Prepared by; (G4)

NAME STUDENT ID

1. Shibrie Muluneh ECSU2301412

2. Tadesse Abera ECSU2301297
3. Tefera Sisay ECSU2301382
4. Yessehak Israel ECSU2301422
5. Teumay Assefa ECSU2301417
6. Amanuel Geleta ECSU2301363
7. Mohamed Endra ECSU2301430

Submitted to: MELES W.

JAN 2024
0 ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA
 Table of Contents
1. CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Background study ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Statement of the problem ............................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Objective of the study ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 General objective ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.6 Specific objectives........................................................................................................................... 3
1.7 significance of the study ................................................................................................................. 4
2. CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................... 5
LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 description of the study area .......................................................................................................... 6
3. CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 materials ..................................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 methods ........................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 procedures and work flow .............................................................................................................. 9
3.4 Organizational chart.................................................................................................................... 11
3.5 factor of criteria............................................................................................................................ 11
3.6 site selection process .................................................................................................................... 13
3.7 Generating stream and slop from DEM/digital elevation model ................................................. 14
3.8 weighted overlay map ................................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 21
CONCLSION................................................................................................................................... 21
4.2 Recommendation ....................................................................................................................... 21
Reference............................................................................................................................................. 22

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List of acronyms

GIS Geographic Information System

SWM Solid Waste Management

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ESRI Environmental System Research Institute

USA united states of America

LULC Land Use Land Cover

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Abstract

Land suitability analysis has increasing importance in identifying suitable land resource for some
specific uses. This project aims to use GIS as a tool in analyzing, integrating and displaying
information. The overall activities of the work were concentrated around sub area selected in
Gullelie sub city woreda 6 to identify suitable sites for waste disposal. This project focused on the
data used for applying multi criteria GIS based site selection are roads network
map.settlementt,land use map,streams,important buildings, residence land use and a service area for
a given facility.

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1. CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
The project on solid waste disposal site selection provides a comprehensive overview of the
challenges facing urban areas in managing solid waste. It highlights the rapid population growth and
development activities in the study area that cause large amount of waste generation and subsequent
improper solid disposal of solid waste. The introduction part emphasize the need for study to select a
proper and suitable waste disposal site by considering ecological, environment, economical, and
social factors, furthermore, we use geographic information system (Gis) to provide right
information about geographical data for selection of proper and suitable site for solid waste. The
project emphasize the integration of different field parameter with population and other relevant
data’s using GIs , which can be assist the site selection process for waste disposal. Using Arcgis in
the selection process is to reduce time also enhance precision and accuracy of the project.
Additionally, the introduction highlights the lack of previous research in the area and the increasing
problem of solid waste disposal, leading to the dumping of waste in unsuitable areas. The aim of the
study is to fill the gap and contribute to the social and economic well-being of the community in the
study area.

In summing up, the introduction sets the stage for the project by presenting the problem statement
and the use of GIS techniques for waste disposal site selection process. It provides a clear
understanding of challenges and objective of the project of the study.

1.2 Background study

The Addis Ababa city’s and sub city one of main challenge is management of solid waste also this is
the challenges facing urban areas in the world towns, this because of aggregation of human
settlement has potential to produce a large amount of solid waste. Solid wastes could be defined as
non-liquid and non- gaseous products of human activates regarded as being useless (Babayemi and
Dauda, 2009). Rapid Urbanization is one cause of these wastes to increase in the urban area also the
cause of land use and land cover change. Industrialization and social transformation occurs during
the urbanization has a negative impact on the natural environment by encroaching solid waste
disposal in many cities in the world the citation in Africa situation the critical. (Mensah, 2014).

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Ethiopia is one of the fastest growing urban populations rate in the world with number of people
living in the cities expected to nearly triple in the next decade (UN, 2015). Addis Ababa as capital
cities and prime city of the country has been growing and expanding in almost all direction and in all
aspect. The growth of Addis Ababa both in term of population size and area extent has increased the
waste generating and hard to allocated best suitable site for disposal. Due to urbanization, city
administration of urban planners are faced with difficulties in meeting growing demands for basic
services such as green space, sanitation, water supply transportation prime health centers also
include waste disposal sites and urbanization is the main cause of the land use change in the urban
areas .these profound changes causes a change of land pattern which makes urban planning
inevitable (Zewudu, 2011).

Land suitability analysis is the process to determine whether the land resources is suitable for some
specific uses and the suitability level by considering different factors such as land use land cover
patterns, land scape and soil (FAO, 1981; Manlun, 2003; Kumar and Biswas, 2013).suitability
various LULC pattern and dynamics is important to identify the most desirable site futures
development also identifying appropriate suitable factors are one of the objective for suitability
analysis. The analysis use d for land scape designing and planning ,support decision making and for
analysis of different factors also it integrate factors of an area such as location ,physiographic,
environmental process and development activates . Therefore suitability analysis helps municipality
and urban land administrator to make decision and establishes policies in terms of specific land uses.
Disposal sites must have environmental safety criteria and attributes that will enable the waste to be
isolated so that there is no unacceptable risk to people or the environment while to be isolated so that
there is no unacceptable risk to people or environments while it is operating. preferable selection of
suitable site foe waste disposal has been normally carried by traditional approaches i.e. throwing it at
all types of free land in or around the city (Md.Mujibor, et.al.,2008).

The current waste disposal system the town is practicing is open dump system and site is filled outs
causing various social and environmental problems. That is why the study is significant and needs to
conducts in order to select suitable site for the area by considering ecological, environmental,
economic and social factors. The study project is focus on using integrated GIs and remote sensing
techniques to provide appropriate information about geographical data to assist in selection suitable
sit for waste disposal site using different factors. GIS can provide integrated field parameters with
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population and other relevant data or other associated features, which can help in the process of site
selection.

1.3. Statement of the problem

The population of the study area is growing at alarm rate and located in Addis Ababa city
Administration. Moreover, currently in the city development Activity is widely observed. As result
of fast urbanization and development activity with in a cities the solid waste generate are observed a
widely, the gulele sub city are one of the sub city’s located in north part of city administration also
have face lack of good waste management practices, our project specifically focus on woreda 6 have
the problem in their improper solid waste disposal site. It has direct effect in polluting the
environment consequently; public health is highly affected by the unmanaged municipal solid waste
disposal. It’s also pollutes water and reduces beauty of the city, because of inadequacy of proper
collection and lack of proper solid waste disposal site that create many health and other problems
within the woreda residents and neighborhood. Properly planned using GIS tool and other
application helps to make informed policy by government. Therefore this study will fill the gap and
seek to validate the suitable site selection and the solutions of proper waste management by
considering the suitable development of city. Government and stake holders give attention.

1.4 Objective of the study

1.5 General objective

To assess the suitability of solid waste management in the case of Gulele woreda six

1.6 Specific objectives

 To reduce the environmental impact of waste disposal by implementing modern waste
management technologies and practices.

 To identify new waste disposal sit

 To improve public health outcomes by minimizing the risk of disease transmission and
contamination associated with improper waste disposal.

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1.7 significance of the study
The study will use for protection of water pollution, air pollution and soil pollution in the woreda 6
also ultimately in the sub city and Addis Ababa. It will help site partially in the gullele sub city
administration community and environmental authority office of the city to solve problem face with
solid waste disposal by locating suitable site. Also the city administration used the project to
improve the existing solid waste management system of the city and to guide line for solid waste
management decision making process in the city by selecting suitable site for waste disposal using
geographical information system technique. Stake holders use for generate income,

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2. CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
Solid waste management is a big challenge issues for low income country like Ethiopia, affecting on
the environmental health, socio-economic aesthetic and infrastructure, because of the volume of
waste generated, disposal and treatment method (Iyamu etal. 2020).

In all cities of developed and non-developed country faced with the persistence issue of municipal
solid waste management (Kokkinos etal.2019; oguntoke etal.2019). According to xiao etal.(2020),
population growth and industrialization are the main factors for increment of waste generation
behind in Ethiopian. The swift increase of urban population has triggered a dramatic increase of
municipal solid waste generation, with consequence more observed in developing countries (zhou et
al.2019). Approximately (3 billion) world population still have deficiency of access to regulate
waste disposal service, and viable solution to solid waste management are some of the vital
approach still being explored (willson et al 2015).

The current global trends of waste management problem caused by population inflation, higher
living standard in the cities, expansion of urban areas and changes in conception behavior which are
resulted in unstable method of waste disposal, which is ultimately the result of inadequate plan and
implementation (torkashvand et al.2021). this made it help to effectively to manage municipal solid
waste because of low regulating solid waste will negatively affect the natural resource and
degradation natural environment (carota et al.2018). managing solid waste is required monitoring,
collection, transport, processing of disposal solid waste (srivastava 2020) that seeks to minimize
waste generation, maximize waste recycling and reuse, and ensure safe and environmentally sound
disposal of solid waste (Iyamu et al 2020.)

Disposal site selection is the final choice in waste management hierarchy process and common
solution for final disposal of wastes in lower income countries and a large majority of community’s
practices substantial land filling or dumping as their main methods of waste disposal. Recently due
to the growing urgency of the urban environmental problem in solid waste management in lower
income countries has attract much attention and there is now a movement toward land fill design to
increase environmental protection (stamps et al, 2016).

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Urbanization, economic development and rapid growing population result in massive waste quantity
of waste material which requires proper management, (yuan and yabe 2015). Therefore an increased
urbanization and expanded use of disposable products in the past decades have generated greater
demand for land fill space.

The most local government in the developing countries an able to deliver services effectively and
dumping of municipal solid waste on designated areas, such as open damp is a common practices
resulting stress on the environment. Obviously disposal site selection is the most cost effective
system of solid waste disposal for most urban area especially in developing countries; uncontrolled
disposal of solid waste is determinant of health, because it creates unsanitary environment that have
an adverse impact on urban residence.

Selecting suitable site for disposal is one of the most difficult tasks in solid waste management. The
disposal site selection must address social, environmental and technical concerns (el/kelani et al,
2017).

2.2 description of the study area

Location

The latitude of gulelle woreda 6 Addis Ababa is 47°12′00” N, and the longitude is 100°02′00″E. Addis
Ababa Ethiopia is located in country Ethiopia in the city place category with the GPS Coordinates of
47°44′00”and 100°60′00″E.

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Figure1. Study area

Demography

According to the 2007 census conducted by the Ethiopian statistical agency the population of
Gulelle Sub City woreda 6 in Addis Ababa was 21,031. It is important to note that this data is over a
decade old and the current population may have changed significantly.

Economy

The economy of Gulelle Woreda 6 is primarily driven by small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) engaged in various sectors such as manufacturing, trade, and services.

The manufacturing sector in Gulelle Woreda 6 includes the production of textiles, leather products,
food and beverages, and construction materials. The area is also home to several small-scale
metalworking and machinery workshops.

7
The trade sector is dominated by retail businesses, including shops selling clothing, electronics, and
household items. There are also several wholesale markets in the area where traders can purchase
goods in bulk.

The service sector in Gulelle Woreda 6 includes a range of businesses such as hotels, restaurants,
banks, and healthcare facilities. The area is also home to several educational institutions, including
primary and secondary schools, technical and vocational training centers, and universities.

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3. CHAPTER THREE

3.1 materials
Arc Desktop the fundamental is the material in the study.it has been developed by ESRI.Arc catalog
and Arc tool box are create geodatabase, editing, data management and storage, geo referencing data
from different source, perform multi criteria analysis ,generating criteria mapping weightage for
each criteria. Overlaying analysis and visualizing of output data. Both primary and secondary data
used in the study. The primary data was collected from field survey and observation. Secondary data
was acquired internets, book, journals, report, governmental institutions and other documents.

3.2 methods
We used multi criteria evaluation and creating layer gives single and scientific output map.
Analytical Hierarchal process was used to produce weights.

3.3 procedures and work flow

• identfication of waste disposal anddevelopment of GIS database including the spatial

1 information on the identfied factors

2 • reclasfication of intial data to compile criterea map for further land sutability anlysis

• determination of sutability level and scoring scale based on the critrea of soustainable
3 development evaluation critria of sutability

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 • evaluation of land suitability acording to environmental and socio economic criterea
4 reclassfication of the LSI land suitablity class and thier representation on map

• application of Anlytical Hirarchal process(AHP)method for assesment ofthe relative

6 importance or weights of the criteria and sub criterea

7 • selection and evalution of alternative site /final decion on the wast desposal site
/where to be

The given input data set is in the form of shape file.so the first step is converting the layer into
geodatabase. Then making new toolbox and environment setting.in the study factors that influence
the site of waste disposal site selection derived as follow

 Road
 Stream
 Land use
 Slope

Depend on the above factors which considered the criteria will vary by their closeness and
farness that are:-

Very highly suitable

Suitable
Moderate suitable
Low suitability
Very low

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 3.4 Organizational chart

Source of
data

Attribute

slop Roa Land strea

e d use m

Distanc Convert to Distanc

e raster e

reclass

Stream Road Land Settlement

suitability suitability use

Weighted overlay

Finally determined suitable for

disposal site

3.5 factor of criteria

The ranking was also based on the factor the effect of the waste disposal on the surrounding
environment. The proximity of the disposal site to sensitive areas is unadvisable. The effect of the
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waste disposal on the environment must be minimized. The following table shows the rank of
suitability. The waste disposal site must be at proper. Place not to harm the
environment(Asefa&Mindahun,2009).

Land use class Suitability and Value

A Land use class Suitability Score value
1 Administrative

Commercial, culture,
education, river, road
network, recreation, religion
S1 1 Un suitable
2 Municipal, Manufacturing S2 2 low suitability
3 Green, Mixed residential, S3 3 Moderate suitability

Infrastructure
4 Special use S4 4 High suitability
5 Open space S5 5 Very high suitability
B Road distance(m) Suitability Score value Suitability and Value
1 0_300 S1 1 Un suitable
2 300_1000 S2 5 Very High suitability
3 1000_2000 S3 4 High suitability
4 2000_3000 S4 3 Moderate
5 3000-4000 S5 2 low suitability
C Slope(m) Suitability Score value Suitability and Value
1 0_2 S1 5 Very low suitability
2 2_9 S2 4 High suitability
3 9_15 S3 3 Moderate suitability
4 15_30 S4 2 Low suitability
5 >30 S5 1 Un suitable
D Water(m) Suitability Score value Suitability and Value

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 1 0_300 S1 1 Un suitable
2 300_500 S2 2 Low suitability
3 500_1000 S3 3 Moderate suitability
4 1000_1500 S4 4 High suitability
5 1500-2000 S5 5 Very high suitability

Land use class Suitability and Value

A Land use class Suitability Score value
1 Administrative

Commercial ,culture, education

,river, road network, recreation,

religion
S1 1 Un suitable
2 Municipal, Manufacturing S2 2 low suitability
3 Green, Mixed residential, S3 3 Moderate suitability

Infrastructure
4 Special use S4 4 High suitability
5 Open space S5 5 Very high suitability

3.6 site selection process

By using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS ,create Euclidean distance to reclassify the land suitability
as Very highly suitable,Suitable,Moderate suitable, Low suitability and Very low suitability
using overlay analysis .the site must be far from water bodies ,far from major roads and sensitive
buildings.

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From the criteria’s that give consideration in solid waste disposal site selection land
use/land cover is one. This is because solid waste disposal have a great effect related to
social health on the neighborhood land use as well as economic effects by reducing
economic values of the land. Haigh value land must be excluded from the waste disposal
activity.

3.7 Generating stream and slop from DEM/digital elevation model

Generating streams from DEM data all the tools are available in the Arc Toolbox of ArcMap Arc
Toolbox next Spatial Analyst Tools then Hydrology. Steps involved in calculating a watershed
and stream network from DEM

Input DEM(for hydrology anlysis)

using the DEM as input to the flow direction with the sink tool,sinks in orginal DEM
tool,direction of water flow direction determined determined,drainge mapping made.
using watershed tool,watershed are determined and delinated
using flow accumlation tool cualculate upslope cell
flowing to location and creating stream network the outputs are raster
stream and watershed generated

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Fig 3.1 Stream generated from DEM

15
 Fig3.2 creating stream Euclidean distance

Fig 3.3 road Euclidean

Fig 3.3 land use reclassification

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Road: Road is one of the criteria’s for the suitability of land suitability. This shows that waste
disposal must far from the road. Solid waste must be far about 400m from the main road. Solid
waste dumping site must be located at suitable distance from roads network in order to facilitate
transportation and it is preferred to locate landfills away 400-meter distance from roads (Ministry of
Urban Development and Construction (MUDC), (2012).

B Road distance(m) Suitability Score value Suitability and Value

1 0_300 S1 1 Un suitable
2 300_1000 S2 5 Very High suitability
3 1000_2000 S3 4 High suitability
4 2000_3000 S4 3 Moderate
5 3000-4000 S5 2 low suitability

Table 3.1 distance road from waste disposal

Fig 3.4 Road reclassification

Slope: slope is one of the determinants of solid waste disposal because as slope is high, there must
be high excavation. In this study, slope of the study area was generated from DEM using Arc-GIS

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spatial analyst extension of surface tool. Then the slope raster was reclassified into four classes of
slope percent. The reclassified slope was ranked from 1 to 5, as 5 is very highly suitable and 1 is for
the unsuitable site selection.(Asefa & Mindahun, 2019b).

C Slope(m) Suitability Score value Suitability and Value

1 0_2 S1 5 Very high suitability
2 2_9 S2 4 High suitability
3 9_15 S3 3 Moderate suitability
4 15_30 S4 2 Low suitability
5 >30 S5 1 Un suitable
Table 3.2 slope classification

Fig 3.5 slope reclassification

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Stream; stream is one the main determinant of waste disposal. Waste disposal must be far from
rivers. The pollution in water resources causes savior problems in environment, public health as well
as economy. Areas located within distances less than 300m from permanent and seasonal rivers are
excluded due to the possible interaction between the solid waste disposals.

stream(m) Suitability Score value Suitability and Value

1 0_300 S1 1 Unsuitable
2 300_500 S2 2 Low suitability
3 500_1000 S3 3 Moderate suitability
4 1000_1500 S4 4 High suitability
5 1500-2000 S5 5 Very high suitability
Table 3.3 stream classification

Fig 3.5 stream reclass

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3.8 weighted overlay map
AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process): AHP IS This approach is largely and efficaciously applied in
numerous applications including optimum site selection (Saaty 1987; Carver 1991; Demesouka,
Vavatsikos, and Anagnostopoulos 2014; Ammar et al. 2016; Surajit and Ahmad 2016; Alkhuzaie
and Janna 2018), Citrus management (Zabihi et al. 2019), avalanche susceptibility mapping strategy
(Kumar, Srivastava, and Snehmani 2017) and a flood risk assessment (Luu and Meding 2018).

Fig 3.6 final map of weighted overlay

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CHAPTER 4

CONCLSION
Generally the study is focused on waste disposal site selection, the waste must put far from
residential, recreational, commercial, main roads, river areas. But the preferable areas can be little
bit forest/not green parks/ and agricultural areas. Wastes are the main causes of social health
instability, pollution, environmental hazards and economic reduction.so wastes must put at propor
place.

Overall, our conclusion reinforces the significance of GIS in land suitability analysis and its
potential for contributing to environmental protection and community well-being through informed
decision-making in waste disposal site selection.

4.2 Recommendation
Based on the findings the following recommendations are forwarded:

Government gives attention the suitable site selection for Solid Waste Disposal

It may be helpful to the concerned authorities in decision making for the selection of
appropriate sites for the future dumping sites.
The result of this study can be used as a tool for facility site planners for locating
dumping sites in study area, the Municipality and the Ministry of Health with its Health
Care Waste Management division.
The selected areas should serve for longer years to reduce the cost of site selection,
construction and closure. Therefore, the rates and volumes of solid waste produced from
the town should be known in order to determine the dimension of the site.

21
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