Neurulation The process involved in the formation of the H neural tube which is the precursor of the CNS and most of the PNS. It is a series of cell movements and shape inductive interactions, and changes 1 i i ge xpression that changes a flat sheet of ij ‘Fit S ‘oderm into an enlongated neural tube. It | at the beginning of the thirc week My { he process of neurulation is Invuced by the ord. ; ‘Scanned with CamScannerFour Major Stages of Neurulation * Transformation of the general ectoderm into a thickened neural plate * Shaping the plate so that it BS becomes narrower and ' longet ge e teas * Lateral folding of the neural _ =o plate * Fu ion of the two most ateral apical surtac the of the neural fold ‘Scanned with CamScannerNeural Crest Cells Neural crest cells emigrate from the [ elevating or Converging neural ; folds and contributes i to the formation of the PNS (cranial, spinal & autonomic ganglia) and other tissues. ‘Scanned with CamScannerNotocrord creat cote consiste of (>) Nowra crest cette migrate to bilateral bands of cells near stand eee in the erebryo te marge of emtryonie hal form the rural tbe. ‘Scanned with CamScannerDerivatives of Neural crest cells * Connective tissue and bones of the face and skull * Cranial nerve ganglia * Ccells of the thyroid gland * Conotruncal septum in the heart * Odontoblasts * Dermis in face and neck * Spinal (dorsal root) ganglia ‘ + Sympathetic chain and preaortic ganglia * Parasympathetic ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract * Adrenal medulla * Schwann cells * Arachnoid and pia mater (leptomeninges) MelanocytesAbnormalities of neurulation The major abnormalities of neurulation which occur failure of closure of the neuropores and the associated mesodermally derived structures. Are collectively known as Neural Tube Defects. They occur in about 1 in 1,000 births. ] Anterior neuropore — Meningocoele, Meningoencephalocoele, Anencephal\,. Posterior neuropore — Spina bific 1 (Occulta and cystica), Myeloschisis. alScanned with CamScatANENCEPHALY Exposed, open, undeveloped cerebrum. Brain stem and its, functions preserved ‘Scanned with CamScanner: \ A. Spina bitida B. Meningocelo Occulta C. Myclomeningocele ‘Scanned with CamScannerFormation of brain vesicles (d) Adutt brain primary brain vesictos | (c) Secondary brain vesicles | ctructires Ag zl Telencephaton | nem Prosencephalon (forebrain) Diencephaton — nae | Mesencephaion (midbrain) Mesencephaion | Rhombencephalon Metencephalon (hindbrain) La Myelencephalon ‘Scanned with CamScannerBrain flexures ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerER Oc Se CO a & x ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerNeurohistiogenesis * The cells of the nervous system are derived from three different origins: ° - NEUROEPITHELIUM —neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells. The wall of the fused neural tube is composed of neuroepithelial cells arranged in a pseudostratified epithelium. * - NEURAL CREST CELLS — Schwann cells * - MESODERM - microglia ® ‘Scanned with CamScannerPatterning + The neural tube forms a basal plate and an alar plate in response to the combined effects of factors secreted by the roof plate. The basal plate forms most of the ventral portion of the nervous system including the motor portion of the spinal cord and brainstem The alar plate forms the dorsal Portions, devoted mainly to sensory processing. ‘Scanned with CamSeanner‘Scanned with CamScanner” ~GFe3—\| Neurcepithelial cetts z Protopiasmic —Fibrillar astrocyte ‘Scanned with CamScannerBS TE PT rrr}Summary * Neurulation — basis of development of the nervous system * Formation of brain vesicles — formation of / regions of the brain * Neurokiistiogenesis — formation of the celis of the nervous system |e. neurons and neuroglia ‘Scanned with CamScanner