Romanian Journal of Petroleum & Gas Technology
Vol. V (LXXVI) • No. 1/2024
INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETIC AND GRAVIMETRIC SIGNATURES IN
RELATION TO GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES OF PETROLEUM INTEREST
IN THE WESTERN PART OF THE CENTRAL BASIN OF THE DR CONGO
Joel Etshekodi Lohadje 1, 2
Marlin Agolo Monza 2
1
Geology Survey-DRC (SGN-C), Kinshasa, DR Congo,
2
Faculty of Oil, Gas and Renewable Energies, University of Kinshasa, DR Congo,
email (corresponding author):
[email protected]DOI: 10.51865/JPGT.2024.01.03
ABSTRACT
The Cuvette Centrale is a sedimentary basin stretching from the Democratic Republic of
the Congo to the Republic of Congo, Gabon and Angola. The existence of hydrocarbons
in this large basin is demonstrated by the presence of indications on the DR Congo side
and by the discovery of hydrocarbons by the Ngoki well (Republic of Congo)
diagonally across the Lokoro sub-basin (DR Congo). In view of this evidence, the four
boreholes drilled in the DR Congo's Cuvette Centrale have not reported the presence of
hydrocarbons. With this in mind, this study reinterprets the geophysical data
(magnetism and gravimetry) to highlight geological structures of petroleum interest.
After processing and interpretation, we understand that the region contains interesting
structures linked to hydrocarbon trapping. These include anticlines and faults. We
discovered that there is a close relationship between the geological structures of these
two countries (DR Congo and R Congo). They are all made up of the same geological
structures separated by two major strike-slip faults crossed by the Congo River (NE-SW
direction). These are the Dextre Fault, which displaces the compartments on the DR
Congo side in a SW-NE direction, and the Senestre Fault, which runs NE-SW.
Keywords: fault, dextre, senestre, geological structures, anomaly, Congo Basin
INTRODUCTION
Petroleum exploration work in the Cuvette Centrale was carried out by several foreign
companies and organizations, including the Brussels laboratories of Tervuren, CGG and
the Belgian firm Remina. Carried out around the 1950s, this work consisted of
geological, geochemical and geophysical methods, followed by their respective
interpretations and sanctioned by stratigraphic and exploration drilling: Dekese and
Samba, which were drilled on the shoal, then after seismic testing, which led to the new
locations of two other boreholes, Mbandaka and Gilson, limited to the schistose
limestone (down to the salt) [1]. None of these four boreholes revealed a liter of
hydrocarbons on the surface. In addition, an oil well drilled on the Republic of Congo
side revealed the presence of hydrocarbons in the Ngoki Block of the Cuvette Centrale
[2]. The latter is diagonal to the Lokoro sub-basin of the DR Congo's Cuvette Centrale,
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separated by the Congo River. (This gives us the motivation to study the western part of
the Democratic Republic of Congo in order to determine the necessary geological
structures linked to oil traps, as the presence of hydrocarbons has been reported
diagonally to the DR Congo, precisely in the Republic of Congo. To do this, we are
processing and interpreting gravity and magnetic data from the geophysical campaign
undertaken by Remina to highlight interesting structures linked to the petroleum system.
Data processing and interpretation were carried out using Oasis-Montaj software, and
involved the application of filters to deduce interesting geological structures related to
hydrocarbons.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA
Location
Our study area is located in the western part of the Democratic Republic of Congo, on
the border with the Republic of Congo. It is bordered to the west by the Republic of
Congo and the Congo River, to the east by the Province of Tshuapa, to the south by the
Province of Mayi-Ndombe and to the north by the Territory of Bolamba and Basankusu.
It is located between 15° and 20° East longitude and 1°N and 2°S latitude. As for the
region's hydrography, the majestic Congo River flows through the area, as do a number
of large rivers. Two large lakes, including Mayi-Ndombe Lake, are located in the
province of Mayi-Ndombe, and to the north of the latter is a small lake located in the
SW of the province of Equateur (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Location of the study area
Topography
The topography of the region shows altitudes ranging from 200 to 700m. Our study area
is a depression with altitudes below 300m. The peripheries of the area are dominated by
high altitudes ranging from 500 to 700m. The low-lying areas correspond to the
watercourse (Figure 2).
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Figure 2. Topographical map of the study area
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
Geology
Paleogene, Neogene and Miocene: The Neogene and Paleogene are the Cenozoic
formations preceding the Quaternary, which is a recent geological formation. These
formations are of the Phanerozoic type, i.e., the overlying formations above the
basement or Precambrian. This cover (Phanerozoic) covers all geological time since the
beginning of the Paleozoic (or Primary) era.
Neogene: this is the most recent part of the Tertiary era, covering the Miocene and
Pliocene (with the exception of the Upper Pliocene). It contains series that are large,
layered units, but do not coincide with those of classical geology, so these series have
local names. In most cases, they have a characteristic paleontological content.
These series contain ochre sands, which are clay soils colored red by hematite (Fe 2O3),
iron combined with oxygen (red or blood ochre), yellow or brown by goethite, which
gives yellow ochres (FeO-OH), or limonite, which uses clays as a colorant (iron
hydroxides mixed with clays to give yellows). These sands and silts, generally ochre-
colored and often bleached on the surface, are locally underlain by limonitic armour,
sometimes accompanied by gravel, sometimes replaced by gravel, resting on a mid-
Tertiary erosion surface up to 120 m thick.
Paleogene: polymorphous sandstone. Sandstones are terrigenous detrital sedimentary
rocks (resulting from the erosion of land by water) at least 85% composed of more or
less rounded quartz grains, from 1/16mm (62.5µm) to 2mm (arenite class). These rocks
make up the bulk of many stratigraphic series, in regular or irregular beds, or in lenses.
These rocks are whitish to light gray, or variously colored, depending on the nature of
the cement, in red (iron oxides) or green (glauconites, etc.). Varieties are distinguished
according to grain, nature of cement and/or presence of particular elements.
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These series contain sands, soft sandstones and millstones ("polymorphic sandstones"):
sandstones, limestones and silicified clay rocks (Figure 3). At the base, often
conglomerate, sometimes with eolianized pebbles (wind-worn surface loaded with sand
grains, generally satin-finish and pecked, locally laterite, resting on an erosion surface
of late Cretaceous age. These series can be up to 80m thick. These ochre sand series and
the polymorphous sandstone series, with the exception of the more recent sands, are
frequently referred to as the "Kalahari system". They only outcrop in the southern half
of the DRC.
Figure 3. Geological map of the study area
Pleistocene and Pliocene: The Pleistocene is the lower, most recent part of the
Quaternary. The Pleistocene is the stratigraphic division at the end of the Tertiary Era.
Pleistocene: subaerial formations consisting of silts and superficial sands, eluvium and
colluvium, reworking gravels, slope scree (horizons of rocky or ferruginous rubble).
Pliocene: ancient fossilized soils with induration horizons formed of ferruginous grit
and shells (frequently lateritic), carbonate concretions. Other local formations include
ossiferous breccias and/or breccias with prehistoric tools (guanos), the deposits of
thermal springs (travertines).
Maestrichtian: this is the highest stage of the Cretaceous, and thus marks the end of the
Secondary Era. It comprises dolomitic sandstone limestones, dolomitic shell limestones,
dolomitic clay limestones, marls, calcodolomitic cement poudingues and quartz
pebbles. These grey or yellow rocks are frequently phosphate-bearing. Estimated
thickness: 125m.
The Campanian and Santonian are made up of dolomitic shell limestones, dolomitic
sandstone limestones, marls, calcodolomitic sandstones, poudingues with carbonate
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paste and quartz and quartzite pebbles, white, grey or yellow rocks. The thickness of the
Campanian is estimated at 95 m, that of the Santonian at 405 m [3].
Stratigraphy
Sedimentation reflects structural evolution, resulting in the presence of several horsts
and ditches [4] with a sedimentary fill of up to 12 km. The stratigraphy of the Cuvette
Centrale (Figure 4) shows polymorphous sandstones and ochre sands of fluvial and
eolian origin of Cenozoic age at the base. The Upper Paleozoic includes Carboniferous
and Permian formations. From the Upper Proterozoic to the Paleozoic (Devonian), three
groups have been identified: The Proterozoic age group, consisting of lagoonal marginal
marine sediments. The Cambrian age group, with deposits of alluvial origin
(Bobwamboli arkoses) and Mamungi and Kolé shales of deltaic facies. The Ordovician,
Silurian and Devonian age group containing Galamboge quartzites (marine dunes),
Alolo shales (fluvial) and Banalia arkoses (deltaic). Knowledge of the stratigraphy of
the Cuvette Centrale basin also depends on progressive geological exploration [5].
Figure 4. Stratigraphy of Cuvette Centrale [1].
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DATA PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION
Magnetic anomalies
Magnetic anomalies reflect variations in the distribution and type of magnetic iron
oxide minerals, mainly magnetite, in the Earth's crust. Airborne magnetic data generally
image the first 10 km of the crust, down to the crystalline basement of the areas studied.
Horizontal resolution depends on flight-line spacing and survey altitude, but varies from
meter-scale to continental scale. On a regional scale, positive magnetic anomalies are
often associated with magnetite-rich batholiths, large quantities of volcanic rocks and
metamorphic rocks with igneous mafic protoliths. On a regional scale, negative
magnetic anomalies (blue on magnetic maps) can be due to magnetite-poor sedimentary
rocks, altered or magnetically reversed volcanic rocks, felsic plutons and metamorphic
rocks with sedimentary protoliths [6].
The magnetic anomaly map (Figure 5) shows that towards the NE and part of the SW
end, the magnetic anomaly intensity of the Total Field is light, and in the center, moving
towards the W and SE, the magnetic anomaly is heavy and shows a few peaks. These
anomalies show two directions, one NW-SE located in the N part and the other NE-SW
located to the S.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 5. Magnetic and gravimetric anomaly map (a: total field,
b: pole reduction, and c: Bouguer anomaly).
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Reduction to pole
The first step is to reduce the magnetic data observed at the pole, a technique that takes
into account the tilt of the Earth's magnetic field. Its main effect is to shift the magnetic
anomalies directly above their source [7, 8]. The correction takes into account the
effects of inclination and declination, assuming that the totality of the magnetization
vectors of the various sources of the anomalies deviate by about 25 degrees from
collinearity with the Earth's field (induced field, no remanent magnetism) (Bath, 1968).
For the map of reduced magnetic anomalies at the pole, we observe large-intensity
anomalies to the SW and SE, as well as to the NE. Light anomalies are found in the
center, moving towards NW and SW. There are two directions on the anomaly map:
N-S towards the S and NW-SE towards the NE of the study area.
Bouguer anomaly
Once all these corrections have been made, the acquired gravity values can be used to
calculate the Bouguer anomaly, which is a function of all density variations below the
topographic surface. The Bouguer anomaly AB is expressed as follows:
AB = gmes - gth + 0.3086h + (0.3086h – 0.0491ρh) + ρT (1)
where: ρ is the Bouguer reduction density;
h – altitude of the measurement point;
T is the terrain correction for density ρ.
The first step in processing gravity data is to calculate the Bouguer anomaly, which is a
function of all density variations below the topographic surface [9]. It represents the
sum of contributions from geological bodies located at different depths, whose
distribution is spread out from the surface to over 100 km.
To eliminate non-geological anomalies, measurements of "g" are compared with
theoretical values of "g" on an "ideal" earth bounded no longer by the geoid but by the
topographic surface. The Bouguer anomaly is defined as the anomaly between the
measurement and the theoretical field at the measuring station The Bouguer anomaly is
the gravimetric response caused by density heterogeneities in the subsurface.
Interpretation is therefore based on the following formula:
ΔgB = G observed ± 5 corrections (2)
- Tide and instrument drift correction;
- Latitude correction ΔL = 8.1669 x 10-4 sin 2 mGal;
- Altitude correction Δh = 0.3086 h mGal;
- Plateau correction ΔB = -0.04191 mGal;
- Terrain correction ΔT and where h is in meters and is positive if the station is above
the reference frame and negative if the station is below the reference frame:
ΔG observed = G ob – g ref (3)
It should be remembered that the measured gravity value is made on the earth's surface
and not on the geoid. Therefore, the theoretical value is calculated in relation to the
ellipsoid, which does not take into account the density of the various materials between
the measurement surface and the reference surface. For measurements to be
comparable, they all have to be brought back to the same reference plane, so a whole
range of corrections is required [10, 11]. These various corrections lead to the definition
of a set of values that characterize the so-called motion anomaly.
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Indeed, the Bouguer anomaly map shown in the Figure 5 is the result of measured and
theoretical gravity values, including all corrections. It shows slight anomalies in the
center, moving north and SE. These are ellipsoidal in shape and oriented NW-SE.
Heavy anomalies are found at the NE, SW and West ends. Along the Congo River, a
heavy anomaly appears in the form of a NE-SW-trending vein. Heavy anomalies
represent areas of shallower bedrock or high-density sedimentary rocks, while light
anomalies indicate the presence of thick sedimentary rocks.
HORIZONTAL GRADIENT
In order to identify contacts that may represent faults, fractures or lithological
boundaries, a function called maximum horizontal gradient is applied to airborne
magnetic data, with peaks at contacts [8, 12, 13]. The transformation of magnetic data
facilitates the interpretation of magnetic anomalies because the peaks of pseudogravity
anomalies are directly centered on the contacts separating rocks of different magnetism,
just as the horizontal gradients of gravity anomalies (Figure 6) are located on the
contacts separating rocks of different density [8, 13].
(a) (b)
Circular
structure
Fault
(c)
Figure 6. Horizontal gradient map (a: total magnetic field anomalies.
b: pole-reduced magnetic field anomalies, c: Bouguer anomalies).
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Magnetic anomaly
Two horizontal gradient and vertical derivative maps have been produced to highlight
faulted geological structures or lithological contacts, in order to locate structures that
may ensure hydrocarbon trapping.
Indeed, we note the presence of gradient maxima in both directional gradient maps,
mostly NW-SE for total magnetic field anomalies and N-S for pole-reduced total
magnetic field anomalies. Some directions, such as E-W, appear in the southern part of
the horizontal gradient map (Figure 6), and NW-SE in the northern part of the
horizontal gradient map for the pole-reduced magnetic field.
Bouguer anomaly
The Bouguer Anomaly Horizontal Gradient (Figure 6) shows a maximum anomaly
oriented NE-SW along the Congo River. This maximum gradient represents the great
fault on which the Congo River crosses as it flows SW. This great fault separates the
Democratic Republic of Congo from the Republic of Congo. Linear structures are also
observed, oriented NW-SE on the Democratic Republic of Congo side and N-S on the
Republic of Congo side.
VERTICAL DERIVATIVES
The vertical derivative is used to better highlight surface anomalies by attenuating
longer-wavelength (low-frequency) anomalies, and to locate the boundaries of
structures [9].
Magnetic anomalies
The vertical derivative maps of the Total Magnetic Field anomalies and the Pole
Reduced Magnetic Field anomalies show us a number of brittle structures, some of
which are collapse faults, some of which are strike-slip faults.
As we can see from the Total Magnetic Field derivative map, along the Congo River,
there is a large fault as previously visualized, which shifts the compartments in
horizontal movement. On the Democratic Republic of Congo side, the fault is in dextral
displacement, orienting the compartments to the NE, and on the Republic of Congo
side, it is in sinister displacement, orienting the compartments to the SW (Figure 7a).
The map of the horizontal derivative of reduced magnetic anomalies at the pole shows
collapse faults oriented N-S, most of which are located to the south, and the same type
of faults to the north, but this time oriented NW-SE (Figure 7b).
Bouguer anomaly
Speaking of the Bouguer anomaly vertical derivative map, it presents the same
information as the horizontal gradient map, where we observe the large NE-SW-
trending fault. We thus observe circular structures that can give us information on the
presence of anticlines (Figure 7c).
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(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 7. Vertical derivative map (a: total magnetic field anomalies,
b: pole-reduced magnetic field anomalies, c: Bouguer anomalies)
EULER DEPTH
The quality of Euler deconvolution evaluation depends largely on the appropriate choice
of structural index (SI) [14, 15]. The method has been shown to be reasonably effective
(compared with other depth evaluation algorithms) for determining the depth of
magnetic sources, and particularly good for locating the horizontal position of such
sources [15]. Extended Euler deconvolution represents a significant improvement over
the standard method [16]. By employing the Euler homogeneity equation and assuming
the uniqueness of the magnetic source, the vertical and horizontal gradients and Hilbert
transforms of the measured magnetic field can be unambiguously related to the vertical
and horizontal positions of the source [14, 17, 18].
A good clustering of solutions indicates that the source location is well resolved, and a
scattering indicates that the solutions should probably be ignored [14]. The choice of
source model, or structural index, is essential for reasonable results. The use of
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inaccurate structural indices will lead to solutions that are widely dispersed and have
imprecise depths. The structural index is directly related to the rate of decrease in field
strength with distance from the magnetic source.
Geological structures have certain signatures that can be used to define source depths.
These indices depend on the gravimetric and magnetic methods used. This filter is used
to highlight geological structures such as Dykes, Sills, lithological contacts and faults.
The configuration of these structures enables us to highlight anticlines, which are good
traps for hydrocarbons. In the case of magnetic or gravimetric potential fields, the
homogeneity condition is verified above all for simple geometries (sphere, contact,
dyke) [14], i.e. for whole structural indices (0, 1, 2 and 3) (Table 1).
Table 1. Determination of structural index according to source geometry for magnetism and
gravimetry [14].
Source Gravity SI Magnetism SI
Sphère 3 2
Cylindre 2 1
Dyke 1 0
Contact 0 -
Magnetic anomaly
Referring to the Euler depth map, we note that several circular lithological contacts are
located in the northern and southern parts. The circular shape of these contacts or faults
corresponds to anticlines, which are good traps for hydrocarbons. The faults on the
contact depth map, deduced from Total Magnetic Field anomalies, show two
orientations, one of which is NW-SE to the north, and NE-SW to the south (Figure 8a).
The map of contact depths from pole-reduced magnetic anomalies also shows circular
contact shapes or faults that also correspond to anticlines. The same map shows two
main fault or contact directions: NW-SE and NE-SW. NW-SW faults are found in the
north, while NE-SW faults are found in the south (Figure 8b).
Bouguer anomaly
Interpretation of the map shown in Figure 8c has produced a structural map of the
region showing the presence of anticlinoriums and faults. Faults in the region are
predominantly NW-SE trending, some NNE-SSW. These faults ensure the migration of
hydrocarbons, and anticlines are important geological structures for the accumulation of
hydrocarbons. Based on the orientation of the faults, we note that hydrocarbon
migration has followed a NW-SE path.
The great fault that subdivides the study area into two parts, oriented NE-SW, along
which the Congo River flows, separating the two countries of DR Congo and the
Republic of Congo, is a strike-slip fault. This fault shifts the anticlinal structures in two
directions, NE and SW. The anticlines on the Democratic Republic of Congo side are
offset to the NE with a Dextre drop-off, and on the Republic of Congo side, they are
offset to the SW with a Senestre drop-off.
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(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 8. Euler solution (a: Gravimetry, SI=0 for Dykes and Sills; b: Total magnetic field,
SI = 1 for contacts; c: Total reduced magnetic field, SI=0 for contacts)
A structural map combining gravimetry and magnetometry was drawn up to understand
the petroleum potential of this western part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. This
western region of the Democratic Republic of Congo is potentially oil-rich, as it
features geological structures such as faults, anticlines and faulted anticlines (Figure 9).
The map shows anticlinal structures and faults of major petroleum interest as potential
traps and migration routes for hydrocarbons.
CONCLUSIONS
The Central Basin is rich in oil potential. Several studies carried out in the Democratic
Republic of Congo and the Republic of Congo have highlighted the geological
structures, surface indications and elements of the petroleum system, including mature
source rocks, reservoirs, covers and traps. Despite the presence of these highlighted
elements linked to the petroleum system, four drillings carried out in the Central
Cuvette Basin of DR Congo, none of them revealed a liter of oil on the surface.
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Figure 9. Structural map from Euler's solution
In 2019, still in the Central Cuvette Basin of the Republic of Congo, precisely in the
Ngoki block, one borehole drilled revealed the presence of profitable economic
hydrocarbons. With a view to promoting the Cuvette Basin in DR Congo, we wanted to
use this study to establish a structural correlation (geological structure of petroleum
interest) between the western part of DR Congo and the Ngoki Block in the Republic of
Congo.
To do this, we used gravity and magnetic data from geophysical exploration campaigns
in DR Congo to highlight geological structures of petroleum interest. After processing
and interpretation, we understand that the region contains interesting structures linked to
hydrocarbon trapping. These include anticlines and faults. We discovered that there is a
close relationship between the geological structures of these two countries (DR Congo
and R Congo). They are all made up of the same geological structures, separated by two
major strike-slip faults (Dextre and Senestre) where the Congo River flows (NE-SW
direction), creating a displacement movement moving the compartment on the
DR Congo side in the SW-NE direction and NE-SW on the R Congo side.
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Received: October 2023; Revised: January 2024; Accepted: February 2024; Published: February 2024
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