NATURE AND

OVERVIEW OF
FIELD
METHODS IN
PSYCHOLOGY
Group 1
OBJECTIVES

01 Discuss the background of field

methods in Psychology

Discuss the Three Approaches

02 to Research and;

Three Components Involved in

03 an Approach
FIELD METHODS
Field methods in psychology refer
to research techniques and
methodologies that involve the
collection of data and
observations in real-world
settings, as opposed to controlled
laboratory environments.
FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH
RESEARCH
APPROACHES
Research approaches are plans and
the procedures for research that span
the steps from broad assumptions to
detailed methods of data collection,
analysis, and interpretation.
THREE
APPROACHES
TO RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPROACH
AND DESIGN
Jilian Masbate
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Quantitative research is the process of
collecting and analyzing numerical data.
It is formed from a deductive approach
or top-down logic.

Advantages of Quantitative Research:

Limits biases
Able to generalize and replicate the
findings
SURVEY
RESEARCH
Provides a quantitative or numeric
description of trends, attitudes, or
opinions of a population by studying a
sample of that population. It includes
cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
using questionnaires or structured
interview.
TYPES OF SURVEY
RESEARCH
Cross-Sectional Study
Collect data from a population
at a specific point in time

Longitudinal Study
Repeatedly collect data from
the same sample over an
extended period of time
EXPERIMENT

Seeks to determine if a specific

treatment influences an outcome.
This impact is assessed by
providing a specific treatment to
one group and withholding it from
another and then determining
how both groups scored on an
outcome.
TYPES OF EXPERIMENT
True Experiment
An experiment conducted to prove or disprove a
cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
A true experimental method must include a control
group and at least one experimental group that are
randomly assigned and a researcher-manipulated
variable.

Quasi-Experiment
Aim to evaluate interventions but that do not use
randomization. Similar to randomized trials, quasi-
experiments aim to demonstrate causality between
an intervention and an outcome.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
APPROACH
AND DESIGN
Zhairyn Wenceslao
WHAT IS
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH?
Qualitative research is an approach for
Procedure of Research
exploring and understanding the
meaning individuals or groups ascribe to The process of research involves emerging
a social or human problem. questions and procedures, data typically
collected in the participant’s setting, data
analysis inductively building from particulars
to general themes, and the researcher making
interpretations of the meaning of the data.
The final written report has a flexible structure
HISTORIC
ORIGIN
In recent decades, qualitative research has seen
various approaches emerge, originating from
anthropology, sociology, the humanities, and
evaluation. Comprehensive procedures are now
available for specific qualitative research
methods. Some notable approaches include:
NARRATIVE
RESEARCH
Narrative Research is a design of
inquiry from the humanities in which
the researcher studies the lives of
individuals and asks one or more
individuals to provide stories about
their lives (Riessman, 2008).
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH

• Phenomenological research is a design

of inquiry coming from philosophy and
psychology in which the researcher
describes the lived experiences of
individuals about a phenomenon as
described by participants.
 GROUNDED THEORY
Grounded theory is a design of inquiry
from sociology in which the researcher
derives a general, abstract theory of a
process, action, or interaction grounded in
the views of participants.
ETHNOGRAPHY
Ethnography is a design of inquiry coming from
anthropology and sociology in which the
researcher studies the shared patterns of
behaviors, language, and actions of an intact
cultural group in a natural setting over a
prolonged period of time.
CASE STUDIES
Case studies are a design of inquiry found in
many fields, especially evaluation, in which the
researcher develops an in-depth analysis of a
case, often a program, event, activity, process,
or one or more individuals.
MIXED
METHODS
RESEARCH -
THE BASICS
Mark Joseph Castor
WHAT IS MIXED
METHODS?

Mixed methods is a research study that combines quantitative and

qualitative methods to answer a research question.

Quantitative qualitative
MIXED METHODS ELEMENTS:

Mixed-Methods Research Questions

Explanatory
Exploratory
Convergent
Mixed-Methods Designs

Sequential Explanatory
Sequential Exploratory
Concurrent Convergent
3 TYPES OF MIXED-METHODS QUESTIONS:

EXPLANATORY EXPLORATORY

CONVERGENT
3 TYPES OF MIXED-METHODS QUESTIONS:

QUALITATIVE
EXPLANATORY
QUANTITATIVE

Sequential Design:
Quantitative, then qualitative

Qualitative phase to explain the

quantitative phase RESEARCH
QUESTION
3 TYPES OF MIXED-METHODS QUESTIONS:

QUALITATIVE
EXPLORATORY
QUANTITATIVE

Sequential Design:
Qualitative, then quantitative

The result of qualitative phase

inform quantitative phase RESEARCH
QUESTION
3 TYPES OF MIXED-METHODS QUESTIONS:

QUALITATIVE
CONVERGENT
QUANTITATIVE

Concurrent Design:
Qualitative and quantitative,
concurrently

RESEARCH
Findings triangulated from
QUESTION
combined data
 TRIANGULATION
Triangulation is using data collected from different sources (samples), at different times, or
using different methods or modes to reach the same conclusion(s).

DA
TA
#1 SE
Set T
a
Dat #
2

Conclusion

DATA SET #3
PHILOSOPHICAL
WORDVIEWS
Group 1
IN WRITING ABOUT WORLDVIEWS, A PROPOSAL MIGHT
INCLUDE A SECTION THAT ADDRESSES THE
FOLLOWING:

01 The philosophical worldview proposed in the study.

02 A definition of basic considerations of that

worldview.

03 How the worldview shaped their approach to

research?
 "WORLDVIEW"
as meaning “a basic set of beliefs that guide action”
(Guba, 1990, p. 17).

Others have called them paradigms (Lincoln & Guba, 2000;

Mertens, 1998);

epistemologies and ontologies (Crotty, 1998), or broadly

conceived research methodologies (Neuman, 2000)
FOUR
DIFFERENT 1. postpositivism
2. constructivism
WORLDVIEWS 3. advocacy/participatory
4. pragmatism.
ARE
DISCUSSED:
THE
POSTPOSITIVIST
WORLDVIEW
represented the traditional form of research.

This worldview is sometimes called the scientific method or doing science

research. It is also called positivist/postpositivist research, empirical science,
and postpostivism.

The postpositivist tradition comes from 19th-century writers, such as Comte,

Mill, Durkheim, Newton, and Locke (Smith, 1983).
THE POSTPOSITIVIST WORLDVIEW
Postpositivists hold a deterministic philosophy in which causes
probably determine effects or outcomes.

The knowledge that develops through a postpositivist lens is based

on careful observation and measurement of the objective reality
that exists “out there” in the world.

There are laws or theories that govern the world, and these need to
be tested or verified and refined so that we can understand the
world.
IN READING PHILLIPS AND BURBULES (2000), YOU CAN GAIN A
SENSE OF THE KEY ASSUMPTIONS OF THIS POSITION, SUCH
AS,

1. Knowledge is conjectural (and antifoundational)—absolute truth can never

be found. Thus, evidence established in research is always imperfect and
fallible. It is for this reason that researchers state that they do not prove a
hypothesis; instead, they indicate a failure to reject the hypothesis.

2. Research is the process of making claims and then refining or abandoning

some of them for other claims more strongly warranted. Most quantitative
research, for example, starts with the test of a theory.
IN READING PHILLIPS AND BURBULES (2000), YOU CAN GAIN A
SENSE OF THE KEY ASSUMPTIONS OF THIS POSITION, SUCH
AS,

3. Data, evidence, and rational considerations shape knowledge. In practice,

the researcher collects information on instruments based on measures
completed by the participants or by observations recorded by the
researcher.

4. Research seeks to develop relevant, true statements, ones that can serve
to explain the situation of concern or that describe the causal relationships
of interest. In quantitative studies, researchers advance the relationship
among variables and pose this in terms of questions or hypotheses.
IN READING PHILLIPS AND BURBULES (2000), YOU CAN GAIN A
SENSE OF THE KEY ASSUMPTIONS OF THIS POSITION, SUCH
AS,

5. Being objective is an essential aspect of competent inquiry;

researchers must examine methods and conclusions for bias. For
example, standard of validity and reliability are important in
quantitative research.
THE SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTIVIST
WORLDVIEW
Social constructivism (often combined with interpretivism; see Mertens, 1998)
is such a perspective, and it is typically seen as an approach to qualitative
research.

The ideas came from Mannheim and from works such as Berger and
Luekmann’s (1967) The Social Construction of Reality and Lincoln and Guba’s
(1985) Naturalistic Inquiry.
THE SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTIVIST
WORLDVIEW
Social constructivists holds assumptions that individuals seek understanding
of the world in which they live and work.

Individuals develop subjective meanings of their experiences—meanings directed

toward certain objects or things.

The goal of the research is to rely as much as possible on the participants’

views of the situation being studied.
THE SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTIVIST
WORLDVIEW
Thus, constructivist researchers often address the processes of
interaction among individuals. They also focus on the specific
contexts in which people live and work, in order to understand the
historical and cultural settings of the participants.
THE SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTIVIST
WORLDVIEW
The researcher’s intent is to make sense of (or interpret) the meanings
others have about the world. Rather than starting with a theory (as in
postpostivism), inquirers generate or inductively develop a theory or
pattern of meaning.
FOR EXAMPLE, IN DISCUSSING CONSTRUCTIVISM, CROTTY (1998)
IDENTIFIED SEVERAL ASSUMPTIONS:

1. Meanings are constructed by human beings as they engage with the

world they are interpreting. Qualitative researchers tend to use open-
ended questions so that the participants can share their views.

2. Humans engage with their world and make sense of it based on their
historical and social perspectives—we are all born into a world of
meaning bestowed upon us by our culture. Thus, qualitative researchers
seek to understand the context or setting of the participants through
visiting this context and gathering information personally. They also
interpret what they find, an interpretation shaped by the researcher’s
own experiences and background.
FOR EXAMPLE, IN DISCUSSING CONSTRUCTIVISM, CROTTY (1998)
IDENTIFIED SEVERAL ASSUMPTIONS:

3. The basic generation of meaning is always social, arising in and

out of interaction with a human community. The process of
qualitative research is largely inductive, with the inquirer
generating meaning from the data collected in the field.
ADVOCACY AND
PARTICIPATORY
WORLDVIEW
it holds that research inquiry needs to be intertwined
with politics and a political agenda. Thus, the research
contains an action agenda for reform that may
change the lives of the participants, the institutions in
which individuals work or live, and the researcher’s life.
SPECIFIC ISSUES
1 . Empowerment
2. Inequality
3. Suppression
4. Oppression
5. Domination
6. Alienation
 KEY FEATURES OF THE
ADVOCACY OR PARTICIPATORY
FORMS OF INQUIRY
01 Participatory action is recursive or dialectical and
focused on bringing about change in practices. Thus,
at the end of advocacy/participatory studies,
researchers advance an action agenda for change.
02 This form of inquiry is focused on helping individuals
free themselves from constraints found in the media,
in language, in work procedures, and in the
relationships of power in educational settings.
It is emancipatory in that it helps unshackle people
03
from the constraints of irrational and unjust
structures that limit self-development and self-
determination.
PRAGMATIC
WORLDVIEW
as a worldview arises out of actions, situations,
and consequences rather than antecedent
conditions.
Instead of focusing on methods, researchers
emphasize the research problem and use all
approaches available to understand the problem
PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS
FOR PRAGMATIC
RESEARCH

Pragmatism is not committed to any one system of philosophy and reality. This applies
tomixed methods research in that inquirers draw liberally from both quantitative and
qualitativeassumptions when they engage in their research.
Pragmatists do not see the world as an absolute unity. In a similar way, mixed methods
researchers look to many approaches for collecting and analyzing data rather than
subscribing to only one way (e.g., quantitative or qualitative).
The pragmatist researchers look to the what and how to research, based on the
intendedconsequences—where they want to go with it. Mixed methods researchers need
to establish a purpose for their mixing, a rationale for the reasons why quantitative and
qualitative data needto be mixed in the first place.
RESEARCH
METHODS
Maribelle Rosal
TOPIC
OBJECTIVES:
01 Define research methods.

Enumerate qualitative research

02 methods.

Enumerate quantitative
03 research methods.

Enumerate mixed research

04 methods.
RESEARCH
METHOD
the strategies, processes, or techniques
utilized in collecting data to analyze.
the best method for your research
paper depends on the topic.
TYPES OF
RESEARCH
1. Quantitative Research
gathers numerical data

2. Qualitative Research
gathers experiences, ideas, behaviors, and
meanings.

3. Mixed Method Research

gathers both numerical and non numerical data
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
METHODS
Close-ended Questionnaire/Survey

are like “multiple choice” test

1) likert scale - designed to measure people’s
attitudes, opinions, and perceptions.
2) rating scale - used to evaluate how
responder’s feel about a product or statement.
3) checklist - respondents can choose one or
more options depending on the question. interviews in-person, online, or over-the-
4) rank order - allows respondents to rearrange phone.
and rank the options in a specific order.
dichotomous
Experiments
Structured Interviews
utilizes the scientific approach
consists of a predetermined list of
questions.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
METHODS
Focus Groups

a groups of people gather to talk about a

particular topic.
data gathered tend to be thoughts, opinions,
and perspectives of an issue or topic.

Case Study

in-depth study of a person, group, event, or

phenomenom.

Observation

involves the watching and recording the

behavior of individuals or groups.
Open-ended Questionnaire/Survey

the answer are left open for the participant

to complete..

Semi-structured Interview

few questions are predetermined, but others

questions are unplanned.

Unstructured Interview

no preset list of questions.

Content Analysis

involves analyzing and interpreting

written or spoken texts.

Historical Research

involves studying the past.

MIXED RESEARCH
METHODS
implements both elements of quantitative and
qualitative methods.
DATA COLLECTION
Primary
original data the researchers collected
direct access to the subject.

Secondary
already been collected by other researchers.
Group 1

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