Lesson 1: Introduction to the Concept - intensification of worldwide

of Globalization social relations which link

distant localities in such a way
Globalization that local happenings are
- “the world is getting smaller.” shaped by events occurring
- a phenomenon that occurs at many miles away and vice
multiple levels and a process versa – Giddens, 1990
that affects people differently - the compression of the world
(Abinales & Claudio, 2018). and the intensification of
- the Geneva Center for consciousness of the world as
a whole. – Robertson, 1992
Security Policy conducted a
- the phenomenon by which
comprehensive study of 114
markets and production in
definitions of globalization.
different countries are
- an economic process
becoming increasingly
- the integration of national interdependent due to the
markets to a wider global dynamics of trade in goods
market signified by the and services and the flows of
increased free trade. capital technology. – OECD,
- characterized by the 2002
movements and spread of - the weakening of state
various cultures globally. sovereignty and state
Concept of globalization structures. – Beck, 2000
- complex and multifaceted - the establishment of the
global market free from
Some of these definitions
socio-political control. – Nikitin
- the onset of the borderless
and Elliott, 2003
world. – Ohmae, 1992
- “de-territorialization” or the
- a trans planetary process or
growth of “supraterritorial”
set of processes involving
relations between people. –
increasing liquidity and the
Scholte, 2000
growing multidirectional flows
- process of cross-cultural
of people, objects, places,
interaction, exchange, and
and information as well as the
transformation. – Cooppan,
structures they encounter and
2001
create that are barriers to, or
expedite, those flows. – Ritzer,
2015
Manfred Steger (Abinales & Claudio, travel from one location
2018) to another.
- “expansion and intensification 3. Technoscape
of social relations and - flows of technology.
consciousness across - Apple’s iPhone
4. Financescape.
world-time and world-space.”
- flow of money across
- subjective plane of human
political borders.
consciousness meaning
- the other flows
people feel that the world has
discussed by Appadurai,
become “smaller” this phenomenon has
Arjun Appadurai (anthropologist) been occurring for
- multiple and intersecting centuries.
- The Spanish, for
dimension of integration that
example, conscripted
he calls “scapes”
indigenous laborers to
5 Types of Scapes mine the silver veins of
the Potosí mines of
1. Ethnoscape
Bolivia.
- flow of people across
5. Ideoscape
boundaries.
- flow of ideas.
- While people such as
- small-scale, such as an
labor migrants or
individual posting her or
refugees travel out of
his personal views on
necessity or in search of
Facebook for public
better opportunities for
consumption, or it can
themselves and their
be larger and more
families, leisure travelers
systematic.
are also part of this
Homogeneity
scape.
- the increasing sameness in the
2. Mediascape
world as cultural inputs,
- flow of media across
economic factors, and
borders.
- In earlier historic periods, political orientations of
it could take weeks or societies expand to create
even months for common practices, same
entertainment and economies, and similar forms
education content to of government.
Heterogeneity - theory based upon an
- the creation of various cultural over-concentration of mass
practices, new economies, media from larger nations as a
and political groups because significant variable in
of the interaction of elements negatively affecting smaller
from different societies around nations.
the world.
3. Neoliberalism.
Concepts of Globalization - competition as the defining
characteristic of human
1. Cultural Imperialism
relations.
- a given culture influences
other cultures. - citizens as consumers, whose
- the imposition by one usually democratic choices are best
politically or economically exercised by buying and
dominant community of selling, a process that rewards
various aspects of its merit and punishes
own culture onto another inefficiency.
non-dominant community.
4. McDonaldization
- Fueled by a belief in the
superiority of their way of life, - Western societies are
colonizers dominated by the principles of
used law, education, and/or fast-food restaurants.
military force to impose - concept was developed by
various aspects of their own American sociologist George
culture onto the target Ritzer refers the particular kind
population. of rationalization of
- the colonized was production, work, and
to eradicate as far as possible consumption that rose to
all traces of their former way of
prominence in the late
life.
twentieth century.
2. Media Imperialism. - basic idea is that these
- global flow of media imposed elements have been adapted
on developing countries by based on the characteristics
the West. of a fast-food
restaurant—efficiency,
calculability, predictability,
 standardization, and affected by global
control—and that this flows.
adaptation has ripple effects - The interaction of
throughout all aspects of cultures is deemed to
society. contain the potential for
catastrophic collision.
Glocalization
(Note: This usually results in
- process wherein global forces
state wars and racial
interact with local factors or a
discrimination as well as
specific geographic area. culture clash)
- a combination of the words 2. Cultural Hybridization.

"globalization" and - the integration of local

"localization." and global cultures.
- creative process that
- The term was coined in the
gives rise to hybrid
Harvard Business Review, in
entities that are not
1980, by sociologist Roland
reducible to either
Robertson
global or the local.
Roland Robertson (sociologist) (Note: This is similar to the
- who wrote that glocalization concept of

meant "the simultaneity—the “glocalization”. A new

culture is made out of the
co-presence—of both
local and foreign cultures.
universalizing and
3. Cultural Convergence.
particularizing tendencies."
- the homogeneity
Glocalized introduced by
- be of much greater interest to globalization.
the end-user, the person who - Cultures are deemed to
ends up using the product. be radically altered by
strong flow.(Note: This
3 Perspectives on how cultures flow
perceives that the world is
globally
having a universal global
1. Cultural Differentialism. culture that will eventually
dissolve the local culture.)
- fact that cultures are
essentially different and
are only superficially
The Roots of Globalization Lesson 2: Global Economy and
Market Integration
Timeline of Notable Events in the
Development of Globalization Global economy
● 1897 – Charles Taze Russell - the world economy.
-“corporate giants” - the international exchange of
- the largely national trusts goods and services that is
and other large enterprises expressed in monetary units of
of the time. money.
● 1930 – “globalize”
- the free movement of goods,
-a publication entitled
capital, services, technology,
Towards New Education
and information. Closely
where it denoted a holistic
associated with this is the
view of human experience
in education. concept of economic
● Late 1980’s – globalization which is
- the word “globalization” concerned with the
was coined by globalization of production,
Theodore Levitt. finance, markets, technology,
● 2000 – the International organizational regimes,
Monetary Fund (IMF) institutions, corporations, and
identified labor.
● 4 basic aspects of
globalization United Nations (UN)
- Trade and transactions - economic globalization as the
- capital and investments increasing interdependence
- movements and of world economies as a result
migration of the growing scale of
- knowledge and cross-border trade of
dissemination commodities and services.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

- a historical process
representing the result of
human innovation and
technological progress.
 - characterized by the quotas, arbitrary standards)
increasing integration of (businessdictionary.com).
economies around the world Free Trade Agreement
through the movement of - a pact between two or more
goods, services, and capital nations to reduce barriers to
across borders. imports and exports among
them.
2 Types of Economies Associated
- implemented through a formal
with economic globalization
and mutual agreement of the
1. Protectionism. nations involved.
- a policy of systematic - hands-off stance is referred to
government intervention as “laissez-faire trade” or
in foreign trade to trade liberalization.
encourage domestic
European Union
production.
- notable example of free trade
- giving preferential
today. The member nations
treatment to domestic
form an essentially borderless
producers and
single entity for trade.
discriminating against
foreign competitors. This Market Integration
usually comes in the - The same patterns over a long
form of quotas and period, market integration
tariffs. (McAleese, 2007). exists.

Development of global market

2. Trade Liberalization or Free
integration
Trade.
- policy wherein trade practices ● First Phase: The Agricultural
that impede the free flow of Revolution.
goods and services from one - People learned how to
domesticate animals
country to another are
and plants. Farming
removed or reduced.
helped societies build
- the dismantling of tariffs
surpluses, meaning not
(duties, surcharges, export
everyone had to spend
subsidies) and non-tariff their time producing
barriers (licensing regulations, food.
 ● Second Phase: Industrial ● Third Phase: The Information
th
Revolution (17 Century). Revolution.
- rise of industry led to the - a period wherein
emergence of new technology has
economic tools. reduced the role of
- Two economic models human labor and shifted
emerged during the it from a
time of the Industrial manufacturing-based
Revolution – capitalism economy to one that is
and socialism. based on service work
2 Economic Models and the production of
1. Capitalism ideas rather than goods.
In this period, jobs are
- system in which all-natural
distinguished as primary
resources and means of
labor market
production are privately owned.
(white-collar professions)
- It emphasizes profit maximization
and competition as the main
and secondary labor
drivers of efficiency.
market (blue-collar
- the economist Adam Smith as the
professions).
“invisible hand” of the market.
International trade
2. Socialism,
- system wherein the means of - the old world
production are under collective - oldest known international
ownership. trade was the Silk Road.
- rejects the private property and - a network of pathways in the
hands-off approach. Property is ancient world that spanned
owned by the government and from China to what is now the
allocated to all citizens.
Middle East and to Europe.
- It emphasizes collective goals
- the United States and other
expecting everyone to work for
European Nations adopted
the common good and placing
the gold standard at an
a higher value on meeting
everyone’s basic needs than on international monetary
individual profit. conference in Paris.
- common basis for currency
prices and a fixed exchange
rate system – all based on the
 value of gold. (Abinales & enough money, but when
Claudio, 2018) money is not being spent, and
thereby, not moving.
Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez
(historians) Bretton Woods System has the
- “all-important populated following key elements: (Almeda,
continents began to 2018)
exchange products 1. The expression of currency
continuously – both with each in terms of gold or gold
other directly and indirectly value to establish a par
via other continents – and in value
values sufficient to generate 2. The official monetary
crucial impacts on all trading authority in each country
partners”. would agree to exchange
- back to 1571 with the its currency for those of
establishment of the galleon other countries at the
trade that connected Manila established exchange
in the Philippines and rates, plus or minus a
Acapulco in Mexico. one-percent margin
3. Eliminating restrictions on
World Economy
the currencies of member
- called fiat currencies.
states in the international
- by precious metals and whose trade
value is determined by their 4. US dollar as the global
cost relative to other currency.
currencies.
International Financial Institutions
Bretton Woods System 1. WB (World Bank).
- established in 1944 during the - the International Bank
United Nations Monetary and for Reconstruction and
Financial Conference. Development (IBRD).
John Maynard Keynes (British - main goal is to fund
economist) postwar reconstruction
- economic crises occur not projects geared towards
when a country does not have the eradication of
 poverty in countries increase in prices (inflation).
devastated by war. (Abinales & Claudio, 2018)
2. IMF (International Monetary Neoliberalism
Fund). - economic thought that
- a lender or a last resort challenged Keynesian
for countries that economics.
needed financial
Friedrich Hayek and Milton
assistance.
Friedman(Economists)
Stagflation and the End of the Bretton - argued that the government’s
Woods System practice of pouring money
- high point of global into their economies had
Keynesianism came from the caused inflation by increasing
mid-1940s to the early 1970s.- demand for goods without
- this period, governments necessarily increasing supply.
poured money into their
1980s onwards
economies, allowing people
- codified strategy of the United
to purchase more goods, and
States Treasury Department,
in the process, increase
the World Bank, the IMF, and
demand for these products.
eventually the World Trade
Early 1970s Organization (WTO) – a new
- prices of oil rose sharply as a organization founded in 1995
result of the *OAPEC’s to continue the tariff reduction
imposition of an embargo in under the GATT. The policies
response to the decision of the they forwarded came to be
United States and other called the Washington
countries to resupply the Israeli Consensus.
military with the needed arms
Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
during the Yom Kippur War.
- beneficiaries of global
Keynesian economics
commerce have been mainly
- phenomenon called
transnational corporations
stagflation, in which a decline
(TNCs) and not governments
in economic growth and
(Abinales & Claudio, 2018)
employment (stagnation)
Transnational Corporations are
takes place alongside a sharp
 companies that extend Lesson 3: The Global Interstate
beyond the borders of one System and Contemporary Global
country. Governance

- as multinational corporations Attributes of Contemporary Global

or global corporations. System
Economic Globalization Today
Contemporary world politics has four
- developed countries are often
key attributes: (Abinales & Claudio,
protectionists, as they
2018):
repeatedly refuse to lift
policies that safeguard their 1. There are countries or
primary products that could states that are
otherwise be overwhelmed by independent and govern
themselves.
imports from the developing
2. These countries interact
world.
with each other through
diplomacy.
3. There are international
organizations, like the
United Nations (UN), that
facilitate these interactions.
4. International organizations
take on lives of their own
beyond simply facilitating
meetings between states.

System of world politics start

- clarify what the term “country”

means or in the political
perspective, “nation-state.”
- The nation-state is a relatively
modern phenomenon in
human history, and people did
not always organize
themselves as countries.
 - the modern and of people even if he/she will
contemporary times that never meet all of them in
people organize and identify his/her lifetime.
themselves into larger groups World Systems and Global Interstate
called “nation-states.” System
- Nation-state is composed of “World-System”
two non-interchangeable - multi-state political structure –
terms - “nation” and “state.” the “interstate system”.
Summarizes the Key Differences - deal with inter-regional and
between the Two Concepts: transnational division of labor,
State which divides the world into
★ the country and its core countries, semi-periphery
government. countries and periphery
★ exercises authority over a countries.
specific population called
- world economy rooted in a
citizen.
capitalist economy. (Ariola,
★ governs a specific territory.
★ a structure of government that 2018)
crafts various rules that people
The Origins of the Interstate
(society) follow.
★ sovereignty over its territory.
System
Nation Westphalian System and Concert of
★ Benedict Anderson, the nation Europe
is an “imagined community.”
It is limited because it does not Treaty of Westphalia
go beyond a given “official - the way for the emergence of
boundary,” and is limited present-day sovereignty.
because it does not go - set of agreements signed in
beyond a given “official 1648 that ended the Thirty
boundary,” and because Years War between the major
rights and responsibilities are continental powers of Europe
mainly the privilege and
– Spain, France, Sweden, and
concern of the citizens of the
the Dutch Republic.
nation.
★ allows one to feel a
connection with a community
Napoleon Bonaparte. Bonaparte Global governance/world
- principles of the French governance
Revolution – liberty, equality, - movement towards political
and fraternity and challenged cooperation among
the powers of the nobility and transnational actors, aimed at
religious authorities in Europe. negotiating responses to
problems that affect more
- the Concert of Europe which
than one state or region.
was an alliance of the United
(Ariola, 2018).
Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and
Prussia. This system lasted from - signing of treaties, forming
1815 to 1914, at the dawn of international organizations
World War I. and legislating international
law.
Internationalism
- Westphalian and Concert International organizations (IOs)
systems are examples of
- intergovernmental
interstate systems.
organizations that are primarily
- now referred to as made up of member-states.
internationalism.
Michael N. Barnett and Martha
Summarizes the various perspectives Finnemore identified the following
on internationalism by different powers of IOs:
political thinkers:
★ power of classification
Kant, Bentham, Mazzini and Wilson meaning they can invent and
- liberal internationalism while apply categories and create
Marx advocated for socialist powerful global standards.
internationalism.
★ power to fix meanings and
Contemporary Global Governance become legitimate sources of
- a semblance of world order information
despite the lack of single world
★ power to spread ideas across
government.
the world thereby establishing
global standards.
United Nations (China, France, Russia,
United Kingdom, United
- the League of Nations at the
States, Estonia, India,
end of the Second World War,
Ireland, Kenya, Mexico,
a new international league
Niger, Norway, Saint
was created in order to avoid
Vincent and the
another global war.
Grenadines, Tunisia, and
- This is now known as the United
Vietnam)
Nations (UN).
- main function of the UN is to ★ The GA elects 10 of the
maintain peace and security 15 member states for a
for all its member-states. two-year term.
- does not have its own military
★ Five of the 15 seats in
but it has a peacekeeping
the SC are occupied by
force which are supplied by its
the P5 (Permanent 5) –
member states.
China, France, Russia,
UN is divided into five (5) active United Kingdom and
organs: United States. These
states are permanent
● General Assembly (GA)
members since the
★ main deliberative
founding of the UN and
policymaking and
cannot be replaced by
representative organ.
election.
★ matters of peace and security,
admission of new members ● Economic and Social Council
and budget by two-thirds (ECOSOC)
majority vote. ★ principal body for
★ elects a GA President to serve coordination, policy
a one-year term of office. review, policy dialogue,
★ All member states have seats and recommendations
in the GA (currently at 193). on social and
environmental issues, as
● Security Council (SC) well as the
★ This body is composed implementation of
of 15 member states.
 internationally agreed and other principal
development goals. organs.

★ UN’s central platform for Challenges of Global Governance in

discussion on the 21st Century
sustainable
Irina Bokova, former UNESCO
development.
Director General
★ composed of 54
- new technologies have
members elected for
created new pathways to
three-year terms.
prosperity, trade and
● International Court of Justice inter-cultural dialogue, the
★ to settle, in accordance increasing fragmentation of
to international law, the international community is
legal disputes submitted cause for concern.
to it by states and to
Bokova suggested three points to
give advisory opinions
address these challenges:
referred to it by
authorized UN organs ● out-of-the-box thinking
and specialized ● building resilient societies
agencies. ● new thinking about
★ major cases of the court peacebuilding
consist of disputes Regional Organizations
between states that - Countries respond
voluntarily submit economically and politically to
themselves to the court globalization in various ways.
for arbitration.
● Secretariat North Atlantic Treaty Organization
★ composed of the (NATO)
Secretary General and - regional alliance formed for
international UN staff military defense.
members who carry out - formed during the Cold War
the day-to-day work of when several Western
the UN as mandated by European countries and the
the General Assembly United States agreed to
 protect Europe against the - the glue which bind local
threat of the Soviet Union. communities together in an
increasingly globalized world.
Organization of the Petroleum
(Aldama, 2018)
Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- the rights, responsibilities and
- example of an economic
duties that come with being a
regional organization.
member of a global entity as a
- established in 1969 by Iran,
citizen of a particular nation.
Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia,
- person who places global
and Venezuela to regulate the
citizenship above every
production and sale of oil.
nationalistic or local identities
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and relationships. (Ariola,
- the presidents of Egypt, 2018)
Ghana, India, Indonesia, and
Rights of global citizens
Yugoslavia, is a regional bloc
- embedded in the Universal
that aims to protect the
Declaration of Human Rights,
independence from pressures
first drafted in 1948 after the
of superpower politics.
Second World War.
- established in 1961 to pursue
world peace and international Global Citizen is said to have the
cooperation, human rights, following responsibilities:
national sovereignty, racial 1. Understand one’s own
and national equality, perspective and the
non-intervention, and perspective of others on
peaceful conflict resolution. global issues
2. Respect the principle of
Global Citizenship cultural diversity
- moral and ethical disposition 3. Make connections and build
that can guide the relationships with people from
understanding of individuals or other countries and culture
groups of local and global 4. Understand the ways in which
contexts, and remind them of the peoples and countries of
their relative responsibilities the world are inter-connected
within various communities. and inter-dependent
5. Understand global issues
6. Advocate for greater
international cooperation with
other nations
7. Advocate for the
implementation of
international agreements,
conventions, and treaties
related to global issues
8. Advocate for more effective
global equity and justice in
each of the value domains of
the world community.