CBCS SYLLABUS

FOR
THREE YEARS UNDER-GRADUATE COURSE
in
B. Sc. Mathematics (HONOURS)

(w.e.f. A.Y. 2022-2023)

BANKURA UNIVERSITY
BANKURA
WEST BENGAL
PIN 722155
 Bankura University B.Sc. Mathematics (Honours) CBCS w.e.f. 2022-23

STRUCTURE IN MATHEMATICS (HONOURS)

SEMESTER –I

Course Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours

Code
I.A. ESE Total Lec. Tu. Pr.

SH/MTH/ Calculus, Geometry & Vector 06 10 40 50 05 01 00

101/C-1 Analysis

SH/MTH/ Algebra 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
102/C-2

SH/MTH/ Calculus, Geometry & Vector 06 10 40 50 05 01 00

103/GE-1 Analysis

ACSHP/104/ Environmental Studies 04 10 40 50 03 01 00

AECC-1

Total in Semester - I 22 40 160 200 18 04 00

 Bankura University B.Sc. Mathematics (Honours) CBCS w.e.f. 2022-23

SEMESTER –II

Course Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours

Code
I.A. ESE Total Lec. Tu. Pr.

SH/MTH/ Real Analysis 06 10 40 50 05 01 00

201/C-3

SH/MTH/ Group Theory-I 06 10 40 50 05 01 00

202/C-4

SH/MTH/ 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
203/GE-2 Algebra

ACSHP/204/ English/Hindi/MIL 02 10 40 50 01 01 00
AECC-2

Total in Semester - II 20 40 160 200 16 04 00

 Bankura University B.Sc. Mathematics (Honours) CBCS w.e.f. 2022-23

SEMESTER –III

Course Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours

Code
I.A. ESE Total Lec. Tu. Pr.
SH/MTH/ Theory of Real Functions 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
301/C-5

SH/MTH/ Ring Theory & 06 10 40 50 05 01 00

302/C-6 Linear Algebra-I

SH/MTH/ ODE & Multivariate 06 10 40 50 05 01 00

303/C-7 Calculus-I

SH/MTH/ 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
304/GE-3 Real Analysis

SH/MTH/ Any one of the following 04 10 40 50 03 01 00

305/ SEC-1 • Mathematical Logic
• Programming Using C

Total in Semester - III 28 50 200 250 23 05 00

 Bankura University B.Sc. Mathematics (Honours) CBCS w.e.f. 2022-23

SEMESTER –IV

Course Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours

Code
I.A. ESE Total Lec. Tu. Pr.
SH/MTH/ Riemann Integration and Series 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
401/C-8 of Functions

SH/MTH/ PDE & Multivariate Calculus-II 06 10 40 50 05 01 00

402/C-9

SH/MTH/ Mechanics 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
403/C-10

SH/MTH/ 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
04/GE-4 ODE & Multivariate Calculus-I

SH/MTH/ Any one of the following 04 10 40 50 03 01 00

405/ SEC-2 • Graph Theory
• Operating System: Linux
• Programming Using C- 04 10 40 50 01 01 04
Practical

Total in Semester - IV 28 50 200 250 23 05 04

 Bankura University B.Sc. Mathematics (Honours) CBCS w.e.f. 2022-23

SEMESTER –V

Course Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours

Code
I.A. ESE Total Lec. Tu. Pr.
SH/MTH/ Numerical Analysis 06 10 40 50 03 01 04
501/C-11
SH/MTH/ Group Theory-II & Linear 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
502/C-12 Algebra-II
SH/MTH/ Any one of the following 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
503/DSE-1 • Linear Programming
• Mathematical Modeling
• Integral Transforms and
Fourier Analysis
SH/MTH/ Any one of the following 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
504/DSE-2 • Tensors and Differential
Geometry
• Advanced Mechanics
Total in Semester - V 24 40 160 200 18 04 04
 Bankura University B.Sc. Mathematics (Honours) CBCS w.e.f. 2022-23

SEMESTER –VI

Course Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours

Code
I.A. ESE Total Lec. Tu. Pr.
SH/MTH/ Metric Space and Complex 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
601/C-13 Analysis
SH/MTH/ Probability and Statistics 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
602/C-14
SH/MTH/ Any one of the following 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
603/DSE-3 • Advanced Algebra
• Discrete Mathematics
• Point Set Topology
SH/MTH/ Any one of the following 06 10 40 50 05 01 00
604/DSE-4 • Special Theory of Relativity
• Number Theory
• Dissertation on any topic of
Mathematics
Total in Semester - VI 24 40 160 200 20 04 00

SH = Science Honours , MTH=Mathematics, ACSHP = Arts Commerce Science Honours

Pass,C = Core Course, AECC = Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course, SEC= Skill
Enhancement Course, GE = Generic Elective, DSE = Discipline Specific Elective, IA =
Internal Assessment, ESE = End-Semester Examination, Lec. = Lecture, Tu.= Tutorial,
and Prc.= Practical.
Undergraduate
Syllabus of
Mathematics
(Honours)

w.e.f. A.Y. 2022-2023

Bankura University
Bankura
West Bengal
PIN 722155
 Page |1

1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3

2. Scheme for CBCS Curriculum for B.A./B.Sc. Mathematics (Hons) ...................................... 6

2.1 Credit Distribution ........................................................................................................... 6

2.2 Scheme for CBCS Curriculum ......................................................................................... 7

2.3 Choices for Discipline Specific Electives ........................................................................ 9

2.4 Choices for Skill Enhancement Courses .......................................................................... 9

3. Core Subjects Syllabus ........................................................................................................... 10

3.1 Core T1–Calculus, Geometry & Vector Analysis................................................................. 10

3.2 Core T2-Algebra ............................................................................................................. 13

3.3 Core T3–Real Analysis ................................................................................................... 14

3.4 Core T4–Group Theory-I ................................................................................................ 16

3.5 Core T5–Theory of Real Functions....................................................................................... 17

3.6 Core T6–Ring Theory & Linear Algebra-I ...................................................................... 19

3.7 Core T7–ODE & Multivariate Calculus-I ............................................................................ 21

3.8 Core T8–Riemann Integration and Series of Functions ........................................................ 23

3.9 Core T9–PDE & Multivariate calculus-II ............................................................................. 25

3.10 Core T10–Mechanics ............................................................................................................ 27

3.11 Core T11– Numerical Analysis & Numerical Analysis Lab .......................................... 28

3.12 Core T12–Group Theory II & Linear Algebra II .................................................................. 33

3.13 Core T13–Metric Spaces and Complex Analysis ........................................................... 35

3.14 Core T14– Probability and Statistics .................................................................................... 36

4. Discipline Specific Electives Subjects Syllabus .................................................................... 38

4.1 DSE T1–Linear Programming .............................................................................................. 38

4.2 DSE T2–Mathematical Modelling ........................................................................................ 39

4.3 DSE T3–Integral Transforms and Fourier

analysis………………………………………………………..…………………………….40

4.4 DSE T4–Tensors and Differential Geometry ................................................................. 42

4.5 DSE T5– Advanced Mechanics ............................................................................................ 43

4.6 DSE T6–Advanced Algebra.................................................................................................. 45

4.7 DSE T7–Discrete Mathematics ........................................................................................ 46

4.8 DSE T8–Point Set Topology................................................................................................. 47

 Page |2

4.9 DSE T9–Special Theory of Relativity ................................................................................. 48

4.10 DSE T10– Number theory ................................................................................................... 49

4.11 DSE T11- Dissertation ......................................................................................................... 50

5. Skill Enhancement Subjects Syllabus .......................................................................................... 51

5.1 SEC T1– Mathematical Logic ............................................................................................. 51

5.2 SEC T2– Programming using C .......................................................................................... 52

5.3 SEC T3– Graph Theory ....................................................................................................... 53

5.4 SEC T4– Operating System: Linux...................................................................................... 54

5.5 SEC T5- Programming Using C – Practical………………………………………….…….55

 Page |3

1. Introduction
The syllabus for Mathematics at undergraduate level using the Choice Based Credit system has been
framed in compliance with model syllabus given by UGC.
The main objective of framing this new syllabus is to give the students a holistic understanding of the
subject giving substantial weightage to both the core content and techniques used in
Mathematics. Keeping in mind and in tune with the changing nature of the subject, adequate
emphasis has been given on new techniques of mapping and understanding of the subject.
Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space and change. It has very broad scope in
science, engineering and social sciences.
The syllabus has also been framed in such a way that the basic skills of subject are taught to the
students, and everyone might not need to go for higher studies and the scope of securing a job after
graduation will increase.
It is essential that students in Mathematics (Honours) select the general electives courses from
Physics, Chemistry and/or any branch of Life Sciences disciplines.
While the syllabus is incompliance with UGC model curriculum, some changes have been made
students to ensure all topics are covered and any of the subjects don’t become difficult to be
completed in one semester. For example, Core course 1 titled “Calculus, Geometry & Vector
Analysis” now also has introductory concepts on Geometry and Differential equations and has been
renamed accordingly.
Similarly, Discipline Specific Electives have been grouped where in student can choose 1 elective
from a pool of courses. This has been done to help students learn a cross the semesters in their
inter semesters.
th
Dissertation on any topic of Mathematics have been introduced instead of the 4 Elective with
a credit of 6 splits into 2 + 4, where 2 credits will be for continuous evaluation and 4 credits
reserved for the merit of the dissertation.
The syllabus of Generic Elective (GE), GE-1, GE-2, GE-3, GE-4 courses are same as of the
syllabus of the core courses, C-1, C-2, C-3, C-7, respectively.
Evaluation process of each course is carried out through Internal Assessment (IA) and End Semester
Examination (ESE). Out of full marks 50 of a course, 10 marks is allotted for Internal Assessment and
40 marks is allotted for End Semester Examination. Question paper of each course for End Semester
Examination contains three units: Unit I - 05 questions to be answered out of 08 questions carrying 02
marks of each; Unit II - 04 questions to be answered out of 06 questions carrying 05 marks of each and
Unit III- 01 question to be answered out of 02 questions carrying 10 marks. Otherwise, the marks
distribution of the particular course should be clearly mentioned.

The Bachelor’s Degree in B.A./B.Sc. Mathematics (Hons) is awarded to the students on the basis of
knowledge, understanding, skills, attitudes, values and academic achievements sought to be acquired by
 Page |4

learners at the end of these programmes. Hence, the course objectives and course specific outcomes of
mathematics for these courses are aimed at facilitating the learners to acquire these attributes, keeping in
view of their preferences and aspirations for knowledge of mathematics.

The course objectives and course specific outcomes of each course are designed so that these may help
learners to understand the main objectives of studying the course. This will enable learners to select
elective papers depending on the individual inclinations and contemporary requirements. These syllabi
in Mathematics under CBCS are recommended keeping in view of the wide applications of Mathematics
in science, engineering, social science, business and a host of other areas. The study of the syllabi will
enable the students to be equipped with the state of the art of the subject and will empower them to get
jobs in technological and engineering fields as well as in business, education and healthcare sectors.
The textbooks mentioned in references are denotative/demonstrative. The divisions of each paper in
units are specified to the context mentioned in courses. These units will help the learners to complete the
study of concerned course in certain periods and prepare them for examinations.

Hence, the programme has been chalked out in such manner that there is scope of flexibility and
innovation in modifications of prescribed syllabi, teaching-learning methodology, assessment technique
of students and knowledge levels, learning outcomes of courses, inclusion of new elective courses
subject to availability of experts across the country.

Programme Objectives (POs):

PO1: Mathematical Reasoning: Applications of the mathematical knowledge to the solutions of more
complex problems in academic and in real life.
PO2: Analyzing Ability: Identification, formulation and solution of a problem which leads to conclusion
using basic principles.
PO3: Developing Confidence: Analyzing more complicated problems and getting solutions helps to
build up confidence.
PO4: Design/development of more accuracy: Design and development of methods/ procedures for
solutions of problems which meet the specific queries in industry as well as real life.
PO5: Ability of investigations for more complex problems: Use of research-based knowledge and
research methods to handle more complex problems.
PO6: Applications of theory-based knowledge: Ability to apply the theoretical knowledge including
theory, experiment and computational data; analysis and interpretation of data, to get the definite
conclusions.
PO7: Ability of Modern tool usage: Application of appropriate techniques, resources, updated software
and modern mathematical tools to solve mathematical activities with a good understanding of their
limitations.
PO8: Team work practice: Collective efforts for functioning effectively as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and/or in multidisciplinary settings.
PO9: Communication skill: Effective Communication skill for scientific activities helps to establish a
 Page |5

good researcher with popular face in the scientific community.

PO10: Ability of presentation: Writing the effective reports and design document to give and receive
clear instructions/limitations/restrictions for good presentations.
PO11: Life-long learning process: Recognize the needs, proper learning and ability to engage in life-
long learning in the broadest context of scientific & technological changes.
PO12: Students undergoing this programme learn to logically question assertions, to recognise patterns
and to distinguish between essential and irrelevant aspects of problems. They also share ideas and
insights while seeking and benefitting from knowledge and insight of others. This helps them to behave
responsibly in a rapidly changing interdependent society.

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

The Department of Mathematics offers exciting opportunities to talented students holding a Bachelor’s
degree for acquiring a rigorous and modern education in mathematics and for pursuing master's degree
in both pure and applied mathematics as well as higher studies based on Mathematics. As a part of this
Programme, the student has to complete 148 credits of courses including a "Dissertation ", whose
major part is kind of academic research (and does not involve classroom teaching), in a chosen area of
mathematics. This Program will introduce the classical topics of mathematics, which helps in acquiring
thinking skills to undertake cutting-edge research in a higher education programme.

Career Opportunities:
This program will enable the students to take part and qualify for the state and national level
examinations such as JAM, NBHM, etc. After completion of this programme, the students are well
prepared for higher studies such as M. Sc. and Integrated Ph.D. program in Mathematics. This
programme will also help students to enhance their employability for government jobs, jobs in banking,
insurance and investment sectors, data analyst jobs and jobs in various other public and private
enterprises. Completion of this programme will also enable the learners to join teaching profession in
primary and secondary schools. The skills and knowledge gained has intrinsic beauty, which also leads
to proficiency in analytical reasoning which also helps them to become more professional.
 Page |6

2. Scheme for CBCS Curriculum for B.A./B.Sc. (Hons.)

Mathematics

2.1 Credit Distribution

Credits

Course Type Total Papers Theory + Practical Theory*

14*4=56 14*5=70
Core Courses 14
14*2=28 14*1=14
Discipline Specific 4*4=16 4*5=20
4
Electives 4*2=8 4*1=4
4*4=16 4*5=20
Generic 4
Electives/Interdisc 4*2=8 4*1=4
iplinary
Ability Enhancement
2 2*4=8 2*4=8
Papers
Skill
Enhancement 2 2*4=8 2*4=8

Papers
Totals 26 148 148

*Tutorials of 1Credit will be conducted in case there is no practical component

 Page |7

2.2 Scheme for CBCS Curriculum for Mathematics (Hons)

Semester Course Name Course Detail Credits

I Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course–I Environmental Science 4
Core course-I Calculus, Geometry and Vector Analysis 6
Core course–I Practical - -
Core course–II Algebra 6
Core course–II Practical - -
Generic Elective–1 TBD (Course from other discipline) 6
Generic Elective–1 Practical - -
II Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course–II English Communication 2
Core course–III Real Analysis 6
Core course– III Practical - -
Core course– IV Group Theory-I 6
Core course–IV Practical - -
Generic Elective–2 TBD (Course from other discipline) 6
Generic Elective–2Practical - -
III Core course–V Theory of Real Functions 6
Core course–V Practical - -
Core course–VI Ring Theory & Linear Algebra-I 6
Core course–VI Practical - -
Core course–VII ODE & Multivariate Calculus -I 6
Core course–VII Practical - -
Skill Enhancement Course–1 As per Section 2.4 4
 Page |8

Generic Elective–3 TBD (Course from other discipline) 6

Generic Elective–3 Practical - -
IV Core course–VIII Riemann Integration and Series of Functions 6
Core course–VIII Practical - -
Core course–IX PDE & Multivariate Calculus-II 6
Core course–IX Practical - -
Core course –X Mechanics 6
Core course–X Practical - -
Skill Enhancement Course-2 As per Section 2.4 4
Generic Elective–4 TBD (Course from other discipline) 6
Generic Elective–4 Practical - -
V Core course– XI Numerical Analysis 4
Core course–XI Practical Numerical Analysis Lab 2
Core course–XII Group Theory-II & Linear Algebra-II 6
Core course–XII Practical - -
Discipline Specific Elective–1 As per Section 2.3 6
¤ Discipline Specific Elective– 1 Practical - -
Discipline Specific Elective–2 As per Section 2.3 6
Discipline Specific Elective– 2 Practical - -
VI Core course–XIII Metric Spaces and Complex Analysis 6
Core course–XIII Practical - -
Core course–XIV Probability and Statistics 6
Core course–XIV Practical - -
Discipline Specific Elective–3 As per Section 2.3 6
 Page |9

Discipline Specific Elective– 3 Practical - -

Discipline Specific Elective–4 As per Section 2.3 6
DisciplineSpe cific Elective– 4 Practical - -

# TBD= To be decided (by the concerned department)

2.3 Choices for Discipline Specific Electives

(One course to be chosen from each of Discipline Specific Elective-1, 2, 3, 4)

Discipline SpecificElective–1 DisciplineSpecificElective–2 DisciplineSpecificElective–3 DisciplineSpecificElective–4

Linear Programming Tensors and Differential Geometry Advanced Algebra Special Theory of Relativity
Mathematical Modelling Advanced Mechanics Discrete Mathematics Number Theory
Integral Transforms and Fourier Point Set Topology Dissertation on Any Topic of
Analysis Mathematics

• Optional Dissertation or project working place of one Discipline Specific Elective Paper (6 credits) in 6th Semester

2.4 Choices for Skill Enhancement Courses

(One course to be chosen from each of Skill Enhancement Courses -1, 2)

Skill Enhancement Course-1 Skill Enhancement Course-2

Mathematical Logic Graph Theory
Programming Using C Operating System: Linux
Programming Using C -Practical
 P a g e | 10

2. Syllabus: B.A./B.Sc. in Mathematics (Hons)

Core Subjects Syllabus: B.A./B.Sc. in Mathematics

(Hons)
2.1 Core T1–Calculus, Geometry & Vector Analysis

Calculus, Geometry & Vector Analysis

6 Credits

Course Objectives:
The main objective of this course is to give a deep insight of the differentiations and its applications,
and techniques of sketching for curves in cartesian and polar coordinate systems. This course also
gives the outstanding knowledge of two and three dimensional coordinate-geometry and also the
concept vector calculus.

Course Specific Outcomes:

After completion of this course a student would have

• a vast knowledge of Calculus, which they can use for their further study.
• a clear idea of characterizations of two dimensional as well as three dimensional coordinate
geometry.
• a clear concept of vector analysis and its applications.
Unit 1

Higher order derivatives, Leibnitz rule and its applications to problems of type 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥,
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 sin 𝑥, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 cos 𝑥, Arc length, Derivative of arc length (Cartesian
and Polar), Pedal equation, Curvature, Radius of curvature, Centre of curvature, concavity,
convexity and inflection points, envelopes, asymptotes (Cartesian), Singular points,
Classification of double points, curve tracing in Cartesian and polar coordinate systems,
Indeterminate forms: L’Hospital’s rule.

Unit 2

Reduction formulae, derivations and illustrations of reduction formulae of

the type ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥, ∫ sin 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥,
Area under Cartesian and Polar curves, parametric equations, parameterizing of a curve, arc
length, arc length of parametric curves, area and volume of surface of revolutions.

Unit 3
 P a g e | 11

Reflection properties of conics, Transformation of axes and second degree equations,

Invariants, classification of conics using the discriminant, Pair of straight lines, polar equations
of straight lines, circles and conics.

Spheres, Cone, Cylindrical surfaces. Central conicoids, paraboloids, plane sections of

conicoids, Tangent, Normal, Enveloping Cone and Cylinder, Generating lines, classification of
quadrics, Transformation of axes in space and general equation of second degree.

Unit 4

Product of three or more vectors, Applications in Geometry, introduction to vector functions of

one independent variable, operations with vector-valued functions of one independent variable,
limits and continuity of vector functions, differentiation and integration of vector functions of
one independent variable.

Graphical Demonstration (Teaching Aid)

1. Plotting of graphs of function 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), 1/(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏),

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), |𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| and to illustrate the effect of 𝑎 and 𝑏 on the graph.
2. Plotting the graphs of polynomial of degree 4 and 5, the derivative graph, the second
derivative graph and comparing them.
3. Sketching of parametric curves (e.g., Trochoid, cycloid, epicycloids, hypocycloid).
4. Obtaining surface of revolution of curves.
5. Tracing of conics in Cartesian coordinates/polar coordinates system.
6. Sketching of ellipsoid, hyperboloid of one and two sheets, elliptic cone, elliptic,
paraboloid, and hyperbolic paraboloid using Cartesian coordinates.
Reference Books

► G.B. Thomas and R. L. Finney, Calculus, 9th Ed., Pearson Education, Delhi, 2005.
► M.J. Strauss, G.L. Bradley and K.J. Smith, Calculus, 3rd Ed., Dorling Kindersley
(India) P. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Delhi, 2007.
► H. Anton, I. Bivens and S. Davis, Calculus, 7th Ed., John Wiley and Sons (Asia) P.
Ltd., Singapore, 2002.
► R. Courant and F. John, Introduction to Calculus and Analysis (Volumes I & II), Springer-
Verlag, New York, Inc., 1989.

► T.G. Vyvyan, Elementary Analytic Geometry, Deighton, Bell and Company, 1867.
► E.H. Askwith, The Analytical Geometry of the Conic Sections, Adam and Charles Black,
London, 1908.
► B.K. Kar, Advanced Analytic Geometry and Vector Analysis, Books & Allied Pvt. Ltd.,
Kolkata, 2000.
► S. Karmakar, S. Karmakar, Analytical Geometry: Two Dimensions, CRC Press (Taylor and
Francis Group)/ Levant Books (India), London, 2022.
► R.M. Khan, Analytical Geometry of Two and Three Dimensions and Vector Analysis, New
Central Book Agency, 2010.
 P a g e | 12

► T. Apostol, Calculus, Volumes I and II. 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1991.
► R.R. Goldberg, Methods of Real Analysis, Oxford & Ibh Publishing, 2020.
► K.C. Ghosh and R.K. Maity, An Introduction to Analysis: Differential Calculus (Part I),
New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., 2011.
► K.C. Ghosh and R.K. Maity, An Introduction to Analysis: Integral Calculus, New Central
Book Agency (P) Ltd., 2013.
► S. Narayan and M.D. Raisinghania, Elements of Real Analysis, S. Chand and Co. Ltd., 2003
► J.E. Marsden, and A. Tromba, Vector Calculus, 6th Ed., McGraw Hill, 2011.
► K.C. Maity and R.K. Ghosh, Vector Analysis, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.
Kolkata (India), 2011.

► M.R. Speigel, Schaum’s Outline of Vector Analysis, 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill, 2011.
 P a g e | 13

2.2 Core T2-Algebra

Algebra
6 Credits

Course Objectives:
The main objective of this course is to give a deep insight of the roots of real and complex
polynomials and learn various methods of obtaining roots. Employ De Moivre’s theorem in a number
of applications and able to knowledge to solve the system of linear equations.
Course Specific Outcomes:
After completion of this course a student would recognize the idea of consistent and inconsistent
systems of linear equations by the row echelon form of the augmented matrix, using rank. Also, they
would be able to find out the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors for a square matrix.
Unit 1

Polar representation of complex numbers, nth roots of unity, De Moivre’s theorem for rational
indices and its applications.

Theory of equations: Relation between roots and coefficients, Transformation of equation,

Location of roots: Descartes rule of signs, Sturm’s theorem, Cubic and biquadratic equation,
Cardon’s, Ferrai’s and Euler’s method.

Inequality: The inequality involving AM≥GM≥HM, Cauchy-Schwartz inequality.

Unit 2

Equivalence relations, partial order relation, poset, linear order relation. Well-ordering
property of positive integers, Division algorithm, Divisibility and Euclidean algorithm. Prime
numbers and their properties, Euclid’s theorem. Congruence relation between integers. Principles of
Mathematical Induction, statement of Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.

Unit 3

Systems of linear equations, row reduction and echelon forms, vector equations, the matrix
equation Ax=b, solution sets of linear systems, applications of linear systems, linear independence.

Unit 4

Introduction to linear transformations, matrix of a linear transformation, inverse of a matrix,

characterizations of invertible matrices. Subspace of ℝ𝑛 , dimension of subspaces of ℝ𝑛 ,
Geometric significance of subspaces. Rank of a matrix, Eigen values, Eigen Vectors and
Characteristic Equation of a matrix. Cayley-Hamilton theorem and its use in finding the inverse
of a matrix.
Reference Books
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► T. Andreescu and D. Andrica, Complex Numbers from A to Z, Birkhauser, 2006.

► E.G. Goodaire and M.M. Parmenter, Discrete Mathematics with Graph Theory, 3rd Ed.,
Pearson Education (Singapore) P. Ltd., Indian Reprint, 2005.
► D.C. Lay, Linear Algebra and its Applications, 3rd Ed., Pearson Education Asia, Indian
Reprint, 2007.
► K.B. Dutta, Matrix and Linear Algebra. Prentice Hall India Pvt., Ltd., 2004.
► K. Hoffman and R. Kunze, Linear Algebra. 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall India Pvt., Ltd., 2015
► W.S. Burnstine and A.W. Panton, Theory of Equations. 7th Ed. Hodges, Figgis and
Company, 1924

2.3 Core T3–Real Analysis

Real Analysis
6 Credits

Course Objectives: This course will enable the students to

i) understand many properties of the real line ℝ and learn to define sequences in terms of functions
from ℕ to a subset of ℝ.
ii) recognize bounded, convergent, divergent, Cauchy and monotonic sequences and to
calculate their limit superior, limit inferior, and the limit of a bounded sequence.
iii) recognize the series, properties of series and different test for convergence of series.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires deep learning of real analysis starting with ε-
concepts and acquires the knowledge of series and sequences which are very much important for
basic starting of this course.
Unit 1

Review of Algebraic and Order Properties of ℝ, Intervals, ε-neighbourhood of a point in ℝ, Idea of

countable sets, uncountable sets and uncountability of ℝ. Bounded above sets, Bounded below sets,
Bounded Sets, Unbounded sets, Suprema and Infima, Completeness Property of ℝ and its
equivalent properties, The Archimedean Property, Density of Rational (and Irrational) numbers in
ℝ.

Limit points of a set, Isolated points, Interior points, Open set, closed set, the union and
intersection of open and closed sets, derived set, Dense sets with examples, Illustrations of
Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem for sets, compact sets in ℝ, Heine-Borel Theorem.

Unit 2

Sequences, Bounded sequence, Convergent sequence, Limit of a sequence, uniqueness of limit,

Limit Theorems. Sandwich rule. Nested interval theorem, Monotone Sequences, Monotone
Convergence Theorem. Subsequences, lim inf, lim sup, A bounded sequence {xn} is convergent
if and only if lim sup xn= lim inf xn. Divergence Criteria. Monotone Subsequence Theorem
(statement only), Bolzano Weierstrass Theorem for Sequences. Cauchy sequence, Cauchy’s
Convergence Criterion. Cauchy’s first and second limit theorems with applications.
 P a g e | 15

Unit 3

Infinite series, convergence and divergence of infinite series, Cauchy’s Criterion, Series of
positive terms, Tests for convergence: Comparison test, Limit Comparison test, Ratio Test,
Cauchy’s nth root test, Raabe’s test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss test (statements only), Alternating
series, Leibniz test. Absolute and Conditional convergence, Riemann’s rearrangement theorem
(Statement only).

Graphical Demonstration (Teaching Aid)

1. Plotting of recursive sequences.

2. Study the convergence of sequences through plotting.
3. Verify Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem through plotting of sequences and hence identify
convergent subsequences from the plot.
4. Study the convergence/divergence of infinite series by plotting their sequences of
partial sum.
5. Cauchy's root test by plotting nth roots.
6. Ratio test by plotting the ratio of nth and (n+1)th term.

Reference Books
► R.G. Bartle and D.R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and
Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore, 2002.
► G.G. Bilodeau, P.R. Thie and G.E. Keough, An Introduction to Analysis, 2nd Ed., Jones &
Bartlett, 2010.
► B.S. Thomson, A.M. Bruckner and J.B. Bruckner, Elementary Real Analysis, Prentice
Hall, 2001.
► S. K. Berberian, A First Course in Real Analysis, Springer Verlag, NewYork,1994.
► T.M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, 2nd Ed. Narosa Publishing House, 2002.
► R. Courant and F. John, Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, Vol I, Springer Berlin,
Heidelberg, 1965.

► W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1976.

► T. Tao, Analysis I, Hindustan Book Agency, 2006.
► R.R. Goldberg, Methods of Real Analysis, Oxford & Ibh Publishing, 2020.
► K.C. Ghosh and R.K. Maity, An Introduction to Analysis: Differential Calculus (Part I),
New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., 2011.
► S. Narayan and M.D. Raisinghania, Elements of Real Analysis, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., 2003.
 P a g e | 16

2.4 Core T4–Group Theory-I

Group Theory-I
6 Credits

Course Objectives: The main objective of this course is to develop the concept of group with its
various properties along with its geometrical significance.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of basics of group theory. This
course not only put light on Lagrange’s theorem but also gives the clear concept about structure
preserving maps between groups and their consequences.

Unit 1

Symmetries of a square, definition of group, examples of groups including permutation groups,

Dihedral groups and Quaternion groups (through matrices), elementary properties of groups,
examples of commutative and non-commutative groups. order of an element, order of a group.
Subgroups and examples of subgroups, necessary and sufficient condition for a nonempty subset of
a group to be a subgroup. Normalizer, centralizer, center of a group, product of two subgroups.

Unit 2

Properties of cyclic groups, classification of subgroups of cyclic groups. Cycle notation for
permutations, properties of permutations, even and odd permutations, alternating group,
properties of cosets, Lagrange’s theorem and consequences including Fermat’s Little theorem.

Unit 3

External direct product of a finite number of groups, normal subgroups, factor groups, Cauchy’s
theorem for finite abelian groups.

Unit 4

Group homomorphisms, properties of homomorphisms, correspondence theorem and one-one

correspondence between the set of all normal subgroups of a group and the set of all congruences on
that group, Cayley’s theorem, properties of isomorphisms. First, Second and Third isomorphism
theorems.

Reference Books
 P a g e | 17

► J.B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th Ed., Pearson, 2002.
► M. Artin, Abstract Algebra, 2nd Ed., Pearson, 2011.
► D.S. Dummit and R.M. Foote, Abstract Algebra, 3 rd Ed., Wiley, 2003.
► J.A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th Ed., 1999.
► J.J. Rotman, An Introduction to the Theory of Groups, 4th Ed., 1995.
► I.N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Limited, India,1975.
► D.S. Malik, J.M. Mordeson and M.K. Sen, Fundamentals of Abstract Algebra, McGraw-Hill
College, 1996.

2.5 Core T5–Theory of Real Functions

Theory of Real Functions

6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) recognize the fundamental concept of limit and continuity of a function in ε - δ approach.
ii) acquire the knowledge of expansion of function, different types of mean value theorem.
iii) to employ the techniques of finding the extremum value of a function.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of analyzing consequences of
function’s criterion. This course also gives the idea about 0/0 form and corresponding calculations of
limits.
Unit 1

Limits of functions (ε - δ approach), algebra of limits of functions, sequential criterion for

limits, divergence criteria. Limit theorems, one sided limits. Infinite limits and limits at
infinity. Continuous functions, sequential criterion for continuity and discontinuity. Algebra of
continuous functions. Continuous functions on an interval, intermediate value theorem,
location of roots theorem, preservation of intervals theorem. Uniform continuity, non-uniform
continuity criteria, uniform continuity theorem.

Discontinuity of functions, different types of discontinuity, step functions, piecewise

discontinuity, monotone functions, Theorems: a monotone function have only jump
discontinuity and at most countably many points of discontinuity.

Neighbourhood properties of continuous functions on boundedness and maintenance of sign,

continuous function on a bounded closed interval attains its bound.

Unit 2

Differentiability of a function at a point and in an interval, Caratheodory’s theorem, algebra of

differentiable functions. Meaning of sign of derivatives, Chain rule, Lipschitz condition and
associate result on derivative, Relative extrema, interior extremum theorem. Rolle’s theorem.
Mean value theorems: Lagrange’s, Cauchy’s, intermediate value property of derivatives,
Darboux’s theorem, Applications of mean value theorems to inequalities and approximation of
 P a g e | 18

polynomials.

Unit 3

Taylor’s theorem with Lagrange’s form of remainder, Taylor’s theorem with Cauchy’s form of
remainder, concept of convex functions with examples, application of Taylor’s theorem to
convex functions, relative extrema. Taylor’s series and Maclaurin’s series expansions of
exponential and trigonometric functions, ln(1 + x), 1/ax+b and (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 with their range of
validity, Applications of Taylor’s theorem to inequalities.

Statement of L’Hospital’s rule, and its associated results, point of local extremum of a function
on an interval (ensure to include the concepts of interval in calculus part of T-1: Calculus,
geometry and Vector calculus), Sufficient condition for the existence of a local extremum of a
function (statement only), determination of local extremum using first order derivative,
applications of the principle of maximum/minimum.

Reference Books

► R. Bartle and D. R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, John Wiley and Sons,2003.
► K.A. Ross, Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus, Springer, 2004.
► A. Mattuck, Introduction to Analysis, Prentice Hall,1999.
► S.R. Ghorpade and B.V. Limaye, A Course in Calculus and Real Analysis, Springer,
2006.
► T.M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, Narosa Publishing House, 2002.
► R. Courant and F. John, Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, Vol II, Springer, 2004.
► W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1976.
► T. Tao, Analysis II, Hindustan Book Agency, 2006.
► K.C. Ghosh and R.K. Maity, An Introduction to Analysis: Differential Calculus (Part I),
New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., 2011.
 P a g e | 19

2.6 Core T6–Ring Theory and Linear Algebra-I

Ring Theory and Linear Algebra-I

6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) have the fundamental concept of Ring, ideals and their various properties. Field and its
consequences.
ii) employ the concept of basis of a vector space.
(iii) acquire the knowledge of IPS and properties of operators on an IPS.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of

i) basics of ring theory, notions of its ideals and homomorphisms.

ii) properties of vector spaces and linear transformations.

iii) inner product spaces and orthonormal sets, and how one can transform a set to an
orthonormal set.
Unit 1

Definition and examples of rings, properties of rings, subrings, polynomial rings, integral
domains and fields, subfield, necessary and sufficient condition for a nonempty subset of a
field to be a subfield, characteristic of a ring. Ideal, ideal generated by a subset of a ring, factor
rings, operations on ideals, prime and maximal ideals.

Unit2

Ring homomorphisms, properties of ring homomorphisms. Isomorphism theorems I, II and III,

Correspondence theorem, congruence on rings, one-one correspondence between the set of ideals and the
set of all congruences on a ring.

Unit 3

Vector spaces, subspaces, algebra of subspaces, quotient spaces, linear combination of vectors,
linear span, linear independence, basis and dimension, dimension of subspaces.

Unit 4

Linear transformations, null space, range, rank and nullity of a linear transformation, matrix
representation of a linear transformation, change of coordinate matrix. Algebra of linear
transformations. Isomorphisms. Isomorphism theorems, invertibility and isomorphisms.

Inner product spaces, matrix of an inner product, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.

orthogonal/orthonormal set, Orthonormal basis, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation process.
Matrix of a linear operator on finite dimensional inner product spaces with respect to
orthogonal (orthonormal) basis, Inner product space isomorphism and related theorems.
 P a g e | 20

Reference Books
► J.B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th Ed., Pearson, 2002.
► M. Artin, Abstract Algebra, 2nd Ed., Pearson, 2011.
► S.H. Friedberg, A.J. Insel, L.E. Spence, Linear Algebra, 4th Ed., Prentice-Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.
► J.A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th Ed., Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi, 1999.
► S. Lang, Introduction to Linear Algebra, 2nd Ed., Springer, 2005.
► G. Strang, Linear Algebra and its Applications, Thomson, 2007.
► S. Kumaresan, Linear Algebra- A Geometric Approach, Prentice Hall of India, 1999.
 P a g e | 21

2.7 Core T7–ODE & Multivariate Calculus-I

ODE & Multivariate Calculus-I

6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) understand the genesis of ordinary differential equations.
ii) learn various techniques of getting exact solutions of solvable first order differential equations and
linear differential equations of higher order.
Course Specific Outcomes: This course specifically enables students to

i) grasp the concepts of general solutions of a linear differential equation of an arbitrary

order and also learn a few methods to obtain the general solution of such equations.

ii) formulate mathematical models in the form of ordinary differential equations to

suggest possible solutions of the day-to-day problems arising in physical, chemical and biological
disciplines.
Unit 1

First order differential equations: Exact differential equations and integrating factors, special
integrating factors and transformations, linear equations, Bernoulli equations and reducible to linear
forms, the existence and uniqueness theorem of Picard (Statement only).

Unit 2

First order higher degree equations solvable for x, y and p. Clairaut’s equations and singular solution.

Unit 3

Linear differential equations of second order, Wronskian: its properties and applications,
C.F., P.I. and General solutions, D operator method, Euler equation, method of undetermined
coefficients, method of variation of parameters. Special forms.

Unit 4

System of linear differential equations, types of linear systems, differential operators, an

operator method for linear systems with constant coefficients, Simultaneous equations of
form 2, Total differential equations.
Unit 5

System of linear differential equations, types of linear systems, differential operators, an operator
method for linear systems with constant coefficients.

Unit 6

Basic Theory of linear systems in normal form, homogeneous linear systems with constant
coefficients: Two Equations in two unknown functions.
 P a g e | 22

Unit 7

Power series solution of a differential equation about an ordinary point, solution about a regular
singular point (up to second order).

Unit 8

Concept of neighbourhood of a point in ℝ𝑛 (𝑛 > 1), interior point, limit point, open set and closed
set in ℝ𝑛 (𝑛 > 1).

Unit 9

Functions from ℝ𝑛 (𝑛 > 1) to ℝ𝑚 (𝑚 ≥ 1), limit and continuity of real-valued functions of

two or more variables. Partial derivatives, total derivative and differentiability, sufficient
condition for differentiability. Chain rule for one and two independent parameters, theorems
on equality of mixed partial derivatives of two variables, directional derivatives,
Homogeneous functions and Euler’s theorems. Extrema of functions of two and three
variables, method of Lagrange multipliers, constrained optimization problems.

Reference Books

► D.A. Murray, Introductory course in Differential Equations, Andesite Press, 2017.

► H.T. H. Piaggio, Elementary Treaties on Differential Equations and their applications,

C.B.S Publisher & Distributors, Delhi, 1985.

► G. F. Simmons, Differential Equations, Tata McGraw Hill, 2017.

► S. L. Ross, Differential Equations, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, India, 2004.
► K.C. Ghosh and R.K. Maity, An Introduction to Analysis: Differential Calculus (Part II),
New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., 2008.
► K.C. Ghosh and R.K. Maity, An Introduction to Differential Equations, New Central Book
Agency (P) Ltd., 2011.

► H.R. Beyer, Calculus and Analysis, Wiley, 2010.

 P a g e | 23

2.8 Core T8– Riemann Integration and Series of Functions

Riemann Integration and Series of Functions

6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) understand the genesis of Riemann integration and its related topic.
ii) learning about the improper integral and its properties.
iii) understand the idea of Fourier series expansion of a function.

Course Specific Outcomes: This course specifically enables the students to

i) grasp the concept of integration.

ii) knowledge of the radius of convergence for power series.

Unit 1

Riemann integration: Partition and refinement of a partition, results related to them, inequalities of
upper and lower sums, Darboux integration, Darboux theorem, Riemann conditions of
integrability, Riemann sum and definition of Riemann integral through Riemann sums,
equivalence of two Definitions. Necessary and sufficient condition for Riemann integrability

Integrability of sum, scalar multiple, product, quotient, modulus of Riemann integrable

functions.

Riemann integrability of monotone and continuous functions, Properties of the Riemann

integral; definition and integrability of piecewise continuous and monotone functions. Zero set,
Examples of zero sets, Theorem: a bounded function on a closed and bounded interval in
Riemann integrable if and only if the set of points of discontinuity is a zero set.
𝑥
Functions defined by ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , its properties, primitive, logarithmic and exponential functions,
their properties

Intermediate Value theorem for Integrals. Fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus.

Unit 2

Improper integrals. Range of integration: finite or infinite, types of improper integration, Necessary
and sufficient condition for convergence of improper integral for both cases, Test of convergence:
comparison test, M-test, absolute and non-absolute convergence and inter-relations, Statement of
Abel’s and Dirichlet’s test on the integral of product.
Convergence of Beta and Gamma functions. Their properties and inter-relation [Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛) =
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋
, Evalution: ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥, ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥, ∫02 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 by Beta and Gamma functions.

Unit 3
 P a g e | 24

Pointwise and uniform convergence of sequence of functions. Theorems on continuity,

derivability and integrability of the limit function of a sequence of functions. Series of functions.

Theorems on the continuity and derivability of the sum function of a series of functions;
Cauchy criterion for uniform convergence and Weierstrass M-Test.

Unit 4

Fourier series: Definition of Fourier coefficients and series, Reimann Lebesgue lemma, Bessel's
inequality, Parseval's identity, Dirichlet's condition.

Examples of Fourier expansions and summation results for series.

Unit 5

Power series, radius of convergence, Cauchy Hadamard Theorem.

Differentiation and integration of power series; Abel’s Theorem; Weierstrass Approximation

Theorem.

Reference Books
► K.A. Ross, Elementary Analysis, The Theory of Calculus, Undergraduate Texts in
Mathematics, Springer (SIE), Indian reprint, 2004.
► R.G. Bartle D.R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons
(Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore, 2002.
► C.G. Denlinger, Elements of Real Analysis, Jones & Bartlett (Student Edition), 2011.
► S. Narayan, Integral Calculus, S. Chand, 2005.
► T.M. Apostol, Calculus I, II., Wiley, 1975.
► K.C. Ghosh and R.K. Maity, An Introduction to Analysis: Integral Calculus, New Central
Book Agency (P) Ltd., 2013.
 P a g e | 25

2.9 Core T9–PDE & Multivariate Calculus-II

PDE & Multivariate Calculus-II

6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to:

i) apply a range of techniques to solve first & second order partial differential equations.
ii) model physical phenomena using partial differential equations such as the heat and wave
equations.
Course Specific Outcomes: This course specifically enables the students to

i) learn conceptual variations while advancing from one variable to several variables in
calculus.

ii) inter-relationship amongst the line integral, double and triple integral formulations.

iii) realize importance of Green, Gauss and Stokes’ theorems in other branches of
mathematics.
Unit 1

Partial differential equations of the first order, Lagrange’s solution, nonlinear first order partial
differential equations, Charpit’s general method of solution, some special types of equations which
can be solved easily by methods other than the general method.

Unit 2

Derivation of heat equation, wave equation and Laplace equation. Classification of second order
linear equations as hyperbolic, parabolic or elliptic, Reduction of second order linear equations to
canonical forms.

Unit3

The Cauchy problem, Cauchy problem of finite and infinite string. Initial boundary value problems,
De Alembert’s solutions. Method of separation of variables, solving the vibrating string problem,
Solving the heat conduction problem.

Unit4

Multiple integral: Concept of upper sum, lower sum, upper integral, lower-integral and double
integral (no rigorous treatment is needed). Statement of existence theorem for continuous functions.
Iterated or repeated integral, change of order of integration, Triple integral, Cylindrical and spherical
coordinates, Change of variables in double integrals and triple integrals, Transformation of double
and triple integrals (problems only), Determination of volume and surface area by multiple integrals
(problems only), Differentiation under the integral sign, Leibniz’s rule (problems only).

Unit5

Definition of vector field, the gradient, maximal and normal property of the gradient, tangent
planes, divergence and curl, Line integrals, applications of line integrals: mass and work,
 P a g e | 26

Fundamental theorem for line integrals, conservative vector fields, independence of path.

Unit 6

Green’s theorem, surface integrals, integrals over parametrically defined surfaces, Stoke’s theorem,
The Divergence theorem.
Reference Books

► G.B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, Calculus, 9th Ed., Pearson Education, Delhi, 2005.

► M.J. Strauss, G.L. Bradley and K. J. Smith, Calculus, 3rd Ed., Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.
Ltd. (Pearson Education), Delhi, 2007.

► E. Marsden, A.J. Tromba and A. Weinstein, Basic Multivariable Calculus, Springer (SIE),
2005.

► J. Stewart, Multivariable Calculus, Concepts and Contexts, 2nd Ed., Brooks /Cole, Thomson
Learning, USA, 2001

► T.M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, 2nd Ed., Narosa Publishing House, 2002

► R. Courant and F. John, Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, Vol II, Springer, 2004.

► W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill, 2017.

► H.R. Beyer, Calculus and Analysis, Wiley, 2010.

► I. Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations, McGraw-Hill International Edition,

1957.
► K.C. Ghosh and R.K. Maity, An Introduction to Analysis: Integral Calculus, New Central
Book Agency (P) Ltd., 2013.

► M.D. Raisinghania, Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, S. Chand Higher Academic,
19th Edition, 2017.

► K.S. Rao, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, PHI, Third Edition, 2015.
 P a g e | 27

2.10 Core T10–Mechanics

Mechanics
6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to:

i) familiarize with subject matter, which has been the single centre, to which were drawn
mathematicians, physicists, astronomers, and engineers together.
ii) understand necessary conditions for the equilibrium of particles acted upon by various forces and
learn the principle of virtual work for a system of coplanar forces acting on a rigid body.
iii) determine the centre of gravity of some materialistic systems and discuss the equilibrium of a
uniform cable hanging freely under its own weight.
Course Specific Outcomes: This course specifically enables the students to

i) deal with the kinematics and kinetics of the rectilinear and planar motions of a
particle including the constrained oscillatory motions of particles.

ii) learn that a particle moving under a central force describes a plane curve and know
the Kepler’s laws of the planetary motions, which were deduced by him long before
the mathematical theory given by Newton.
Unit 1

Equilibrium of a particle, Equilibrium of a system of particles, Necessary conditions of

equilibrium, Moment of a force about a point, Moment of a force about a line, Couples,
Moment of a couple, Equipollent system of forces, Work and potential energy, Principle of
virtual work for a system of coplanar forces acting on a particle or at different points of a
rigid body, Forces which can be omitted in forming the equations of virtual work.

Unit 2

Centres of gravity of plane area including a uniform thin straight rod, triangle, circular arc,
semicircular area and quadrant of a circle, Centre of gravity of a plane area bounded by a
curve, Centre of gravity of a volume of revolution; Flexible strings, Common catenary,
Intrinsic and Cartesian equations of the common catenary, Approximations of the catenary.

Unit 3
Kinematics and kinetics of the motion, Rectilinear motion under variable accelerations, Simple
harmonic motion (SHM) and its geometrical representation, SHM under elastic forces, Motion under
inverse square law, Motion in resisting media, Concept of terminal velocity.

Unit 4

Two dimensional motions: expressions for velocity and acceleration in Cartesian, polar and intrinsic
coordinates; Motion in a vertical circle, projectiles in a vertical plane and cycloidal motion
(Constrained motion).

Unit 5
Equation of motion under a central force, Differential equation of the orbit, (p, r) equation of the
orbit, Apses and apsidal distances, Areal velocity, Characteristics of central orbits, Planetary motion,
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.
 P a g e | 28

► I.H. Shames and G. Krishna Mohan Rao, Engineering Mechanics: Statics and
Dynamics, (4thEd.), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Delhi,
2009.
► R.C. Hibbeler and Ashok Gupta, Engineering Mechanics: Statics and
Dynamics,11thEd., Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), Delhi, 2009.
► C. F., Textbook of Dynamics, 2nd Ed. CBS, 2002.
► S.L. Loney, An Elementary Treatise on the Dynamics of particle and of Rigid Bodies,
1st Ed. Math Valley, 2018.
► S.L. Loney, Elements of Statics and Dynamics I and II., Aitbs, 2004.
► M.C. Ghosh, Analytical Statics. 11 Ed., SHREEDHAR PRAKASHANI, 2010.
► R.S. Verma, A Text book on Statics, Pothishala,1962.
► M.M. Rahman, Statics, New Central Book Agency, 2014.
► A.S. Ramsey, Dynamics (PartI), Cambridge University Press, 1932.
► P. L. Srivatava, Elementary Dynamics. Ram Narin Lal, Beni Prasad Publishers
Allahabad, 1964.

► J. L. Synge & B. A. Griffith, Principles of Mechanics. McGraw-Hill, 1949.

► S. Ramsey, Statics. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

► A. S. Ramsey, Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

2.11 Core T11–Numerical Analysis

Numerical Analysis
4 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to:

i) obtain numerical solutions of algebraic and transcendental equations.
ii) find numerical solutions of system of linear equations and check the accuracy of the solutions.
iii) learn about various interpolating and extrapolating methods.
Course Specific Outcomes: This course specifically enables the students to

i) solve initial and boundary value problems in differential equations using numerical
methods.
ii) apply various numerical methods in real life problems.
Unit 1

Error: Significant figures, Round-off error and computer arithmetic, Local and global truncation
errors, Algorithms and convergence.
Algebraic and Transcendental equations: Bisection method, False position method, Fixed point
iteration method, Newton's method and secant method for solving equations.
Unit 2
 P a g e | 29

System of Linear equations: Partial and scaled partial pivoting, Lower and upper triangular (LU)
decomposition of a matrix and its applications, Thomas method for tridiagonal systems; Gauss-
Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel and successive over-relaxation (SOR) methods.

Unit 3

Lagrange and Newton interpolations, Piecewise linear interpolation, Cubic spline interpolation, Finite
difference operators, Gregory-Newton forward and backward difference interpolations.

Unit 4

First order and higher order approximation for first derivative, Approximation for second
derivative; Numerical integration: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson's rules and error analysis, Bulirsch-Stoer
extrapolation methods, Richardson extrapolation.

Unit 5

Euler’s method, Runge-Kutta methods, Higher order one step method, Multi-step methods;
Finite difference method, Shooting method, Real life examples: Google search engine, one dimension
and two dimension simulations, Weather forecasting.

Evaluation: Unit I - 05 questions to be answered out of 08 questions carrying 01 marks of each; Unit
II - 02 questions to be answered out of 03 questions carrying 05 marks of each and Unit III- 01
question to be answered out of 02 questions carrying 10 marks.

Reference Books

► B. Bradie, A Friendly Introduction to Numerical Analysis, Pearson Education, India,

2007.

► M.K. Jain, S.R.K. Iyengar and R.K. Jain, Numerical Methods for Scientific and
Engineering Computation, 6th Ed., New age International Publisher, India, 2007.
► C.F. Gerald and P.O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, Pearson Education,
India, 2008.
► U.M. Ascher and C. Greif, A First Course in Numerical Methods, 7th Ed., PHI Learning
Private Limited, 2013.
► J.H. Mathews and K.D. Fink, Numerical Methods Using Matlab, 4th Ed., PHI Learning
Private Limited, 2012.
► J.B. Scarborough, Numerical Mathematical Analysis, 6th Ed. Oxford and IBH publishing
co., 2005.
 P a g e | 30

► K.E. Atkinson, An Introduction to Numerical Analysis, Wiley India Private Limited,

2008.
► F. B. Hildebrand, Introduction to Numerical Analysis, 2nd Ed. Dover
Publications, 2013.
► R.J. Schilling & S.L. Harris, Applied Numerical Methods for
Engineers Using, MATLAB and C. Thomson-Brooks/Cole, 1999.
 P a g e | 31

2.12 Core T11- Numerical Analysis Lab

Numerical Analysis
2 Credits

List of practical (using C programming)

1. Calculate the sum 1/1+1/2+1/3+1/4+ ------------------ +1/N.

2. Enter 100 integers into an array and sort the min an ascending order.
3. Solution of transcendental and algebraic equations by
a. Bisection method
b. Newton Raphson method.
c. Fixed point Iteration method
4. Solution of system of linear equations
a. Gauss-Seidel method
5. Interpolation
a. Lagrange Interpolation
6. Numerical Integration
a. Trapezoidal Rule
b. Simpson’s one third rule
7. Method of finding Eigenvalue by Power method
8. Solution of ordinary differential equations
a. Euler method
b. Modified Euler method
c. Runge-Kutta method

Note: For any of the CAS (Computer aided software) Data types-simple data types, floating
data types, character data types, arithmetic operators and operator precedence, variables and
constant declarations, expressions, input/output, relational operators, logical operators and
logical expressions, control statements and loop statements, Arrays should be introduced to the
students.
 P a g e | 32

Evaluation: 01 questions to be answered out of 06 questions carrying 10 marks of each and viva-
voce should be held for 05 marks.
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2.13 Core T12–Group Theory-II & Linear Algebra II

Group Theory-II & Linear Algebra II

6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) recognize the fundamental properties of automorphism on a group.
ii) acquire the knowledge regarding fundamental theory of finitely generated abelian groups.
iii) to employ the canonical form of a linear problem.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of

i) various types of automorphism groups, direct product of groups, properties of group

action.

ii) eigenspace towards achieving diagonalization of a operator along with various types of
canonical forms.
Unit1

Automorphism, inner automorphism, automorphism groups, automorphism groups of finite

and infinite cyclic groups, applications of factor groups to automorphism groups,
Characteristic subgroups, Commutator subgroup and its properties.

Unit 2

Properties of external direct products, the group of units modulo 𝑛 as an external direct
product, internal direct products, Fundamental Theorem of finitely generated abelian groups,
invariant factors, elementary divisors.

Unit 3

Group action (definition, examples), orbit formulas, Class equation and consequences,
conjugacy in 𝑆𝑛 , p-groups, Cauchy’s theorem.

Unit 4

Dual spaces, dual basis, double dual, transpose of a linear transformation and its matrix in the dual
basis, annihilators. Eigen spaces of a linear operator, diagonalizability, invariant subspaces and
Cayley-Hamilton theorem, Project on operator and its relation with the eigenvalues of a linear
operator, the minimal polynomial for a linear operator, primary decomposition theorem, invariant
factors, elementary divisors, working procedure to find possible Rational and Jordan canonical
forms of a linear operator.
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Unit 5

The adjoint of a linear operator. Normal and self-adjoint operators. Bessel’s inequality,
Orthogonal complement, Orthogonal projections, Best approximation and its application to
Least Squares approximation, minimal solutions to systems of linear equations.

Bilinear and quadratic forms, Diagonalisation of symmetric matrices, Second derivative test for
critical point of a function of several variables, Hessian matrix, Sylvester’s law of inertia.
Index, signature.

Reference Books

► J.B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th Ed., Pearson, 2002.
► M. Artin, Abstract Algebra, 2nd Ed., Pearson, 2011.
► J.A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th Ed., 1999.
► D.S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons
(Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore, 2004.
► J. R. Durbin, Modern Algebra, John Wiley & Sons, New York Inc., 2000.
► D.A.R. Wallace, Groups, Rings and Fields, Springer Verlag London Ltd., 1998
► D.S. Malik, John M. Mordeson and M. K. Sen, Fundamentals of Abstract Algebra.
► I.N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Limited, India, 1975.
► S.H. Friedberg, A.J. Insel, L.E. Spence, Linear Algebra, 4th Ed., Prentice-Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.
► S. Lang, Introduction to Linear Algebra, 2nd Ed., Springer, 2005.
► G. Strang, Linear Algebra and its Applications, Thomson, 2007.
► S. Kumaresan, Linear Algebra- A Geometric Approach, Prentice Hall of India, 1999.

► K. Hoffman, R.A. Kunze, Linear Algebra, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 1971.
 P a g e | 35

2.14 Core T13–Metric Spaces and Complex Analysis

Metric Spaces and Complex Analysis

6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) understand several standard concepts of metric spaces and their properties like openness,
closedness, Heine Borel property and compactness.

ii) identify the continuity of a function defined on metric spaces and homeomorphisms.
iii) acquire the complete knowledge of Complex Analysis.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of

i) complete Metric Space and Cantor’s intersection theorem.

ii) singularities and contour integration.
Unit1

Metrics paces: Definition and examples. Open and closed balls, neighbourhood, open set,
interior of a set. Limit point of a set, closed set, closed set as a complement of an open set, diameter
of a set, distance of a set from a point, distance between two sets, subspaces, dense sets, separable
spaces.

Sequences in metric spaces, Cauchy sequences. Complete Metric Spaces with examples,
Examples of incomplete metric spaces, every convergent sequence is Cauchy and bounded but
converse need not be true, Cantor’s intersection theorem.

Unit 2

Continuous mappings, sequential criterion and other characterizations of continuity. Uniform

continuity. Connectedness, connected subsets of ℝ.

Compactness: Concept of compactness, Sequential compactness, Heine Borel property, Totally

bounded spaces, finite intersection property, and continuous functions on compact spaces.

Homeomorphism. Contraction mappings. Banach Fixed point Theorem and its application to
ordinary differential equation.

Unit 3

Properties of complex numbers, regions in the complex plane, functions of complex variable,
mappings, Stereographic Projection, Limits, Limits involving the point at infinity, continuity.

Derivatives, Cauchy-Riemann equations, sufficient conditions for differentiability.

Unit 4
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Analytic functions, examples of analytic functions, exponential function, Logarithmic

function, trigonometric function, derivatives of functions, and definite integrals of functions.
Contours, Contour integrals and its examples, upper bounds for moduli of contour integrals.
Cauchy- Goursat theorem, Cauchy integral formula.
Unit 5
Liouville’s theorem and the fundamental theorem of algebra. Convergence of sequences and
series, Taylor’s series and its applications.
Unit 6
Laurent’s series and its applications, absolute and uniform convergence of power series.

Reference Books
► S. Shirali and H.L. Vasudeva, Metric Spaces, Springer Verlag, London, 2006.
► S. Kumaresan, Topology of Metric Spaces, 2nd Ed., Narosa Publishing House, 2011.
► G.F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 2004.
► J.W. Brown and R.V. Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications, 8thEd.,
McGraw–Hill International Edition, 2009.
► J. Bak and D.J. Newman, Complex Analysis, 2nd Ed., Undergraduate Texts in
Mathematics, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., NewYork,1997.
► S. Ponnusamy, Foundations of complex analysis, Narosa, 2011.
► E.M. Stein and R. Shakrachi, Complex Analysis, Princeton University Press, 2003.

2.15 Core T14– Probability and Statistics

Probability and Statistics

6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) understand the concept of random experiment and probability.
ii) understand distributions in the study of the joint behaviour of two random variables.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of

i) axiomatic idea of probability and its related topics.

ii) different types of distribution functions.

Unit 1

Probability axioms, real random variables (discrete and continuous), cumulative distribution
function, probability mass/density functions, mathematical expectation, Properties, Mean and
Variance, moments, moment generating function, characteristic function, discrete distributions:
uniform, binomial, Poisson, geometric, continuous distributions: uniform, normal, exponential,
gamma, beta first and second kind, Cauchy distributions. Transformation of random variables.
 P a g e | 37

Unit 2

Joint cumulative distribution function and its properties, joint probability density functions,
marginal and conditional distributions, expectation of function of two random variables,
conditional expectations, independent random variables, bivariate normal distribution,
correlation coefficient, joint moment generating function (jmgf) and calculation of covariance
(from jmgf), linear regression for two variables.

Unit 3

Markov and Chebyshev’s inequality, statement and interpretation of (weak) law of large numbers
and strong law of large numbers, Central Limit theorem for independent and identically
distributed random variables with finite variance, Markov Chains, Chapman-Kolmogorov
equations, classification of states.

Unit 4

Random Samples, Sampling Distributions, Estimation of parameters: Point and interval

estimations, Testing of hypothesis, Sampling from the normal distributions, Chi-square, t and F-
distributions.

Reference Books
► R.V. Hogg, Joseph W. Mc Kean and Allen T. Craig, Introduction to Mathematical
Statistics, Pearson Education, Asia, 2007.
► I. Miller and Marylees Miller, John E. Freund, Mathematical Statistics with
Applications, 7th Ed., Pearson Education, Asia, 2006.
► S. Ross, Introduction to Probability Models, 9th Ed., Academic Press, Indian Reprint,
2007.
► A.M. Mood, Franklin A. Graybill and Duane C. Boes, Introduction to the Theory of
Statistics,3rd Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill, Reprint 2007.

► A. Gupta, Ground work of Mathematical Probability and Statistics, Academic

publishers, 2015
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3. Discipline Specific Electives Subjects Syllabus

3.1 DSE T1–Linear Programming

Linear Programming
6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) analyze and solve linear programming models of real-life situations.
ii) provide graphical solutions of linear programming problems with two variables and illustrate the
concept of convex set and extreme points.
iii) understand the theory of the simplex method.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of

i) relationships between the primal and dual problems, and to

understand sensitivity analysis.
ii) learn about the applications to transportation, assignment and two-person zero-sum
game problems.
Unit 1

Introduction to linear programming problem, graphical solution. Theory of simplex method, convex
sets, optimality and unboundedness, the simplex algorithm, simplex method in tableau format,
introduction of artificial variables, two‐phase method. Big‐M method and their comparison.

Unit 2

Duality, formulation of the dual problem, primal‐dual relationships, related theorems,

Fundamental theorem of Duality, Duality and simplex method, economic interpretation of the
dual, Dual simplex method.

Transportation problem and its mathematical formulation, related theorems, northwest‐corner

method, least cost method and Vogel’s approximation method for determination of starting
basic solution, algorithm for solving transportation problem, assignment problems and its
mathematical formulation, Hungarian method for solving assignment problems.

Unit 3

Game theory: formulation of two person zero sum games, solving two person zero sum games,
games with mixed strategies, Dominance property, graphical solution procedure, linear
programming solution of games.
Reference Books
► M.S. Bazaraa, J.J. Jarvis and H.D. Sherali, Linear Programming and Network Flows,
2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, India, 2004.
► F.S. Hillier and G.J. Lieberman, Introduction to Operations Research, 9th Ed., Tata
McGraw Hill, Singapore,2009.
 P a g e | 39

► H.A. Taha, Operations Research, An Introduction, 8th Ed., Prentice‐Hall India, 2006.
► G. Hadley, Linear Programming, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2002.

3.2 DSE T2–Mathematical Modeling

Mathematical Modeling
6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) generate the basic idea of mathematical modelling.
ii) build a model, how to study it and how to test a model.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of

i) formulation of mathematical model from real life problem.

ii) electric circuits (L-R, R-C, L-R-C).
Unit 1

Introduction, Emergence of Mathematical Modelling on simple situations; Basic steps of

Mathematical Modelling - its needs; Process / technique of Mathematical Modeling; Some
characteristics of Mathematical Models; Importance of the usage of mathematical models over
physical models; Classification of mathematical models; Deterministic and Stochastic models
and their distinctive features with illustrations; Limitations of Mathematical Modelling.

Unit 2

Autonomous dynamical system and its classification, Jacobian matrix, System reducible to
autonomous system, Time-dependent system, Fixed points and their characterization – node,
saddle point, focus, centre and concept of limit cycle with simple illustrations, Stability of fixed
points.

Unit 3

Modelling of Physical Systems: Formulation of some mathematical models and their analyses for (i)
harmonic oscillator, (ii) damped and forced oscillator. Simple pendulum; Compound pendulum;
Electric circuits (L-R, R-C, L-R-C).

Unit 4

Biological System: Population Models: (i) Single-species models – Exponential, Logistic and
Gompertz growth models; Stochastic birth and death processes; Discrete-time models. (ii)
Interacting populations – A classical predator-prey model; Stability of equilibrium positions;
Derivation of Lotka-Volterra model; Two competing species model and its stability analysis;
Mutualism model and its stability. Harvest models and optimal control theory.
Reference Books
 P a g e | 40

► T. Myint-U and L. Debnath, Linear Partial Differential Equation for Scientists and
Engineers, Springer, Indian reprint, 2006.
► S.H. Strogatz, Nonlinear dynamics and chaos: with applications to physics, biology,
chemistry, and engineering. CRC press, 2018.
► M. Kot, Elements of mathematical ecology. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
► S.L. Ross, Differential equations, John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
► F.R. Giordano, M.D. Weir and W.P. Fox, A First Course in Mathematical Modeling,
Thomson Learning, London and New York, 2003.

3.3 DSE T3–Integral Transforms and Fourier Analysis

Integral Transforms and Fourier Analysis

6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) know about piecewise continuous functions, Dirac delta function, Laplace transforms and its
properties.
ii) solve ordinary differential equations using Laplace transforms.
iii) familiarize with Fourier transforms of functions, relation between Laplace and Fourier transforms.
iv) Explain Parseval’s identity, Plancherel’s theorem and applications of Fourier transforms to
boundary value problems.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of

i) Fourier series, Bessel’s inequality, term by term differentiation and integration of Fourier
series.
ii) application of this course in real life problems.
Unit 1

Laplace transform, Linearity, Existence theorem, Laplace transforms of derivatives and integrals,
Shifting theorems, Change of scale property, Laplace transforms of periodic functions, Dirac
delta function.

Unit 2

Differentiation and integration of transforms, Convolution theorem, Integral equations, Inverse

Laplace transform, Lerch’s theorem, Linearity property of inverse Laplace transform,
Translations theorems of inverse Laplace transform, Inverse transform of derivatives,
Applications of Laplace transform in obtaining solutions of ordinary differential equations and
integral equations.

Unit 3

Fourier and inverse Fourier transforms, Fourier sine and cosine transforms, Inverse Fourier sine
and cosine transforms, Linearity property, Change of scale property, Shifting property,
Modulation theorem, Relation between Fourier and Laplace transforms.
 P a g e | 41

Unit 4

Solution of integral equations by Fourier sine and cosine transforms, Convolution theorem for
Fourier transform, Parseval’s identity for Fourier transform, Plancherel’s theorem, Fourier
transform of derivatives, Applications of infinite Fourier transforms to boundary value problems,
Finite Fourier transform, Inversion formula for finite Fourier transforms.

Unit 5

Fourier cosine and sine series, Fourier series, Differentiation and integration of Fourier series,
Absolute and uniform convergence of Fourier series, Bessel’s inequality, The complex form
of Fourier series.

Reference Books

► J.W. Brown & R.V. Churchill, Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems, McGraw-Hill
Education, 2011.
► C.K. Chui, An Introduction to Wavelets. Academic Press, 1992.
► E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th Ed., Wiley, 2011.
► W. Rudin, Fourier Analysis on Groups, Dover Publications, 2017.
► A. Zygmund, Trigonometric Series, 3rd Ed., Cambridge University Press, 2002.
 P a g e | 42

3.4 DSE T4–Tensors and Differential Geometry

Tensors and Differential Geometry

6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) explain the basic concepts of tensors.
ii) understand role of tensors in differential geometry.
iii) learn various properties of curves including Frenet-Serret formulae and their applications.
iv) know the Interpretation of the curvature tensor, Geodesic curvature, Gauss and
Weingarten formulae.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of

i) understanding the role of Gauss’s Theorema Egregium and its consequences.

ii) application of problem-solving with differential geometry to diverse situations in physics,
engineering and in other mathematical contexts.
Unit1

Contra variant and covariant vectors, Transformation formulae, Tensor product of two vector
spaces, Tensor of type (r, s), Symmetric and skew-symmetric properties, Contraction of tensors,
Quotient law, Inner product of vectors.

Unit2

Fundamental tensors, Associated covariant and contravariant vectors, Inclination of two vectors
and orthogonal vectors, Christoffel symbols, Law of transformation of Christoffel symbols,
Covariant derivatives of covariant and contravariant vectors, Covariant differentiation of tensors,
Curvature tensor, Ricci tensor, Curvature tensor identities.

Unit3

Basic definitions and examples, Arc length, Curvature and the Frenet-Serret formulae,
Fundamental existence and uniqueness theorem for curves, Non-unit speed curves.

Unit4

Basic definitions and examples, The first fundamental form, Arc length of curves on surfaces,
Normal curvature, Geodesic curvature, Gauss and Weingarten formulae, Geodesics, Parallel
vector fields along a curve and parallelism.

Unit5

The second fundamental form and the Weingarten map; Principal, Gauss and mean curvatures;
Isometries of surfaces, Gauss’s Theorema Egregium, The fundamental theorem of surfaces,
Surfaces of constant Gauss curvature, Exponential map, Gauss lemma, Geodesic coordinates,
The Gauss-Bonnet formula and theorem.
 P a g e | 43

► Reference Books

► C. Bӓr, Elementary Differential Geometry. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

► M.P. do Carmo, Differential Geometry of Curves & Surfaces, 2nd Ed., Dover Publications,
2016.

► A. Gray, Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces with Mathematica, 4th Ed.,
Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, 2018.

► R.S. Millman & G.D. Parkar, Elements of Differential Geometry. Prentice-Hall, 1977

► R.S. Mishra, A Course in Tensors with Applications to Riemannian Geometry. Pothishala

Pvt. Ltd., 1965.

► S. Montiel & A. Ross, Curves and Surfaces. American Mathematical Society, 2009.

3.5 DSE T5–Advanced Mechanics

Advanced Mechanics
6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) understand the reduction of force system in three dimensions to a resultant force acting at a base
point and a resultant couple.
ii) learn about a nul point, a nul line, and a nul plane with respect to a system of forces acting on a
rigid body together with the idea of central axis.
iii) know the inertia constants for a rigid body and the equation of momental ellipsoid together with
the idea of principal axes and principal moments of inertia to derive Euler’s dynamical equations.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of

i) studying the kinematics and kinetics of fluid motions to understand the equation of
continuity in Cartesian, cylindrical polar and spherical polar coordinates which are used to derive
Euler’s equations and Bernoulli’s equation.
ii) dealing with two-dimensional fluid motion using the complex potential and also to understand the
concepts of sources, sinks, doublets and the image systems of these with regard to a line and a circle.
Unit1

Forces in three dimensions, Reduction to a force and a couple, Equilibrium of a system of particles,
Central axis and Wrench, Equation of the central axis, Resultant wrench of two wrenches; Nul points,
lines and planes with respect to a system of forces, Conjugate forces and conjugate lines.

Unit2
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Moments and products of inertia of some standard bodies, Momental ellipsoid, Principal axes
and moments of inertia; Motion of a rigid body with a fixed point, Kinetic energy of a rigid
body with a fixed point and angular momentum of a rigid body, Euler’s equations of motion
for a rigid body with a fixed point, Velocity and acceleration of a moving particle incylindrical and
spherical polar coordinates, Motion about a fixed axis, Compound pendulum.

Unit 3

Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches, Material and convective derivatives, Velocity of a fluid
at a point, Equation of continuity in Cartesian, cylindrical polar and spherical polar coordinates,
Cylindrical and spherical symmetry, Boundary surface, Streamlines and pathlines, Steady and
unsteady flows, Velocity potential, Rotational and irrotational motion,Vorticity vector and vortex
lines.

Unit 4

Euler’s equations of motion in Cartesian, cylindrical polar and spherical polar coordinates;
Bernoulli’s equation, Impulsive motion.

Unit 5

Stream function, Complex potential, Basic singularities: Sources, sinks, doublets, complex potential
due to these basic singularities; Image system of a simple source and a simple doublet with regard to a
line and a circle, Milne-Thomson circle theorem.

Reference Books

► A.S. Ramsay, A Treatise on Hydromechanics, Part-II Hydrodynamics. G. Bell

& Sons, 1960.

► F. Chorlton, A Textbook of Fluid Dynamics. CBS Publishers, 1967.

► M. Rieutord, Fluid Dynamics: An Introduction. Springer, 2015.

► E.A. Milne. Vectorial Mechanics, Methuen & Co. Limited. London, 1965.

► J.L. Synge & B. A. Griffith, Principles of Mechanics. McGraw-Hill, 1949.

► S. Ramsey, Statics. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

► S. Ramsey, Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

► R.S. Varma, A Text Book of Statics. Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Loney, 1962.
 P a g e | 45

3.6 DSE T6–Advanced Algebra

Advanced Algebra
6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) understand some advanced properties of group actions in formalizing Sylow theorem.
ii) learn polynomial ring and their properties.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of

i) Sylow theorem and their application in simplicity test of groups.

ii) divisibility in polynomial rings and testing of irreducible polynomials.
Unit 1
Group actions, stabilizers, permutation representation associated with a given group action,
Applications of group actions: Generalized Cayley’s theorem, Index theorem.

Groups acting on themselves by conjugation, class equation and consequences, Cauchy’s theorem
(with the proof by class equation), Sylow’s theorems (with proofs) and consequences, Simplicity of
An for 𝑛5 , non-simplicity tests.
Unit 2
Divisibility in integral domains, irreducible, primes, unique factorization domains, Principal ideal
domain, principal ideal ring, Euclidean domain, relation between Euclidean domain and principal
ideal domain.
Greatest common divisor(gcd), least common multiple (lcm), expression of gcd, examples of a ring R
and a pair of elements 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 such that 𝑔𝑐𝑑(𝑎, 𝑏) does not exist

Unit 3
Polynomial rings, division algorithm and consequences in polynomial rings, results regarding various
domains in polynomial rings, Irreducibility in polynomial rings, Eisenstein criterion and unique
factorization in Z[x].
Ring embedding and quotient field.

Reference Books
► J.B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra,7th Ed., Pearson, 2002.
► M. Artin, Abstract Algebra, 2nd Ed., Pearson, 2011.
► J.A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th Ed., 1999.
► D.S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra, 3rdEd., John Wiley and Sons
(Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore, 2004.
► J.R. Durbin, Modern Algebra, John Wiley & Sons, New York Inc., 2000.
► D.A.R. Wallace, Groups, Rings and Fields, Springer Verlag London Ltd.,1998
► D.S. Malik, J.M. Mordeson and M. K. Sen, Fundamentals of Abstract Algebra, McGraw-Hill
College, 1996.
 P a g e | 46

3.7 DSE T7–Discrete Mathematics

Discrete Mathematics
6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) learn about partially ordered sets, lattices and their types.
ii) understand Boolean algebra, switching circuits and their applications.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of
i)solving the real-life problems using finite-state and Turing machines.
ii) assimilating the various graph theoretic concepts and familiarize with their applications.
Unit 1

Definitions, examples and basic properties of partially ordered sets (poset), Order isomorphism,
Hasse diagrams, Dual of a poset, Duality principle, Maximal and minimal elements, Least upper
bound and greatest upper bound, Building new poset, Maps between posets.

Unit 2
Lattices as posets, Lattices as algebraic structures, Sublattices, Products and homomorphisms;
Definitions, examples and properties of modular and distributive lattices; Complemented, relatively
complemented and sectionally complemented lattices.

Unit 3
Boolean algebras, De Morgan’s laws, Boolean homomorphism, Representation theorem, Boolean
polynomials, Boolean polynomial functions, Disjunctive and conjunctive normal forms, Minimal
forms of Boolean polynomials, Quine-McCluskey method, Karnaugh diagrams, Switching circuits
and applications.

Unit 4

Finite-state machines with outputs, and with no output; Deterministic and nodeterministic finite-state
automaton; Turing machines: Definition, examples, and computations.
Unit 5
Definition, examples and basic properties of graphs, Königsberg bridge problem; Subgraphs, Pseudo
graphs, Complete graphs, Bipartite graphs, Isomorphism of graphs, Paths and circuits, Eulerian
circuits, Hamiltonian cycles, Adjacency matrix, Weighted graph, Travelling salesman problem,
Shortest path and Dijkstra’s algorithm.
Reference Books

► B.A. Davey & H.A. Priestley, Introduction to Lattices and Order, 2nd Ed., Cambridge
University Press, 2002.

► E.G. Goodaire & M.M. Parmenter, Discrete Mathematics with Graph Theory, 3rd Ed.
Pearson Education, 2018.

► R. Lidl & G. Pilz, Applied Abstract Algebra, 2nd Ed., Springer, 1998.

► K.H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and its Applications: With Combinatorics and Graph
Theory, 7th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2012.
► C.L. Liu, Elements of Discrete Mathematics, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1985.
 P a g e | 47

3.8 DSE T8-Point Set Topology

Point Set Topology

6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) understand the basic idea of topological spaces and its related topics.

ii) learn about the idea of countability and uncountbility.

Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of
i)ordinal number and Zorns lemma.
ii) the Lebesgue Number lemma, local compactness.
Unit 1

Countable and Uncountable Sets, Schroeder-Bernstein Theorem, Cantor’s Theorem. Cardinal

Numbers and Cardinal Arithmetic. Continuum Hypothesis, Zorns Lemma, Axiom of Choice.

Well-Ordered Sets, Hausdorff’s Maximal Principle. Ordinal Numbers.

Unit 2

Topological spaces, Basis and Sub basis for a topology, subspace Topology, Interior Points,
Limit Points, Derived Set, Boundary of a set, Closed Sets, Closure and Interior of a set.
Kuratowskii operators, Continuous Functions, Open maps, Closed maps and Homeomorphisms.
Product Topology, Quotient Topology, Metric Topology, Baire Category Theorem.

Unit 3

Neighbourhood system, Connected and Path Connected Spaces, Connected Sets in ℝ, Components
and Path Components, Local Connectedness. Compact Spaces with examples, Totally Bounded
Spaces, Ascoli-Arzela Theorem, The Lebesgue Number Lemma, Local compactness.

Reference Books
► J.R. Munkres, Topology, A First Course, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
2000.
► B.C. Chatterjee, S. Ganguly and M.R. Adhikary, A Text Book of Topology, Asian Book
Private, 2002.
► G.F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw Hill, 1963.
► J. L. Kelley, General Topology, Van Nostr and Reinhold Co., New York, 1995.
► J. Hocking, G. Young, Topology, Addison-Wesley Reading, 1961.
 P a g e | 48

► L. Steen, J. Seebach, Counter Examples in Topology, Holt, Reinhart and Winston,

New York, 1970.

► A. Dasgupta, Set Theory: With an Introduction to Real Point Sets, Springer Nature, 2013

3.9 DSE T9–Special Theory of Relativity

Special Theory of Relativity

6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) understand the basic elements of Newtonian mechanics including Michelson-Morley experiment
and geometrical interpretations of Lorentz transformation equations.
ii) learn about length contraction, time dilation and Lorentz contraction factor.
iii) study of 4-dimensional Minkowskian space-time and its consequences.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of
i) understanding the equations of motion as a part of relativistic mechanics.
ii) imbibing connections between relativistic mechanics and electromagnetism.
Unit 1

Inertial frames, Speed of light and Gallilean relativity, Michelson-Morley experiment, Lorentz-
Fitzgerald contraction hypothesis, Relative character of space and time, Postulates of special theory of
relativity, Lorentz transformation equations and its geometrical interpretation, Group properties of
Lorentz transformations.

Unit 2

Composition of parallel velocities, Length contraction, Time dilation, Transformation equations for
components of velocity and acceleration of a particle and Lorentz contraction factor.

Unit 3

Four dimensional Minkowskian space-time of special relativity, Time-like, light-like and space-like
intervals, Null cone, Proper time, World line of a particle, Four vectors and tensors in Minkowiskian
space-time.
Unit 4

Variation of mass with velocity. Equivalence of mass and energy. Transformation equations for mass
momentum and energy. Energy-momentum four vector. Relativistic force and Transformation
equations for its components. Relativistic equations of motion of a particle.
 P a g e | 49

Unit 5

Transformation equations for the densities of electric charge and current. Transformation equations
for electric and magnetic field strengths. The Field of a Uniformly Moving Point charge. Forces and
fields near a current carrying wire. Forces between moving charges. The invariance of Maxwell`s
equations.
Reference Books

► J.L. Anderson, Principles of Relativity Physics. Academic Press, 1973.

► P.G. Bergmann, Introduction to the Theory of Relativity. Dover

Publications, 1976.

► C. Moller, The Theory of Relativity, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, 1972.

► R. Resnick, Introduction to Special Relativity. Wiley, 2007.

► W. Rindler, Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological.

Springer-Verlag, 1977.
► V.A. Ugarov, Special Theory of Relativity. Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1979.

3.10 DSE T10– Number Theory

Number Theory
6 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) learn about some important results in the theory of numbers including the prime number theorem,
Chinese remainder theorem, Wilson's theorem and their consequences.
ii) learn about number theoretic functions, modular arithmetic and their applications.
iii) familiarize with Euler’s phi-function and their consequences.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of
i) knowing about the concept of the congruences with composite moduli.
ii) application of public key encryption, in particular, RSA.
Unit1

Linear Diophantine equation, prime counting function, statement of prime number theorem,
Goldbach conjecture, linear congruences, complete set of residues, Chinese Remainder
theorem, Fermat’s Little theorem, Wilson’s theorem.

Unit 2
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Number theoretic functions, sum and number of divisors, totally multiplicative functions,
definition and properties of the Dirichlet product, the Mobius Inversion formula, the greatest
integer function, Euler’s phi-function, Euler’s theorem, reduced set of residues. Some
properties of Euler’s phi-function.

Unit 3

Order of an integer modulo n, primitive roots for primes, composite numbers having primitive
roots, Euler’s criterion, the Legendre symbol and its properties, quadratic reciprocity,
quadratic congruences with composite moduli. Public key encryption, RSA encryption and
decryption, the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2 , Fermat’s Last theorem.
Reference Books
► D.M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, 6thEd., Tata McGraw‐Hill, Indian reprint,
2007.
► N. Robinns, Beginning Number Theory, 2 nd Ed., Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,
Delhi, 2007.

3.11 DSE T11–Dissertation

Dissertation
6 Credits

Course Objectives: The aim of this course is to engage the student in a study or research on a
topic of mathematics which is beyond the regular mathematics courses offered in regular classroom
teaching in our Department. The students need to produce a document (paper or report) containing the
result of this study and present the content orally to a group consisting of the faculty members and an
external expert.
Course Specific Outcomes: After completion of this course, the students learn about:
i) basic components of academic research such a literature survey, self-study to identify a problem,
solve it and produce report on his/her work etc.
ii)Prepare a scientific presentation and deliver it to a group of audience consisting of faculty
members.
iii) Prepare and successfully taking part in a viva voce.

Dissertation has to be prepared on any topic of the Mathematics and its Applications and
submitted to the corresponding supervisor(s) in doc(pdf) format. Finally, it should be presented.

DSET11-Dissertation on any topic of Mathematics is related with any topic of

Mathematics and its Applications and the Marks distribution is 15 Marks for written
Material (electronic document) submission and 15 Marks for Seminar Presentation and
10 Marks for Viva-Voce.
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4. Skill Enhancement Subjects Syllabus

4.1 SEC T1–Mathematical Logic

Mathematical Logic
4 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) learn the syntax of first-order logic and semantics of first-order languages.
ii) understand the propositional logic and basic theorems like compactness theorem, meta theorem
and post-tautology theorem.
iii) familiarize with syntax of propositional logic and their consequences.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of
i) knowing about the concept of the post tautology theorem.
ii) assimilating the concept of completeness interpretations and their applications with special
emphasis on applications in algebra.
Unit1

First-order languages, Terms of language, Formulas of language, First order theory.

Unit2

Structures of first order languages, Truth in a structure, Model of a theory, Embeddings and
isomorphism.

Unit 3

Syntax of propositional logic, Semantics of propositional logic, Compactness theorem for

propositional logic, Proof in propositional logic, Meta theorem in propositional logic, Post tautology
theorem.

Unit 4
Proof in first-order logic, Meta theorems in first-order logic, Some meta theorem in arithmetic,
Consistency and completeness.

Unit 5
Completeness theorem, Interpretation in a theory, Extension by definitions, Compactness theorem
and applications, Complete theories, Applications in algebra.

Reference Books
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► R.E. Hodel, An Introduction to Mathematical Logic. Dover Publications, 2013.

► Y.I. Manin, A Course in Mathematical Logic for Mathematicians, 2nd Ed., Springer, 2010.

► E. Mendelson, Introduction to Mathematical Logic, 6th Ed., Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2015.

► S. Mohan, Srivastava, A Course on Mathematical Logic, 2nd Ed., Springer, 2013.

4.2 SEC T2–Programming Using C

Programming Using C
4 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) understand and apply the programming concepts of C which are important for mathematical
investigation and problem solving.
ii) use mathematical library functions for computational objectives.
iii) familiarize with syntax and/or error of the different command and their consequences.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of
i) representing the outputs of programs visually in terms of well formatted text and plots.
ii) identifying the specific decision making loops and commands.
Unit 1

An overview of theoretical computers, history of computers, overview of architecture of computer,

compiler, assembler, machine language, high level language, object-oriented language, programming
language and importance of C programming.

Unit 2

Constants, Variables and Data type of C-Program: Character set. Constants and variables data types,
expression, assignment statements, declaration.
Operation and Expressions: Arithmetic operators, relational operators, logical operators.

Unit 3
Decision Making and Branching: decision making with if statement, if-else statement, Nesting if
statement, switch statement, break and continue statement.
Control Statements: While statement, do-while statement, for statement.
Unit 4

Arrays: One-dimension, two-dimension and multidimensional arrays, declaration of arrays,

initialization of one and multi-dimensional arrays.

Unit 5

User-defined Functions: Definition of functions, Scope of variables, return values and their types,
function declaration, function call by value, Nesting of functions, passing of arrays to functions,
Recurrence of function.
Introduction to Library functions: stdio.h, math.h, string.h, stdlib.h, time.h etc.
Unit 6
Some hands-on examples.
Reference Books
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► B.W. Kernighan and D.M. Ritchi, The C-Programming Language, 2nd Ed.(ANSI Refresher),
Prentice Hall, 1977.

► E. Balagurnsamy, Programming in ANSI C, Tata McGraw Hill, 2004.

► Y. Kanetkar, Let Us C ; BPB Publication, 1999.

► C. Xavier, C-Language and Numerical Methods, New Age International, 1999.

► V. Rajaraman, Computer Oriented Numerical Methods, Prentice Hall of India, 1980.

4.3 SEC T3–Graph Theory

Graph Theory
4 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) study graph theory with various types of graphs and their application.
ii) study the mathematical applications to the real world.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of
i) path and circuits of the Graph theory specifically Eulerian circuits.
ii) shortest path and the problem of Travelling salesman.
Unit 1

Definition, examples and basic properties of graphs, pseudo graphs, complete graphs, bi-partite
graphs, isomorphism of graphs.

Unit 2

Path and circuits, Eulerian circuits, Eulerian graph, semi-Eulerian graph, theorems, Hamiltonian
cycles, theorems.

Representation of a graph by matrix, the adjacency matrix, incidence matrix, weighted graph.
Unit 3

Travelling salesman’s problem, shortest path, Tree and their properties, spanning tree, Dijkstra’s
algorithm, Warshall algorithm.

Reference Books
► B.A. Davey and H.A. Priestley, Introduction to Lattices and Order, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
► E.G. Goodaire and Michael M. Parmenter, Discrete Mathematics with Graph Theory,
2nd Ed., Pearson Education (Singapore) P. Ltd., Indian Reprint 2003.
► R.Lidl and G. Pilz, Applied Abstract Algebra, 2nd Ed., Undergraduate Texts in
Mathematics, Springer (SIE), Indian reprint, 2004.
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4.4 SEC T4–Operating System: Linux

Operating Systems: Linux

4 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) understand and apply the operating system: linux which is important for mathematical investigation
and problem solving.
ii)use mathematical library functions for computational objectives.
iii) familiarize with Syntax and/or error of the different command and their consequences.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of
i) representing the outputs of programs visually in terms of well formatted text and plots.
ii) identifying the specific decision making commands.
Unit1

Linux – The Operating System: Linux history, Linux features, Linux distributions, Linux’s
relationship to Unix, Overview of Linux architecture, Installation, Start up scripts, system
processes (an overview), Linux Security.

Unit2

The Ext2 and Ext3 File systems: General Characteristics of The Ext3 Filesystem, file
permissions. User Management: Types of users, the powers of Root, managing users (adding
and deleting): using the command line and GUI tools.

Unit 3

Resource Management in Linux: file and directory management, system calls for files Process

Management, Signals, IPC: Pipes, FIFOs, System V IPC, Message Queues, system calls for
processes, Memory Management, library and system calls for memory.

Reference Books
► A. Robbins, Linux Programming by Examples The Fundamentals, 2nd Ed., Pearson
Education, 2008.
► K. Cox, Red Hat Linux Administrator’s Guide, PHI, 2009.
► R. Stevens, UNIX Net work Programming, 3rd Ed., PHI, 2008.
► S. Das, UNIX Concepts and Applications,4th Ed., TMH, 2009.
► E. Siever, S. Figgins, R. Love, A. Robbins, Linux in a Nutshell, 6th Ed., O'Reilly
Media, 2009.
► N. Matthew, R. Stones, A. Cox, Beginning Linux Programming, 3rdEd., 2004.
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4.5 SEC T5- Programming Using C - Practical

Programming Using C - Practical

4 Credits

Course Objectives: The course will enable the students to

i) use and apply the programming concepts of C in laboratory which is important for mathematical
investigation and problem solving.
ii) use library functions of programming language C for computational purposes.
iii) familiarize with Syntax and/or error of the programming language.
Course Specific Outcomes: The student acquires the knowledge of
i) representing the inputs and outputs of programs in terms of well formatted text and plots.
ii) identifying the specific decision making loops and commands.

List of practical

1. Calculate the sum 1/1+1/2+1/3+1/4+ ------------------ +1/N.

2. Calculate power: 𝑥 𝑦 .
3. Enter 100 integers into an array and sort them in an ascending order.
4. GCD of two positive integers.
5. Finding maximum among some numbers.
6. Testing of prime number.
7. Finding prime numbers within a range.
8. Generating Fibonacci Series.
9. Matrix addition.
10. Matrix multiplication.
Note: For any of the CAS (Computer aided software) Data types-simple data types, floating
data types, character data types, arithmetic operators and operator precedence, variables and
constant declarations, expressions, input/output, relational operators, logical operators and
logical expressions, control statements and loop statements, Arrays should be introduced to the
students.