(oHots} eR eee 8) Q %ndeedorg/NDET + IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Center for Nondestructive Evaluation NDE-Ed.org Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques > Ultrasonic Testing > Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing Ultrasonic Testing (UT) uses high frequency sound energy to conduct examinations and make measurements. Ultrasonic inspection dimensional measurements, material characterization, and more. To illustrate the general inspection principle, a typical pulse/echo inspection configuration as illustrated below will be used. A typical UT inspection system consists of several functional units, such as the pulser/receiver, transducer, and display devices. A pulser/receiver is an electronic device that can produce high v pulses. Driven by the pulser, the t electrical generates high frequency ultrasonic energy. The sound eneravis-introduced-and propaates10:28 ilies We] OQ} 2% googlecom/seai + @ : Ce Q. basic equipmentinuttes | A All Images Shopping Videos News’ B Ex) eEAC a on © MT AC air sstoo ttt) te) An ultrasonic testing (UT) machine typically consists of several key components: e Transducer or Probe: ... Ce a0) (lero) —) « Display Unit: ... e Data Recording and Analysis Software’... * Calibration Blocks: ... ¢ Cables and Connectors: ... e Display Screen: ... ¢ Keyboard or Control Panel:10:30 hee ys OY googlecom/sear + @ : ao. OMB ir Tice Necm rine x | & All Images Videos Shopping News Eesthea vn etsa NEO Oy io aoe ONE (Q) Ultrasonic transducers convert alternating current (AC) into ultrasound and vice versa. The transducers typically use piezoelectric transducers or capacitive transducers to generate or receive ultrasound. Piezoelectric crystals are able to change their sizes and shapes in response to voltage being applied.Ultrasonic transducers may be classified as follows: Piezoelectric, Electromagnetic, Electrostatic, Magnetostrictive, Laser and other optical, Miscellaneous. Today, ultrasonic transducers work almost exclusively according to the piezoelectric effect. There are four fundamental transducer types: (1) straight beam -, (2) angle beam -, (3) delay line -, (4) twin crystal transducers. Depending on the application, transducers also differ with respect to the size of the active piezoelectric elements, their frequency, bandwidth and the basic design. The sound field characteristics of a transducer, which are expected under normal inspection conditions, are generally derived from the diameter and the frequency of the piezoelectric element. Illustrations:Poa areca Dy QQ %ndeedorg/NDET + IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Center for Nondestructive Evaluation NDE-Ed.org Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques > Ultrasonic Testing > Couplant Couplant A couplant is a material (usually liquid) that facilitates the transmission of ultrasonic into the test energy from the t tis generally necessary between air and solids (i.e. such as the test specimen) is large. Therefore, nearly all of the energy is reflected and very little is transmitted into the test material. The couplant displaces the air and makes it possible to get more sound energy into the test specimen so that a contact ultrasonic testing a thin film of oil, glycerin or water is generally used between the Piezoelectric: The generation of electricity or of electric polarity in ceramic dielectric crystals subjected toNee ns } °% twiglobalcom/te + @ Ultrasonic testing (UT) comprises a range of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques that send ultrasonic waves through an object or material. These high frequency sound waves are transmitted into materials to characterise the material or for flaw detecting. Most UT inspection applications use short pulse waves with frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, although frequencies up to 50 MHz can be used. One common application for this test method is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which is used to ascertain the thickness of an object such as when assessing pipework corrosion. oy) ek8:07 wea By OQ Yschatgptcom/oai + @ : = ChatGPT3.5~ — (Signup) ®) You Variable in ultrasonic testing @ ChatGPT In ultrasonic testing, variables can include the frequency of the ultrasonic waves used, the material being tested, surface condition, temperature, and the geometry of the object being inspected. These factors can affect the accuracy and reliability of the testing process. a Don't share sensitive info. Chats Flan) @ may be reviewed and used to train more our models. Message ChatGPT ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.10:34 Neer ok 2) Ppt Pdf Slideshare Wikipedia @) https://www.sciencedirect.com » ech... 3 Echo Pulse - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics @ About featured snippets Lact |s-(e1 4 People also ask H What is transmission method and pulse echo method? What is the difference between pulse echo and through transmission? The fundamental difference between these two methods is that the transmission method uses two transducers and gives a measurement of signal attenuation, while the pulse-echo method uses a single transducer that can measure both transit time (distance) and signal amplitude, and hence the attenuation together with other ... @ https://dl.asminternational.org » Bas.. Basic Inspection Methods (Pulse-Echo and alicslelsianl sie) a ee Aare oma me litem el auto Q pulse echo and through a a¥ A typical UT inspection system consists of several functional units, such as the puiser/receiver, transducer, and display devices. ¥ A pulser/receiver is an electronic device that can produce high voltage electrical pulses. ¥ Driven by the pulser, the transducer generates high frequency ultrasonic energy. ¥ The sound energy is introduced and propagates through the materials in the form of waves. ¥ When there is a discontinuity (such as a crack) in the wave path, part of the energy will be reflected back from the flaw surface.v The reflected wave signal is transformed into an electrical signal by the transducer and is displayed on a screen. ¥ In the applet below, the reflected signal strength is displayed versus the time from signal generation to when a echo was received. ¥ Signal travel time can be directly related to the distance that the signal traveled. ¥ From the signal, information about the reflector location, size, orientation and other features can sometimes be gained.Filter/AmplifierThrough-transmission ultrasonic testing (UT) is used for detection, verification, sizing, and growth rate monitoring of cracks in piping, vessels, cylindrical shapes, and sometimes noncylindrical shapes. Through-transmission UT is most widely known as a method of inspection in automated immersion testing for detection of laminars in steel or disbonding in composite materials where two opposite and parallel surfaces can be used for scanning Through-transmission UT is a two transducer technique in a pitch-catch arrangement. While there are many types of UT techniques, because of the wide variety of component shapes, sizes, and orientations it is sometimes valuable to have an alternative technique for verification, such as through-transmission¥ Straight beam techniques can be highly effective at finding laminar flaws, they are not effective when testing many common welds, where discontinuities are typically not oriented parallel to the surface of the part. “ The combination of weld geometry, the orientation of flaws, and the presence of the weld crown or bead require inspection from the side of the weld using a beam generated at an angle. ¥ Angle beam testing is by far the most commonly used technique in ultrasonic flaw detection.ANGLE BEAM ULTRASONIC TESTING @ = Angle of Refraction T = Material! Thickness Surface Distance = Sin@,x Sound Path Depth (1s Leg) = CosQ,x Sound PathA-Scan Presentation The A-scan presentation displays the amount of received ultrasonic energy as a function of time. The relative amount of received energy is plotted along the vertical axis and the elapsed time (which may be related to the sound energy travel time within the material) is displayed along the horizontal axis. Most instruments with an A-scan display allow the signal to be displayed in its natural radio frequency form (RF), as a fully rectified RF signal, or as either the positive or negative half of the RF signal. In the A-scan presentation, relative discontinuity size can be estimated by comparing the signal amplitude obtained from an unknown reflector to that from a known reflector. Reflector depth can be determined by the position of the signal on the horizontal sweep.In the illustration of the A-scan presentation to the right, the initial pulse generated by the transducer is represented by the signal IP, which is near time zero. As the transducer is scanned along the surface of the part, four other signals are likely to appear at different times on the screen. When the transducer is in its far left position, only the IP signal and signal A, the sound energy reflecting from surface A, will be seen on the trace. As the transducer is scanned to the right, a signal from the backwall BW will appear later in time, showing that the sound has traveled farther to reach this surface.B-Scan Presentation The B-scan presentations is a profile (cross-sectional) view of the test specimen. In the B-scan, the time-of-flight (travel time) of the sound energy is displayed along the vertical axis and the linear position of the transducer is displayed along the horizontal axis. From the B-scan, the depth of the reflector and its approximate linear dimensions in the scan direction can be determined. The B-scan is typically produced by establishing a trigger gate on the A-scan. Whenever the signal intensity is great enough to trigger the gate, a point is produced on the B-scan.ot tet ttt Tet te CCCs Pore rr Io [ta oUt ieee ty | PO FSS E20 YJ 0123465678910 Scan DistanceC-Scan Presentation The C-scan presentation provides a plan-type view of the location and size of test specimen features. The plane of the image is parallel to the scan pattern of the transducer. C-scan presentations are produced with an automated data acquisition system, such as a computer controlled immersion scanning system. The relative signal amplitude or the time-of-flight is displayed as a shade of gray or a color for each of the positions where data was recorded. The C-scan presentation provides an image of the features that reflect and scatter the sound within and on the surfaces of the test piece.v Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) probes are composed of several piezoelectric crystals that can transmit/receive independently at different times. ¥ This technique can be used to inspect more complex geometries that are difficult and much slower to inspect with single probes.Transmitter Recerver Lateral Wave A ZL Diffracted Waves 7 * f et Back wall echov A pair of ultrasonic probes is placed on opposite sides of the weld or tested item, ¥ One of the probes acts as a transmitter and sends out an ultrasonic pulse that is picked up by the other probe which is the receiver. ¥ With an undamaged item, the signals picked up by the receiver probe are from two waves - one wave that travels along the surface (lateral wave) and one that reflects off the far wall (back wall reflection). v If there is a flaw, such as crack, there is a diffraction of the ultrasound pulse from the tips of the crack. “ By measuring the time of flight of the pulse, the depth of the crack can be calculated by trigonometry.¥ Time of flight diffraction is an advanced non-destructive testing method used for weld inspection. ¥ Time of flight diffraction (TOFD) is one of the most reliable non- destructive testing methods. “ This ultrasonic method is used in a diverse range of industries including petrochemical, chemical, oil and gas, power generation and fabrication.10:37 eee TANDT = TEXAS NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING ACADEMY & LEVEL Ill SERVICES Advantages of Ultrasonic Testing Techniques: Portability e Consistent Detects surface and subsurface defects e Only limited access needed e Instant results Disadvantages of Ultrasonic Testing Techniques: Training is more extensive than other methods e More expensive than other methods Difficult to use on thin materials e Part Geometry can cause complications Needs relatively smooth surface to couple transducer « Must know velocity of part and have a reference to calibrate against for10:38 Neer kB) QQ} 2% googlecom/seai + @ : GF) gfps.com https://www.gfps.com Ultrasonic Testing NDT Testing and Assessments — Integrity of a piping system is essential for water, gas and chemical process plants. Confident installation. Safety and hygiene. UT is also capable of detecting finer defects and planar flaws which may not be assessed as readily with radiographic testing. Applications for UT include those within the aerospace, automotive, construction, rail, medical and oil and gas industries. y https://www.twi-global.com > faqs What is Ultrasonic Testing and ee Does it Work? - TWI Global @ About featured snippets MI Feedback People also ask What is a common use of ultrasonic testing?