ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)

Universiti Teknologi MARA Academic Session: OCT 2022 – FEB 2023

Laboratory
Level
LEVEL 1 Team Student’s ID Student’s Name Group

Laboratory Title DETERMINATION OF CENTRE OF PRESSURE 2020848734 NUR AFRINA BATRSYIA BINTI MOHD RAZWAN EC1105F
1. Group Leader
Date 28TH NOVEMBER 2022 2. Member 2020458112 FATIN NUR SYAKIRAH BINTI MOHAMMAD ZUL-IZZI EC1105F
Lecturer’s MR. NOOR SAFWAN BIN MUHAMAD 2020893266 NURIN SOFEA BINTI NOR AZRISHAHRIL EC1105F
Name 3. Member

4. Member 2020893266 MUHAMMAD HARITH ISKANDAR BIN NOOR AZMAN EC1105F

Verification

CO2 : Demonstrate leadership skills in task related to water engineering.

PO6 : Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice and solutions to well-defined
engineering problems.

A. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT

RUBRICS/Marks Marks
NO DOMAIN ELEMENT
2 4 6 8 10
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
A2 (Responding) following: following: following: following: following:
The student actively • < 100% compliance on • 100% compliance on lab • 100% compliance on lab • 100% compliance on lab • 100% compliance on lab
participates and reacts in lab safety rules and not safety rules and practice safety rules and practice safety rules and practice safety rules and practice
practice them them them them them
some way. Emphasis is on
• Not participate in group • < 50% participate in • 50% participate in group • 75% participate in group • 100% participate in group
active participation on the
discussion, group discussion, discussion, discussion, discussion
part of the learners such as Participation &
• No interest in subject, • < 50% interest in • 50% interest in subject, • 75% interest in subject, • 100% interest in subject,
1 compliance in responding, Knowledge on the open-
• Not enjoy helping subject, • 50% enjoy helping • 75% enjoy helping others. • 100% fully enjoy helping
willingness to respond, or ended laboratory
others. • < 50% enjoy helping others. • Able to design, prepare, others.
satisfaction in responding • Not able to explain, others. • Able to design, prepare testing and explain the • Able to design, prepare,
design and prepare the • Not able to explain the and explain the experiments and the work testing, interpret and explain
experimental work in the experiment and the work experiments and the assigned in the report the experiments and the
report assigned in the report work assigned in the based on OEL work assigned in the report
report but not based on components based on OEL components
OEL components
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach: approach: approach: approach: approach:
• No acceptance of • 25% acceptance of any • 50% acceptance of any • 75% acceptance of any • 100% acceptance of any
A3 (Valuing) commitment commitment commitment commitment commitment
The worth a student • Uncommitted to carry • 25% committed to carry • 50% committed to carry • 75% committed to carry • 100% committed to carry
attaches to a particular responsibility responsibility responsibility responsibility responsibility
object, phenomenon, or • Uncommitted to provide • 25% committed to • 50% committed to • 75% committed to provide • 100% committed to provide
behavior. Ranges from Leadership skill, suggestion and/or idea provide suggestion provide suggestion suggestion and/or idea suggestion and/or idea
2 acceptance to Commitment & • Uncommitted to follow and/or idea and/or idea • 75% committed to follow • 100% committed to follow
commitment, carry Responsibility group decision • 25% committed to follow • 50% committed to follow group decision. group decision.
responsibility for the • Unable to control, lead, group decision. group decision • Able to control, lead and • Able to control, lead and
functioning of a group, fail to deliver the task to • Able to control, lead the • Able to control, lead and delivering the task to the delivering the task to the
attitudes and the group and does not group but fail to deliver delivering the task to the group efficiently and group efficiently and serves
appreciation. compromise to achieve the task and does not group members and usually does what is the as a leader in managing
the objectives of compromise towards the occasionally helps the best interest of the group individual ideas towards the
experiments (Reports) achievement objectives group to achieve the towards the achievement achievement of the
of the experiments objectives of the of the objectives objectives (Reports)
(Reports) experiments (Reports) (Reports)
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
A4 (Organization) following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
At this level, the student approach approach approach approach approach
has held a value system • <100% maintain good • 100% maintain good • 100% maintain good • 100% maintain good • 100% maintain good health
for a sufficiently long health habits, health habits, health habits, health habits, compliance habits, compliance on lab
time to control his/her compliance on lab compliance on lab safety compliance on lab safety on lab safety rules and safety rules and practice
Character &
3 behavior, has developed safety rules and practice rules and practice them rules and practice them practice them them
Organization
a characteristic them • 85% display self- • 90% display self- • 95% display self-reliance • 100% display self-reliance in
"lifestyle." Behavior is • Not display self-reliance reliance in working reliance in working in working independently, working independently, and
pervasive, consistent, in working independently, and independently, and and cooperate in group cooperate in group activities,
predictable, and most independently, and cooperate in group cooperate in group activities, • 100% display a professional
importantly, cooperate in group activities, activities, • 95% display a commitment to ethical
activities, • 85% display a • 90% display a professional commitment practice daily.
 ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)
Universiti Teknologi MARA Academic Session: OCT 2022 – FEB 2023
characteristic of the • Not display a professional professional to ethical practice daily. • 100% able to objectively
learner. professional commitment to ethical commitment to ethical • 95% able to objectively interpret case study/problem
commitment to ethical practice daily. practice daily. interpret case • 100% able to revise
practice daily. • 85% able to objectively • 90% able to objectively study/problem judgments and changes
• Not able to objectively interpret case interpret case • 95% able to revise approach considering new
interpret case study/problem study/problem judgments and changes idea or issue arise.
study/problem • 85% able to revise • 90% able to revise approach considering • Team showed great
• Not able to revise judgments and changes judgments and changes new idea or issue arise. cohesion, interaction
judgments and changes approach considering approach considering • Team showed great respect. Team shared the
approach considering new idea or issue arise. new idea or issue arise. cohesion, interaction tasks equally and utilizes
new idea or issue arise. • Team demonstrated • Team showed good respect. Team member abilities of each team
• Team showed poor some cohesion, cohesion, interaction did not share the tasks members. Reports were
cohesion, poor interaction respect. Most respect. Team member equally and did not utilize completed on time with
interaction and poor work was done by only 1 did not share the tasks abilities of each team satisfactory compilations.
respect. Only one member team. Reports equally and did not members. Reports were
person does all the were completed on time utilize abilities of each completed on time but
reports. Reports were but with unsatisfactory team members. Reports with satisfactory
not completed compilations. were completed on time compilations.
but with unsatisfactory
compilations
B. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
A4 (Organizing) approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab report approach as shown in lab report
Brings together different report report report
values, resolving conflicts • The team is unable to • The team is able to • The team is able to • The team is able to collect • The team is able to collect
among them, and starting to collect any data, collect some data but collect some relevant relevant data, related to relevant data, related to the
build an internally consistent insufficient to analyze unable to analyze and data, related to the the objectives, with good objectives, with excellent
4 value system. Organizes Result and analysis and interpret interpret objectives, with fair analysis and analysis and interpretation.
values into priorities by • Unable in comparing, • 25% comparing, relating analysis and interpretation. • 100% comparing, relating
contrasting different relating and and synthesizing data interpretation. • 50% comparing, relating and synthesizing data based
systems. The emphasis is on synthesizing data based based on relevant • 50% comparing, relating and synthesizing data on relevant standard
comparing, relating, and on relevant standard standard and synthesizing data based on relevant
synthesizing values. based on relevant standard
standard

Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
A4 (Organizing) approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab report approach as shown in lab report
Brings together different report report report • 75% organize, formatted • 100% fully organize,
values, resolving conflicts • Not organize, • 25% organize, formatted • 50% organize, formatted and systematic laboratory formatted and systematic
among them, and starting to unformatted and and systematic and systematic report laboratory report
build an internally consistent unsystematic laboratory laboratory report laboratory report • 75% providing solution to • 100% providing solution to
5 value system. Organizes Discussion report • 25% providing solution • 50% providing solution the environmental the environmental
values into priorities by • Not providing solution to to the environmental to the environmental engineering problems. engineering problems.
contrasting different the environmental engineering problems. engineering problems. • The team is able to relate • The team is able to relate all
systems. The emphasis is on engineering problems. • The team is able to • The team is able to all findings with the findings with the problem
comparing, relating, and • The team is unable to discuss some of the relate some of the problem with good with excellent discussion
synthesizing values. discuss the findings findings findings with the discussion
problem with fair
discussion

The team is able to provide The team is able to derive fair The team is able to derive good The team is able to derive accurate
6 A5 (Characterization) Conclusion The team is unable to conclude conclusion without answering conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to
the objective answer the objective answer the objective answer the objective

TOTAL

60
INTRODUCTION
The position in a plane where it may be stated that the entire liquid thrust is functioning normally
to that plane is known as the center of pressure. The forces that act are the weight force applied
to the balance and the hydrostatic pressure thrust on the end face of the quadrant, and they are
accomplished by achieving an equilibrium state between both the moments acting on the balance
arm of the laboratory test.

In addition, a system of simultaneous forces is generated by the hydrostatic forces acting on a

plane surface. It is essential to determine the force's strength and the point at which it is applied;
this location is referred to as the centre of pressure.

The output of the fluid pressure at the surface centroid multiplied by the surface area in contact
with the fluid yields the hydrostatic pressure force on one side of a planar surface submerged in a
static fluid. Therefore, according to fundamental physics, the integral of the local pressure force
over the region equals the distributed load of the hydrostatic force. Additionally, due of the
pressure, the direction of the resulting force will always be normal to the surface.

OBJECTIVES
The objective of the test is:
To determine the hydrostatic thrust acting on a plane surface immersed in water
and the position of centre of pressure.

APPARATUS
1. Hydrostatic Pressure
2. Weight hanger
 Figure 1 : Hydrostatic Pressure

PROCEDURES
1. Position the balance arm on the knife edges
2. Locate the weight hanger in the groove at the end of the balance arm
3. Ensure that the drain valve is closed
4. Move the counter balance weight until the balance arm is horizontal
5. Start by reducing a small mass (50g) to the weight hanger
6. Release the water by opening the drain valve until the balance arm is horizontal
7. Measure the depth of immersion from the scale on the face of quadrant (to obtain
accurate results, the reading should be taken from the meniscus)
8. Repeat the above procedure by reducing a further weight from the weight hanger
depending on the number of samples required (50g intervals are suggested)
9. Note any factors that you think are likely to affect the accuracy of your results

RESULT
H = 200 mm
L = 275 mm
B = 75 mm
D = 100 mm
 i) FULLY SUBMERGED

WEIGHT HEIGHT OF HYDROSTATIC EXPERIMENTAL THEORETICAL

HANGER (g) WATER (mm) THRUST (N) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m)

300 110 4.41 0.18 0.16

350 120 5.15 0.18 0.16

400 130 5.89 0.18 0.16

ii) PARTIALLY SUBMERGED

WEIGHT HEIGHT OF HYDROSTATIC EXPERIMENTAL THEORETICAL

HANGER (g) WATER (mm) THRUST (N) DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m)

50 45 0.74 0.18 0.18

70 60 1.32 0.14 0.18

90 70 1.80 0.13 0.18

DISCUSSION
The table shows the relationship between the theoretical and experimental centre of pressure for
both fully and partially submerged surfaces. The theoretical hydraulic pressure can be computed
using the calculation of the distant centre of pressure. By accumulating these data, a theoretical
analysis focusing on typical data that can be used. It is possible to recognize the change in
current. Furthermore, it found that there was a significant difference between the theoretical and
experimental values. This is probably a result of inaccurate height measurements for the fluid
inside the torus. Therefore, for both partially submerged and completely submerged surface
planes, the differences in data between experimental and theoretical depths to the centre of
pressure are 0.04-0.05 and 0.02, respectively. Hence, the measured and theoretical depths to the
centre of pressure are indeed rather inconsistent.
Another possibility can be that the apparatus might not have been level on the table where the
experiment was conducted. The moment calculations will obtain inaccurate results if the
equipment is not exactly level. To help ensure the moment balance is exact, the device must be
placed level or close to the testing apparatus. In addition, this experiment may have contained
some human errors where a parallax error happened. It might actually occur while reading the
volume from a different perspective. As a result, the experimental findings differ slightly from
the theoretical values. Furthermore, the reasons for inaccuracy in the experimental analysis
computation are related to the possibility for liquid splashing onto the arm of the balance bridge
while pouring. According to these mistakes of faults in the performance of the design of this
apparatus, an increase in the artificial weight that is added to the mass in which accomplished
due to the applied masses can be obtained. Therefore, the fluid depth would be inaccurately
excessive.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the objective of the experiment, which is to determine the hydrostatic thrust
acting on a plane surface immersed in water and the position of the centre of pressure, was
achieved successfully. However, the data collected represents an indication that there have been
errors made, which interfered with the experiment's results. The experiment could be successful
if these errors would not happen. Relationships between hydrostatic force and immersion depth,
as well as between immersion depth and the depth of the centre of pressure, were shown to be
directly related. Overall, the only way to ensure that an experiment produces the desired results
is to do it as precisely as possible.

REFERENCE

(n.d.). Center of Pressure. Retrieved November 21, 2022, from

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/VirtualAero/BottleRocket/airplane/cp.html

(n.d.). ENSC 283: Center of Pressure and Hydrostatic Force on a submerged body 1 Objectives •

To understand the hydrostatic pressure d. Retrieved November 21, 2022, from

 https://www.sfu.ca/~mbahrami/ENSC%20283/Lab/Center%20of%20Pressure%20and%2

0Hydrostatic%20Force%20on%20a%20submerged%20body-Rev.pdf

(2022, February 26). ,. Retrieved November 21, 2022, from

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311916.2020.1843225

Experiment #1: Hydrostatic Pressure – Applied Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual. (n.d.). Mavs Open

Press. Retrieved November 21, 2022, from

https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-1/