PILE FOUNDATION

PART I:
INTRODUCTION TO PILE
FOUNDATION
S c o p e of Pile Foundation
Engineering

• Selection of Foundation Type

• Selection of Pile Type
• Single Pile Analysis
• Pile Group Analysis
• Quality Control and Quality Assurance
 N om e nclature

• Pile cap
• Raker pile
• Tie beam

Keywords: pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile
 Taxonom y
(1) Application

• Reduce Vibrations
Problem Solution

Keywords: tanks, silos, chimneys, machine foundations, sand, ground water,

compaction piles, raked piles, damping of piles, small damping, vibrations
• Improve Stability of Bridge Abutment

Keywords: soft clay, fill, bridge abutment

• Embankment Pile

These piles, not soft clay,

carry fill load and transfer the
load to bearing layer..
Therefore, no horizontal
forces carried by abutment
piles.

Keywords: soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill

• Anchor piles as for dry docks

Uplift hydraulic
pressure

Keywords: ground water, up-lift force, anchor piles

• Offshore Structures on Piles

Keywords: cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension

force
• Stabilization of Slope by Piles

Keywords: slope stability, large diameter pile, steel pipe pile, failure
surface
• Stabilization of Slope by Piles

Keywords: failure surface, clay, precast piles,

Indra S. Harahap/ E V B 4 0 1 3 – VAB2073

• Anchor Piles in Swelling Soil

Keywords: seasonal changes, swelling clay, montmorillonite, high liquid limit,

high plasticity index, building
(2) Based on material

•Concrete pile
•Steel pile
•Timber pile

Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber, H pile

Concrete pile
• Precast Concrete Pile

Keywords: point, concrete, reinforcement. pile diameter

• Prestressed Concrete Piles

Keywords: height strength concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced

ductility
• Concrete strength

Keywords: cube strength, hard driving, normal to easy driving, high

capacity, reduced weight, easy driving
Lifting of precast piles •

Keywords: pile length, lifting hooks, moment

Steel Pile
Steel H-Pile •

Large contact area, high Qs

Keywords: easy to drive, easy to cut, corrosion, expensive, splicing, soil plug,
driving shoe, steel plate
• Steel Pipe Piles

Keywords: diameter, closed

or open ended, soil plug,
diameter
• Steel corrosion

Keywords: steel piles, concrete piles, National Bureau of

Standards, splices, reinforcement, salt water
Timber Piles
• Characteristics

Keywords: advantages, difficulties, limit bearing capacity, soft clay, tip, shaft,
ground water, butt
• Pile splices

Keywords: steel sleeve, steel strap

(3) Disturbance to Surrounding Soil

Keywords: large displacement piles, small displacement piles, non-displacement

piles, bored piles, precast piles, pipe piles, cased, uncased
(4) Loading Conditions of Piles

Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension

(5) Load Transfer Mechanism

Resistance of friction pile or floating

pile mostly comes from friction
resistance. Even though there is a
point resistance, since the pile is
not founded into a firm-bearing
layer the point resistance is very
small. In contrary, end bearing or
point bearing pile, the pile
resistance particularly come from
point resistance.

Keywords: friction or floating piles, end bearing piles, clay, sand, rock
Splices and Rock Points

Keywords: rock point

(6) Based on Installation Method
• Driven Pile
• Bored Pile
• Jacked-Down Pile
Driven pile
•
Installation method
• Settlement during driving in sand

Keywords: settlement, diameter, compaction within this zone

 • Settlement during driving in clay

Keywords: soft clay, heave, volume, soft clay, remoulded zone, pore water
pressure, undrained shear strength
• Redriving of pile in clay

Keywords: risen piles, redriving, heave, soft clay, separation of splice

Bored Pile
Installation method •

Keywords: casing, driving, casing filled with water, casing filled with
concrete, reinforcement
• Installation method with casing for soft clay

Keywords: casing, driving, casing filled with water, casing filled with
concrete, reinforcement
• Necking during casting in soft clay

Keywords: casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground water

• Bored pile with bell

Keywords: bells
• Installation using bentonite slurry

Keywords: ground water, surface casing, bentonite slurry, chisel, pouring of

concrete, lowering of reinforcement element
• Various shapes of slurry trench pile

Keywords: size, shape

Jacked-Down Pile
• Installation method

Keywords: pump, manometer, steel insert, hydraulic jack, pile

segment
(7) Proprietary Pile
• Raymond step tapered pile

Keywords: steel shell, steel cone, light bulb, reinforcement cage, casting of concrete
• Franki pile

Keywords: concrete plug, bulb, internal hammer, prefabricated shaft, light casing
PART II.
PILE BEARING CAPACITY
ANALYSIS
 Pile Bearing Capacity
• Single Pile
• Pile Group
Pile Bearing Capacity of
Single Pile

• Compression capacity
• Tension capacity
• Lateral capacity

Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension

Capacity of Pile Group

• Efficiency
• Group settlement
 Issues Relating to Pile
Capacity

Indra S. Harahap/ E V B 4 0 1 3 – VAB2073

• Load distribution along pile

Ultimate resistance of piles:

For sand, shaft and point
equally contribute to ultimate
resistance
For clay, shaft resistance
dominated ultimate resistance

Keywords: sand, clay, point resistance, shaft resistance

• Load vs. Displacement

Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place
pile, driven pile, with bell
• Load deformation relationship

•Shaft resistance of soft clay and sand are fully mobilized, i.e. reach its maximum
value, at relatively small pile displacement.

•Point resistance is reached at relatively large pile displacement compare to shaft

resistance.

•Point resistance of large displacement piles (i.e. driven-pile) is mobilized relatively

faster (at relatively small displacement) than non-displacement piles (i.e. bored-pile).
This due to the fact that driven pile compacting soil close to the pile tip, and bored-
pile loosening soil close the pile tip due to stress release. However, for a certain
cases driven pile could loosen soil close to the pile tip. For example, driving piles
through very dense sand or highly over consolidated soil.
• Idealized load deformation relationship

Keywords: pile load, point resistance, skin resistance

Pile Bearing Capacity
Determination
A. Analytical Method
• Based soil strength parameters obtained from laboratory test. Pile bearing capacity
is established based on general bearing capacity equation of shallow foundation.
B. Empirical Method
• Based on field-testing method and empirical correlation from loading test. Empirical
relationship has been developed between SPT, CPT and Swedish Sounding with
pile bearing capacity.
C. Dynamic Method
• Based on observation during pile driving. Response during pile driving reflects soil
resistance encounter by the pile. Pile ultimate resistance is determined taking into
account pile driving equipment, response during pile driving and other soil
parameters.
D. Pile Load Test Method
• Based on load deformation characteristic during pile loading test.
A. ANALYTICAL M E T H O D
 A.1. Introduction
(1) Direction of Pile Loading

Factor of Safety (FOS):

FOS for compression differs
than FOS for tension.
FOS for shaft resistance
differs than for point resistance.
Point and shaft resistance for
sand and clay determined
differently.

Keywords: compression, tension, weight of pile, factor of safety, allowable load,

point resistance, shaft resistance
(2) End Bearing Capacity

Omitted because
small compare to
overburden

Keywords: end bearing, undrained shear strength, bearing capacity factors

 • Bearing Capacity

•Pile resistance for pile in sand mostly contributed by overburden

pressure v.
The following assumptions for determination of pile capacity in
sand are:
The friction angle exist and cohesion equal to zero (=, c=0)
Pile length L, much bigger than pile diameter, as such the
contribution of pile resistance from gamma is negligible.
There are several bearing capacity factors Nq has been proposed:
• Meyerhof bearing capacity factor

Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity factor

• Various Bearing Capacity Factors

Keywords: Terzaghi, Berezantsev, Meyerhof, Vesic, Brinch Hansen, de Beer,

friction angle
• Failure mechanism for Vesic’s factor

Keywords: point resistance, rigidity index, failure surface, compressibility,

rigidity index
 A.2. Pile Capacity in S a n d

(1) Bearing Capacity Equation

Keywords: loose, dense, coefficient of

lateral earth pressure at rest, small,
Vesic, displacement pile, non-
displacement pile, tapered pile
(2) Pile Shaft Capacity in Sand

Keywords: pile type, sand, critical

depth,
(3) Lateral Pressure Against Pile Shaft

Keywords: bored pile, small displacement pile, large displacement pile,

straight shaft, tapered shaft, lateral earth pressure
 • Controlling factors
Lateral pressure exerted by soil on pile surface depend
on the following factors:
•Disturbance and the nature of disturbance to
surrounding pile during pile construction. Driven pile
cause compaction (loose to medium sand and soft to
medium clay) or dilation (dense sand or overconsolidated
clay.
•The inclination of side (straight side or tapered).
• Empirical parameter for K

Keywords: Mansur & Hunter, Tavenas, Ireland, lateral earth pressure

• Critical depth

Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity value, diameter, length

 A.3. Pile Capacity in Clay
(1) End resistance
(2) Shaft resistance

Keywords: normally consolidated clay,

overconsolidated clay, undrained shear
strength, reduction , ground surface
• Lambda-Method

Keywords: offshore structures, depth, mean value, skin

resistance
• Empirical estimate of pile skin friction in clay

Keywords: effective overburden pressure,

Flaate, Selnes, undrained shear strength
 A.5. Other Consideration
(1) Load Transfer Mechanism

Keywords: t-z curves, q-y curve, driven pile, bored pile

(2) Negative Skin Friction

Keywords: lowering of ground

water level, driven pile, bored pile
A.6. S u m m a r y

Summary

Soil Point Resistance Shaft Resistance

Type Q p  q p Ap Q s  As f s

Sand q p  qN q' f s  K a  v'

or Note:
1 2 K a depends on type of pile.
qp  K o qN q'
3 Shaft resistance constant after
reaching critical depth

Clay q p  9cu f s  cu

f s   v'

f s   ( v'  2c u )
B. EMPIRICAL M E T H O D
(1) Cone Penetration Test
End resistance •

Keywords: area of pile, sand

 • Shaft friction

Keywords: cone penetration test, friction sleeve small displacement pile, large
displacement pile
(2) Standard Penetration Test
• N-Value vs. pile capacity

Keywords: SPT, sand, pile diameter

(3) Weight Sounding Test (WST)
• Estimate of Pile Capacity Based

Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, s

Laterally Loaded Single
Pile
 Failure M o d e of Horizontally
L o a d e d Piles
Lateral Pile R e s i s t a n ce in S a n d
Lateral Pile R e s i s t a n ce in
C l a y (Rotational M o d e )
Lateral Pile R e s i s t a n ce in C l a y
(Pile Failure M o d e )