B C

If A, B and C are collinear then

AB + BC = CA OR AC + CB = AB OR AB + AC = BC

QUADRILATERAL A

i) Square- B D
AB = BC = CD =DA
ii) Rectangle
AB = CD , AD= BC , AC = BD C
iii) Rhombus
AB = BC = CD = DA, AC ≠ BD
iv) // gm
AB = CD, AD = BC AC ≠ BD
 SECTION FORMULA

A(x1 y1) C(x, y). (x2, y2) B

c divides AB internally in the ratio of (m1: m2)
(x2 m1)+ (x1 m2)
X =
(m1 + m2)

(y2 m1)+ (y1 m2)

Y =
(m1+ m2)

MID POINT FORMULA

A(x1 y1) C(x, y). (x2, y2) B

X = X1 + X2 /2

Y = Y1 + Y2 /2

CENTROID :- The co-ordinate of the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (x1 , y1) ,
(x2 , y2) , (x3 , y3), are ( 𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3 , 𝑦1+𝑦2+𝑦3 )
3 3

CHAPTER-8 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

PYTHAGORAS THEOREM C

H2 = P2 + B2 Perpendicular

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO A Base B

Pandit Badri Prasad

P B P
Har Har Bolle H H B

Sin θ = 𝑃 cosec θ = 𝐻
𝐻 𝑃

Cos θ= 𝐵 Sec θ = 𝐻
𝐻 𝐵

tan θ = 𝑃𝐵 Cot θ = 𝐵𝑃

OTHER RELATION

Sin θ = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ

Tan θ= 1
 cot θ

Tan θ = sin θ
cos θ cos θ = 1
sec θ

cot θ = cos θ
sin θ

TRIGONMETRIC RATIO OF SOME SPECIFIC ANGLES

Θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

Sin θ 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1
Cos θ 1 √3/2 1/√2 ½ 0
Tan θ 0 1/√3 1 √3 N0t defined

Cosec θ Not defined 2 √2 2/√3 1

Sec θ 1 2/√3 √2 2 N0t defined

Cot θ Not defined √3 1 1/√3 0

Trigonometric Identifies

i) Sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
ii) 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
iii) 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ

CHAPTER- 9 SOME APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRY

LINE OF SIGHT- The line of sight to the object is the imaginary line from our eyes
to the object we are looking to. A
Horizontal axis

D X
Line of sight

B
ANGLE OF ELEVATION –

Angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the point being viewed is
above the horizontal level is known as Angle of Elevation

Angle of equation D
Horizontal level

O C
Line of sight Angle of Depression

A B

ANGLE OF DEPRESSION

Angle formed by one line of sight with the horizontal when the being viewed is below the
horizontal level is known as Angle of depression.

CHAPTER-10 CIRCLES Radius

CIRCLE- Circle is a collection of all points in a c A

plane which are at a constant distance from a fixed point.

CHORD- Chord is a straight line segment whose both end points lie on the circle.

TANGENT- A tangent to a circle is a line that touches the circle at exactly one point.

P A

P l C

One tangent two tangent

Secant:- A line which interested a circle in two distinct points is called secant of the
circle.
THEOREM

Theorem -1 Tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through

the point of contact.

X p y

Theorem -2 length of tangent drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

PQ= PR Q Q

CHAPTER-12 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLES

1) Area of circle - π r2
2) Area of Semi- Circle - 1π r2
2
3) Circumference of circle - 2π r
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
4) No. of Revolution -
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
5) Area of Quadrant - 1 πr
4
Of circle
6) Area of Sector (minor) - 360°
𝑄 × π r2
7) Area of Sector (major) - π r2 – ( 𝑄 ×πr2)
360°
8) Circumference of Semi- Circle - πr+2r
9) Perimeter of Sector - 2r + ( 𝑄 ×2π r)
360°

10) length of the arc - 𝑄 ×2π r

360°

11) Area of segment (minor) - ( 𝑄 ×πr2) - 1 r2 sin θ

360° 2

12) Area of Segment (major) - π r2 – [ 𝑄 ×πr2 - 1 r2sinθ]

360° 2
 Q = Angle (central)

R = Radius

Speed = Distance /time

Distance = speed ×time

π = 22 or 3.14
7

CHAPTER -13 SURFACE AREA OF VOLUME

CUBE

Volume = L3

C.S.A = 4 L2

T.S.A = 6 L2 L

Diagonal of the cube = √3 L L= Length of an edge

CUBOID

Volume = lbh h

C.S.A = 2 (l + b + h)

T.S.A = 2( lb + bh + hl) L

Diagonal of the cuboids = √𝑙2 + 𝑏2 +h2

CONE
l = Slant height h l
h = height
r = radius r
Volume = 1π r2 h
3
 C.S.A = πrl ( l2 = b2 + r2 )

T.S.A = π r (l + r)

CYLINDER
radius

Volume = π r2 h

C.S.A = 2πrh height

T.S.A = 2 π r (r + h)

SPHERE

Volume = 4π r3
3

C.S.A or T.S.A = 4 π r2

HEMI – SPHERE

Volume = 2 π r3
3
C.S.A = 2 π r2
T.S.A = 3 π r2

CHAPTER- 14
MEAN
STATISTICS
a) For ungrouped Data

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Mean ( x‾) =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
b) For grouped Data

DIRECT METOD
𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑡𝑖
(x‾) =
𝐸𝑡𝑖

xi = Class Mark
 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
xi =
2

fi = Corresponding Frequencies

2. ASSUME MEAN MEATOD SHORTCUT METHOD

𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑡𝑖
(x‾) = a+
𝐸𝑡𝑖

a = assumed mean

di = deviation

di = xi - a

MODE - FOR GROUPED DATA

Mode = l +( f1 – f0 / 2 f1 – f0 – f2) × h

Where

L = lower limit of modal class

F1 = frequency of modal class
F0 = frequency of preceding modal class
F2 = frequency of succeeding modal class
H = class size

MODAL CLASS

Class corresponding to the max. class frequency.

COMMULATIVE FREQUENCY

The frequency obtained by adding the frequency of all the classes preceding the
given class.
MEDIAN

For grouped Data

The class whose C.f is just greater than 𝑁

2

Empirical relation
between mean, mode,

3 Median = mode + 2 Mean

CHAPTER- 15
PROBABILITY

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
1) P (E) = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
2) P(E‾) + P(E) = 1 – P(E)
3) P(E) + P(E‾) = 1
4) Probability of sure events = 1
5) P(impossible events) = 0
6) 0≤ 𝑝(𝐸) ≤ 1

TOSSING A COIN 2n (n – no. of coins)

i) 1 coin toss
S = {H , T}

ii) 2 coins toss

S = {HH, TT, TH, TT}

iii) 3 coins toss

{ HHH, HHT, HTH, THH

S = { TTT, TTH, THT, HTT}

 DICE

Dice - 6 (n – no. of dice throw)

i) 1 Dice
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
ii) 2 Dice
S = (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (5, 6)
PLAYING CARDS

Total cards = 52

Total cards (52)

Red (26) Black (26)

Heart(13) Diamond(13) Spade(13) clubs(13)

2 – 10 Numbers Face card 12

11 Jack (J, Q, K)
12 Queen
13 king Honour Cards 16
Ace ace (J, Q, K, Ace)