UPDATED 22 OCTOBER, 2023 - 18:53 ALEKSA VUČKOVIĆ
10 Deadly Martial Arts of the Ancient World
The need for self-defense has always been present in history, especially in the ancient world. Sometimes, however, the
common folk were not provided with adequate weapons or sufficient training, which greatly reduced their effectiveness in
battle. In many cultures, people chose to instruct themselves, and thereby developed unique martial arts that could be
very deadly forms of self defense. Many of these martial arts survived through the centuries, being refined and perfected.
Here are ten deadly martial arts of the ancient world!
1. Tahtib
Tahtib, also known as Arnis sa Kawayan or simply “stick fighting,” is a traditional martial art that originated in ancient
Egypt. Rooted in history and culture, tahtib involves combat techniques using a long bamboo stick as the primary
weapon. Practitioners of tahtib engage in choreographed movements that simulate combat scenarios, incorporating
strikes, blocks, thrusts and sweeps. The art emphasizes fluid and rhythmic footwork, balance and coordination, making
use of the stick as both an offensive and defensive tool.
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Tahtib has cultural significance beyond self-defense, often being performed in celebratory events, festivals, and social
gatherings. It serves as a means of entertainment, storytelling, and preserving historical heritage. While tahtib's
prominence waned over time, efforts have been made to revive and preserve this ancient art. Modern practitioners study
tahtib to connect with Egypt's martial history, promote cultural appreciation, and foster a sense of community.
Tahtib showcases the ingenuity of ancient Egyptian combat traditions and contributes to a broader understanding of the
diversity and depth of martial arts across different cultures.
Men practicing the martial art known as tahtib. (Yasser Elrasoul / CC BY-SA 4.0)
2. Kung Fu
Kung Fu is a diverse and multifaceted martial arts discipline that originated in China and has gained global recognition.
Rooted in ancient traditions, Kung Fu encompasses a vast array of styles, techniques, and philosophies that have
evolved over centuries.
Kung Fu techniques include a wide spectrum of strikes, kicks, punches, blocks, joint locks, throws, and more. It
emphasizes fluidity of movement, balance, flexibility, and the integration of mind and body, and it can be quite deadly
when used in true combat. Many styles are named after animals, imitating their characteristics and movements. Beyond
combat, Kung Fu embodies a philosophy of self-discipline, personal development and respect for others. It encompasses
principles like harmony, balance and the pursuit of inner peace. Traditional Kung Fu schools often integrate meditation,
philosophy and healing practices into their teachings.
The practice of Kung Fu has influenced various aspects of Chinese culture, including literature, theater and film. It gained
global popularity in part due to its portrayal in movies and television. Different styles of Kung Fu, such as Shaolin, Wing
Chun, Tai Chi and Wushu, showcase its versatility and adaptability to different goals, whether they be self-defense,
physical fitness, artistic expression or spiritual growth.
3. Bataireacht
Bataireacht, also known as Irish stick fighting or cudgel play, is a traditional martial art that originated in Ireland. Rooted
in the country's history and culture, bataireacht involves the skilled use of a wooden stick or cudgel for combat.
Practitioners of bataireacht develop proficiency in various techniques, including strikes, blocks, parries and footwork. The
art emphasizes fluid movements, precision and timing, making use of the stick as an extension of the body. Bataireacht
techniques can be applied in both one-on-one combat and in larger-scale confrontations.
Historically, bataireacht played a role in Ireland's fight for independence, as well as in everyday self-defense among
common people. The art was often practiced covertly due to its association with resistance against British rule. While
bataireacht's prominence waned over time, efforts have been made to preserve and revive its techniques and cultural
significance.
Fight with Cudgels by Francisco de Goya, circa 1820, resembles a bataireacht brawl. (Public domain)
4. Pankration
Pankration was an ancient Greek martial art that emerged in the early Olympics and has left an indelible mark on combat
sports history. Combining elements of boxing and wrestling, pankration was a no-holds-barred fighting discipline that
allowed for a wide range of techniques, including strikes, joint locks, chokes, and throws.
In pankration, combatants aimed to incapacitate or submit their opponents through a combination of brute force and
strategic finesse. Matches could become intense and often ended only when one fighter either surrendered, was
rendered unconscious, or was unable to continue. Despite its aggressive nature, there were rules in place to prevent
maiming or death.
Pankration was held in high esteem in ancient Greek society, celebrated for its physical prowess and mental fortitude. Its
champions were regarded as true all-around athletes, showcasing a blend of strength, agility, and tactical acumen.
Pankration's legacy can be seen in the modern evolution of mixed martial arts (MMA), as it bears similarities to the
diverse combat techniques and versatility displayed in contemporary cage fighting. While pankration itself is no longer
widely practiced, its influence endures through its impact on combat sports.
5. Kalaripayattu
Kalaripayattu is an ancient Indian martial art with roots in the state of Kerala. Considered one of the world's oldest
fighting systems, it encompasses a holistic approach to physical, mental, and spiritual development. Kalaripayattu is
known for its distinctive blend of striking techniques, weaponry and physical conditioning.
This martial art is divided into various stages of training, beginning with the practice of Meipayattu (body conditioning) to
develop flexibility and strength. Kolthari involves training with wooden weapons like staffs, Ankathari introduces metal
weapons like knives and swords, and Verumkai focuses on unarmed combat.
Kalaripayattu's unique techniques include intricate footwork, graceful movements and powerful strikes aimed at vital
points on the body. It emphasizes a deep understanding of the body's energy flow and pressure points for both offense
and defense.
Beyond combat, Kalaripayattu incorporates healing techniques, known as Marma Chikitsa, to treat injuries and restore
balance. It's also an essential part of Kerala's cultural heritage and has influenced other martial arts like Silambam and
certain aspects of traditional dance forms.
Two Kalaripayattu swordsmen in mock sword against sword martial arts combat in Kerala. (Phil Bus / CC BY-SA 2.0)
6. Karate
Karate is a traditional Japanese martial art that originated on the island of Okinawa and later gained worldwide
recognition. Characterized by its emphasis on striking techniques using various parts of the body, karate focuses on
delivering powerful punches, kicks, knee strikes and elbow strikes. It embodies principles of discipline, respect, and
personal development.
Karate practitioners, known as karateka, train in forms (kata), which are choreographed sequences of movements that
simulate combat scenarios. These forms help practitioners develop techniques, balance, coordination and mental focus.
Karate also includes sparring (kumite), where practitioners engage in controlled, supervised combat to apply techniques
in a dynamic setting.
Different styles of karate exist, each with its own philosophy and techniques. Shotokan, Shito-ryu, Goju-ryu, and Wado-
ryu are some of the most well-known styles. Karate has been influenced by Okinawan and Chinese martial arts, and it
has evolved over time to include both traditional and sport-focused elements.
Karate's popularity as a martial art, self-defense system and competitive sport has led to its inclusion in international
events like the Olympic Games. Beyond physical skills, karate fosters mental resilience, self-confidence and a sense of
community.
7. Ninjutsu
Ninjutsu is a historic and secretive Japanese martial art that encompasses a wide range of skills and techniques
associated with espionage, sabotage and unconventional warfare. Originating during feudal Japan, ninjutsu was
developed and practiced by the ninja, covert agents skilled in espionage and guerrilla tactics.
Ninjutsu encompasses various disciplines, including espionage, disguise, stealth, camouflage, escape, evasion and
unconventional combat techniques. Practitioners, known as shinobi or ninja, were trained to operate in a clandestine and
covert manner, using their specialized skills to gather information, conduct assassinations and disrupt enemy activities.
The art of ninjutsu places a strong emphasis on adaptability, deception and survival. Techniques include unarmed
combat, weapon handling, explosives, poisons and the use of everyday tools as weapons. Additionally, the art includes
meditation and mental training to enhance focus, awareness and control.
Ninjutsu's mystique has been popularized in modern media, though historical records are often limited due to its
secretive nature. While the traditional role of the ninja has evolved, the legacy of ninjutsu endures as a symbol of
ingenuity, resourcefulness, and the art of adapting to challenging circumstances.
8. Silambam
Silambam is an ancient martial art hailing from the southern regions of India, particularly Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Rooted
in tradition and culture, Silambam revolves around the skillful use of a bamboo staff, also known as silambu or lathi, as a
versatile weapon for both offense and defense.
Practitioners of Silambam engage in a dynamic and rhythmic dance-like combat, focusing on fluid movements, footwork
and precise strikes. The art incorporates a wide range of techniques, including strikes, blocks, sweeps, thrusts and spins,
making it a comprehensive, deadly, and adaptable form of self-defense.
One of Silambam's distinctive features is its emphasis on weapon-to-weapon combat, as well as unarmed techniques
that complement the staff work. The art's historical roots trace back to ancient battles and warrior traditions, where the
silambu was utilized to defend against various opponents and weaponry.
Over time, Silambam has evolved into a cultural expression and a symbol of regional heritage. It has gained recognition
as a sport and a means of promoting physical fitness, coordination and discipline. The practice of Silambam continues to
be celebrated through performances, competitions and demonstrations, showcasing its significance in preserving the rich
martial heritage of South India.
9. Eskrima / Kali / Arnis
Arnis is the national martial art of the Philippines. Also known as Eskrima or Kali, this is a versatile and comprehensive
martial art that can be very lethal. This ancient system places a strong emphasis on weapon-based combat, with a
primary focus on sticks, blades and improvised weapons. Eskrima practitioners develop a deep understanding of both
armed and unarmed techniques, making it effective for self-defense in various scenarios.
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Practitioners learn to strike, block, disarm and manipulate opponents' weapons with precision and speed. The art's
footwork and body positioning contribute to its effectiveness, enabling practitioners to maintain a balanced and controlled
approach to combat.
While weapons training is a cornerstone of Eskrima, it also incorporates empty-hand techniques, grappling, and throws,
providing a well-rounded self-defense system. The art's adaptability has led to its integration into modern law
enforcement and military training, as well as its continued practice in various cultural and sporting contexts.
Eskrima remains an integral part of the nation's cultural identity, celebrated for its practicality, efficiency and holistic
approach to combat and self-preservation.
Eskrima practitioner wearing a traditional headdress and striking with a stick as part of this unique martial art. (kian /
Adobe Stock)
10. Varma Kalai
Varma Kalai is an ancient martial art and healing system that originated in the region of Tamil Nadu in South India.
Rooted in the Siddha tradition, Varma Kalai focuses on the manipulation of vital points (varma) on the body to both
incapacitate opponents and promote healing, depending on the need. This martial art encompasses a wide range of
techniques, including strikes, pressure point manipulation, joint locks and weapon-based combat.
Varma Kalai practitioners are trained to target specific points on the body, believed to be interconnected with the body's
energy pathways, nerves, and vital organs. Strikes and pressure applied to these points can disrupt an opponent's
physiological functions, causing pain, paralysis or even death. However, the art also emphasizes the ethical use of its
techniques and places great importance on understanding the body's energy flow and balance.
In addition to combat applications, Varma Kalai includes a comprehensive system of healing and medicine, utilizing the
knowledge of vital points to treat injuries, ailments and imbalances in the body. While the ancient art of Varma Kalai has
diminished in prominence over time, efforts to preserve and revive its teachings continue, allowing its unique blend of
martial prowess and therapeutic knowledge to persist as a cultural and historical treasure.
These ten martial arts, whether showcasing the graceful but lethal moves in Kalaripayattu or the brute force encounters
of pankration in ancient Greek arenas, offer a deep dive into the ingenious methods developed for self-defense and
warfare. They stand not just as methods of physical combat, but also as spiritual disciplines, philosophies, and influential
cultural symbols woven deeply into the tapestries of their respective societies.
Top image: 10 Deadly Martial Arts of the Ancient World. Source: wojciech / Adobe Stock
By Aleksa Vučković
References
DeMarco, M. 2017. Foundations of Korean Martial Arts: Masters, Manuals and Combative Techniques. Via Media
Publishing.
Lorge, P. A. 2011. Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press.
Shaw, S. 1998. The Warrior Is Silent: Martial Arts and the Spiritual Path. Simon and Schuster.
