1

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA

PRODUCTS AND FACTORS

Algebra uses symbols and formulas to describe number patterns and relationships in our
natural and physical world. Algebra has helped people to unlock some of the secrets of the

E = mc2. Algebra is used to better understand climate change, population growth and
universe, such as showing that mass and energy are related to one another by the equation

economic growth. Algebraic modelling is used to predict the behaviour of bushfires, which
may help save lives and reduce property damage.

2 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 Shutterstock.com/Karl Hofman
Chapter outline Wordbank
Working mathematically binomial An algebraic expression that consists of 2 terms, for
example, 4a + 9, 3 – y, x2 – 4x
1.01 Adding and subtracting terms U F R binomial product An algebraic expression showing 2 or more
1.02 Multiplying and dividing terms U F binomials multiplied together, for example, (x + 9)(3x – 4).
expand To rewrite an expression such as 5(2k – 6) without
1.03 Adding and subtracting U F
grouping symbols; for example, 5(2k – 6) expands to 10k – 30
algebraic fractions
factorise To rewrite an expression with grouping symbols, by taking
1.04 Multiplying and dividing U F out the highest common factor; factorising is the opposite of
algebraic fractions expanding; for example, 9r2 + 36r factorised is 9r(r + 4)
1.05 Expanding expressions U F highest common factor (HCF) The largest term that is a factor
of 2 or more terms, for example, the HCF of 9r2 + 36r is 9r; also
1.06 Factorising expressions U F
called greatest common divisor (GCD)
1.07 Expanding binomial products U F R C perfect square A square number or an algebraic expression that
1.08 Perfect squares* U F R C represents one, for example, 64, (x + 9)2
quadratic expression An algebraic expression in which the highest
1.09 Difference of 2 squares* U F R C power of the variable is 2, for example, 2x2 + 5x – 3 or x2 + 2
1.10 Mixed expansions* U F R C quadratic trinomial A quadratic expression that consists of
3 terms, for example, x2 + 2x + 6
1.11 Factorising special binomial U F
products*
1.12 Factorising quadratic expressions U F R
1.13 Factorising quadratic expressions U F R
of the form ax2 + bx + c*
1.14 Mixed factorisations* U F R
1.15 Factorising algebraic fractions* U F R
* STAGE 5.3

U = Understanding | F = Fluency | PS = Problem solving | R = Reasoning | C = Communication

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 3

 In this chapter you will:
• add, subtract, multiply and divide algebraic expressions
• add, subtract, multiply and divide simple algebraic fractions
• expand and factorise algebraic expressions, including binomial products
• (STAGE 5.3) recognise and expand special binomial products that are perfect squares or
difference of 2 squares
• factorise simple (monic) quadratic expressions
• (STAGE 5.3) factorise an expression with 4 terms by grouping in pairs
• (STAGE 5.3) factorise non-monic quadratic expressions, including those that are perfect
squares or difference of 2 squares
• (STAGE 5.3) factorise and simplify algebraic fractions

SkillCheck ANSWERS ON P. 564

1 Write an algebraic expression for each statement.
a The cost of p books at $Q each
The selling price after a GST of $t is added to the marked price of $40
Algebraic
b
The number of metres in h km
expressions

c
d The average of m, p, v and w
The number of dollars in y cents
Generalised
arithmetic
e

2 If f = 5, g = –4 and r = 2, then evaluate each expression.

a 2f + g b 8 + rf c f 2 – r2
5r + f
3g2 – 5 r(f – g)
3
d e f

If the perimeter of a rectangle with length l and width w has the formula P = 2l + 2w,
find the perimeter of a rectangle with length 4.7 cm and width 2.5 cm.
3

4 Simplify each expression.

a 5n + 6n b 9h – 3h c 10pq – qp d x2 + 4x2
e 4×w f 8 × 5x g 2g × 3h h 3y × 6y
16 xy 15n2
10x ÷ 2 6b ÷ b
8x 25n
i j k l

5 Evaluate each expression.

2 1 3 2 5 1 4 2
–
5 3 4 5 8 2 5 7
a + b c × d ÷

6 5 7 1 4 3 5 3
–
11 12 8 3 9 10 6 4
e × f + g ÷ h

3 5 1 3 4 5 1 2
1 +2 3 ×2 2 ÷1 5 −2
4 7 2 5 9 6 4 3
i j k l

4 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 Adding and subtracting terms 1.01
Like terms are terms whose variables are exactly the same, for example, 3k and 7k, 6ab and
2ba, 9x2 and x2.
We can add or subtract like terms because their variables represent the same number. Adding and
subtracting
terms 1.01
Adding and subtracting terms
Only like terms can be added or subtracted

For example, 2x – 5y cannot be simplified because x and y represent different numbers.

Algebra
using
diagrams

Example 1
Simplify each expression.
a 5r + 4s – 7r – 2s b 11u2 – 5u + 3u – 7u2

Solution
5r + 4s – 7r – 2s = 5r – 7r + 4s – 2s Group the like terms
= –2r + 2s –2r and 2s cannot be simplified further
a

= 2s – 2r Rewrite with positive term first

11u2 – 5u + 3u – 7u2 = 11u2 – 7u2 – 5u + 3u Each + and – sign belongs
to the term that follows it.
= 4u2 – 2u
b

Example 2
Write a simplified algebraic expression for the perimeter
of this rectangle. 2x

x+3

Solution
Perimeter = x + 3 + 2x + x + 3 + 2x Adding the lengths of the 4 sides.
= x + 2x + x + 2x + 3 + 3 Group the like terms.
= 6x + 6

EXERCISE 1.01 ANSWERS ON P. 564

Adding and subtracting terms UFR

1 Simplify each algebraic expression.

2fg + 3fg – 4fg 6uvw – uvw + 4uvw 3t + 3 + 5t
EXAMPLE
a b c 1

d 3x + 2y + 8y e 6g + h – 4g f 2fg + 3f – 4fg
g 7p – 3 – 2p
2 2
h 4p – q – 3q i –8r + 6r + 3

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 5

 j –3a + 4b – 7a k 4v + 3 + 2v + 7 l 2y + 6x + y – 3x
m 7p – 8q – p – q n 8 – 3w + 7 – 2w o 2n – 3 – 12n + 5
p 8e – 3f – 2e – 4f q 2l2 + 2l + 3l2 – 6l r b – 12b2 + 6b2 – 15b
s 6p3 – 5p2 – 4p3 + p2 t 3 – 8k – 5 – 9k u –3 – 5d + 9 – 8d

2 Simplify 15a2 + 12a + 48 – 18a. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

A 24a + 48 B 27a2 + 30a
C 15a2 – 6a + 48 D 15a2 + 30a – 48

3 Use the substitutions a = 2, b = 3 and c = 4 to test whether each equation is correct or

incorrect. R
a 20c – 12c = 8c b 9b + b = 9b2 c 7a + 3b = 10 + a + b
d 3a2 + 5a2 = 8a2 e 4ab + 3ab = 7ab f 12c – c = 12

4 Write a simplified algebraic expression for the perimeter of each shape.

EXAMPLE
2 a b c
3p 4d 2x
2x
2m 2m 4d 4d
5y
3p
4d

d p+2 e f 9c
p+2 2a
2p – 1 5c 6a
40h 41h
2p 4a
4c
9h

5 Draw a triangle and write algebraic expressions for its side lengths so that it has a
perimeter of 7d + 6. R

6 Draw a rectangle and find algebraic expressions for its length and width so that it has a
perimeter of 18a – 30. R

1.02 Multiplying and dividing terms

WS Multiplying and dividing terms

When multiplying and dividing terms, multiply or divide the numbers first,
then the variables.
Worksheet
Homework
Perimeter
and area

Foundation Standard Complex

6 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 Example 3
Simplify each expression.
a 2 × 5n × 4m b 3d × 4d c 2g × 3h × (–5f)

Solution
2 × 5n × 4m = 2 × 5 × 4 × n × m Multiply the numbers and multiply the variables
= 40mn Remember to write the variables in
a

alphabetical order
1.02

3d × 4d = 3 × 4 × d × d
= 12d 2 d × d = d2
b

2g × 3h × (–5f ) = 2 × 3 × (–5) × g × h × f Remember to write the variables in

= –30fgh alphabetical order
c

Example 4
Simplify each expression.
15abc
27cf ÷ (–3fc) 35p2 ÷ 15pw
Dividing

2
terms

3ab 4 km
km
a b c d

Solution
15abc 155 ab1c
= 1 1 Divide the numbers and divide the variables
3ab 3 ab
a
= 5c
We can cross out the ab in the numerator
and denominator because = 1 and = 1
a b
a b

= k 2 = k × k = kk
k2m
4 km 4 km
kkm
b

1 k km1
= Divide the numbers and divide the variables
4 km1

=
4
k

27cf
27cf ÷ (–3fc) = The variables divide by themselves to give 1
−3 fc
c

27 cf 1
=
−3 cf 1
= –9

35 p2
35p2 ÷ 15pw =
15 pw
d

=
357 p1 p 15 and 35 can both be divided by 5
153 p1 w
7p
=
3w

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 7

 EXERCISE 1.02 ANSWERS ON P. 564
Multiplying and dividing terms UF

1 Simplify each expression.

5 × 8x 5n × 3 b × 5a
EXAMPLE
3 a b c
d 7m × 6t e –4 × 3w f 2k × (–3p)
g 4d × 3e h 6v × 4w i 11q × 8q
–5a × (–4a) 2y × 3 × 4b –6w × 3w × 2
1
j k l
m –9c × (–4h) × 2k a × 24bc –5d × (–3e) × (–2w)
3
n o
(5n) 2
(–3r) 2
(at)2
2 1
p q r
–15d × ad – ek × (–4k) (–2xy)2
3 4
s t u

2 Simplify each expression.

12 x 15 y 36a
3 4a
EXAMPLE
4 a b c
y
64 abc
18mn ÷ 6m 8vw ÷ 48vw
16b
d e f

18 g 9p
–25yz ÷ 5y
−3 g −45 pq
g h i

−75 xyz
10r2 ÷ 40r –12hk2 ÷ 2hk
−25 x
j k l
m 24ak2 ÷ 8a2 n 16mwx ÷ 12mx o 7gh ÷ 21g
9 yx 2
3 Simplify . Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
24 xy 2
3x2 3x 3 3x 3y
8 y2 8 y3 8y 8x
A B C D

4 Simplify each expression.

a 2a × 3b × 5c b 4p × 3 × 2q c 40n2 ÷ 5n
8b2 ÷ 40b2 6h × 2k × (–3) –2 × 5k × (–4k)
6d 7r
d e f
(–33m) ÷ 3
12 49r
g h i
−9w
8ab ÷ 2bc 2ef × (–3fe)
−45 w
j k l
24 v2 w
m 18ac d ÷ 27acd
2
–3pq × (–2q) × (–4)
18v
n o

5 Use the substitutions p = 5, q = 4 and r = 3 to test whether each equation is correct or

incorrect.
a 3 × 4p = 12p b q + q = q2
c 2r × 3r = 6r2 d 3q2 × 5q2 = 15q2
12 p 7 qr
=4 =7
3p
e f
3r × 5q = 15qr p × q × q = 2pq
qr
g h
14r 2 5 pq q
= 2r
7r 10 p 2
i j =

Foundation Standard Complex

8 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 6 Write a simplified algebraic expression for the area of each shape.
a b c

2d
5m
5h
3a
5m 1.03

3a 2k
k
d e f

4p 2a 4k 3c

6y
c

7 Find an algebraic expression for the volume of each rectangular prism.

a b c
2m
w

5d 2w
6k

2m
2m 4y
3t

Adding and subtracting algebraic

1.03
fractions
Adding and subtracting fractions
To add or subtract fractions, convert them (if needed) so that they have the same
­denominator, then simply add or subtract the numerators.
Algebraic
fractions

Example 5 Presentation

Simplify each expression.

Adding and
subtracting
fractions

7r 3r 3h 2 h
10 10 3 2 4 5
k k
a − b + c +

5m 2 m 3 7a 5 x 2w
Adding and

6 3 4 10 8 3
d − e + f −
subtracting
algebraic
fractions

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 9

 Solution
7r 3r 4r
– =
a 10 10 10
2r
=
5

k k 2×k 3×k
b 3 2 2×3 3×2
+ = + Common denominator = 2 × 3 = 6
2 k 3k
     6 6
= +

5k
6
=

3h 2h 5 × 3h 4 × 2h
+ = + Common denominator = 5 × 4 = 20
4 5 5×4 4×5
c
15h 8h
= +
20 20
23h
=
20

5m 2m 15m 12m
6 3 18 18
d − = −
3m
18
=

6
m
=

5m 2 m 5m 4 m
or – = – The lowest common denominator is 6
6 3 6 6
=
6
m

3 7a 15 14 a 5 x 2w 15 x 16 w
+ = + – = –
4 10 20 20 8 3 24 24
e f
15 + 14 a 15 x –16 w
= =
20 24

EXERCISE 1.03 ANSWERS ON P. 564

Adding and subtracting algebraic fractions UF

1 Simplify each expression.

w 2w 4k 7k 7m 2m x 2x
4 4 8 8 10 10 3 3
EXAMPLE
5 a + b + c − d +

4 5 5 2 4r 5 2
3d 3d
r
e + f − g + h −
q q w w c c
4t s 11 y 7 y 6 5 8 7
3 3 2h 2h 5e 5 e
i + j − k − l +
a a
p 3 5u 3u 4 1 7e 3e
8g 8g 9f 9f 10 10
m + n − o − p −
z z
5a 5a 5 3 7 13 12 8
6 6 2d 2d 5k 5k 4a 4a
q + r + s + t −

Foundation Standard Complex

10 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 9 3
2 Simplify the expression − . Select A, B, C or D.
4k 4k
6 3 3 6
4k 4k 2k
A B C D

3 Simplify each expression.

k

3 4 3 7 5 3 7 2
x x s s h h m m
a + b − c + d −

5t 2 t 2p p 5r 5r
4 5 4 5 5 3 2 3
w w
e + f − g + h − 1.04
5y 2y 3m 5m 5a a 3y 7 y
6 3 4 12 9 6 10 15
i + j − k − l +

3c c 2d r 3h 2 d 5 4w
2 5 11 3 5 3 6 5
m − n − o + p +

2a 3 4e 2e 3m 5n 2k m
7 4 7 5 2 11 5 6
q + r − s − t +

5m 3m
4 Simplify the expression − . Select A, B, C or D.
12 8
2m 3m
4 24 2 20
m m
A B C D

4h 2d
5 Simplify the expression + . Select A, B, C or D.
9 5
36h + 10d 4h + 2d 20h + 18d 9h + 18d
45 14 45 14
A B C D

Multiplying and dividing algebraic

1.04
fractions
Multiplying and dividing algebraic fractions WS

• To multiply fractions, cancel any common factors, then multiply the numerators and
denominators separately
Worksheet
Homework
Algebraic
fractions

• To divide by a fraction , multiply by its reciprocal

a b
b a
Algebraic
fractions

Example 6
puzzle

Simplify each product.

3 4 4 3k 3x 2 x
Algebraic

k 16 4 9
a × b × c × fractions

d c

Solution
3 4 3×4 4 3k 1 4 3k 3x 2 x 13x 1
2x
Upside-down

16 1 k 16 4 4 9 4 93
fractions
a × = b × = × c × = 2 ×
d c d×c
12 3
k
x2
4 6
= = =
dc

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 11

 Example 7
Simplify each quotient.
3 4 xy 3 x
Algebraic
fractions

5 25
a ÷ b ÷
h k

Solution
3 4 3 4 k 3 x 1 xy 255
The reciprocal of is .
4 k 4
k
5 25 5 3
a ÷ = × xy
b ÷ = × 1
3k
1
h k h
5y
x

4h 3
= =

EXERCISE 1.04 ANSWERS ON P. 564

Multiplying and dividing algebraic fractions UF
3x w
1 Simplify the product × . Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
5 6
3 xw 3 xw 18 x + 5 w
EXAMPLE
6
10 11 30 30
xw
A B C D

2 Simplify each product.

1 3 5
3 2 5 4 h 6k
EXAMPLE
7 w s t
a × b × c ×

4 3 5 1 2
3 3v
l
d × e × f ×
m n f v
2 3 a c d e
g × h × i ×
x x b d e g
4 ad 5p 8 4 3a
9 16a 4 15 p ak 5k
d
j × k × l ×

2 9u u 3 3z 2r
3 10 3 u 9dz
m × n × o ×

3 Simplify each quotient.

r

2 5 6 3 2 8
r r m n h h
a ÷ b ÷ c ÷

q 3 3y 2 y 4t 3t
4 4 5 9 5
d ÷ e ÷ f ÷
d
3 5 3 5m 2 m
2 a 6a 3n
b
g ÷ h ÷ i ÷
e e n
8w 2 w 3s 6 s
3x 9x 4 11
h k
j ÷ k ÷ l ÷
t 3t 3e xh 3h
k h

3 5u 7 g 14 g 5 15
e
m ÷ n ÷ o ÷

3 9n
4 Simplify the quotient . Select A, B, C or D.
4m 8m
÷
3n 32m2 36m 2
2 27n 24n 3n
A B C D

5 Simplify each expression.

3p p2 2 w 5w 8y 3
2 4 7 6 5 32 y 2
a ÷ b ÷ c ×

Foundation Standard Complex

12 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 5 2 xy 5
2g b b 3a
a c b
d ÷ e × f × ×
g z y
3 4t 5mn 4 d 1
5÷ ÷3
5b 9 2d 15mn
g h i × ×
n
7 s 5 s 3s 7 1
5p ÷
10 pt 3 2 7 h 42 h
j k ÷ × l ×

5ty 5ky 6 5r 15 6cf 5 10c

9
m × n × ÷ o ÷ ÷
k t r yh q qf a
4 ab 8b
6 Simplify the expression ÷ ÷ . Select A, B, C or D.
1.04

5 2b 15
a

3b 3b
A 3 B 3b
5
C D
a

Mental skills 1A: Maths without calculators ANSWERS ON P. 565

Multiplying and dividing by 5, 15, 25 and 50
It is easier to multiply or divide a number by 10 than by 5. So whenever we multiply or divide
a number by 5, we can double the 5 (to make 10) and then adjust the first number.
1 Study each example.
a To multiply by 5, halve the number, then multiply by 10.
18 × 5 = 18 × × 10 (or 9 × 2 × 10)
1
2
= 9 × 10
= 90
b To multiply by 50, halve the number, then multiply by 100.
26 × 50 = 26 × × 100 (or 13 × 2 × 100)
1
2
= 13 × 100
= 1300
c To multiply by 25, quarter the number, then multiply by 100.
44 × 25 = 44 × × 100 (or 11 × 4 × 25)
1
4
= 11 × 100
= 1100
d To multiply by 15, halve the number, then multiply by 30.
8 × 15 = 8 × × 30 (or 4 × 2 × 15)
1
2
= 4 × 30
= 120
To divide by 5, divide by 10 and double the answer. We do this because there are
two 5s in every 10.
e

140 ÷ 5 = 140 ÷ 10 × 2
= 14 × 2
= 28

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 13

 To divide by 50, divide by 100 and double the answer. This is because there are two
50s in every 100.
f

400 ÷ 50 = 400 ÷ 100 × 2

=4×2
=8
To divide by 25, divide by 100 and multiply the answer by 4. This is because there
are four 25s in every 100.
g

600 ÷ 25 = 600 ÷ 100 × 4

=6×4
= 24
To divide by 15, divide by 30 and double the answer. This is because there are two
15s in every 30.
h

240 ÷ 15 = 240 ÷ 30 × 2
=8×2
= 16

2 Now evaluate each expression.

a 32 × 5 b 14 × 5 c 48 × 5 d 18 × 50
e 52 × 50 f 36 × 25 g 28 × 5 h 12 × 25
i 12 × 15 j 22 × 35 k 90 ÷ 5 l 170 ÷ 5
m 230 ÷ 5 n 1300 ÷ 50 o 900 ÷ 50 p 300 ÷ 25
q 1000 ÷ 25 r 360 ÷ 45 s 210 ÷ 15 t 360 ÷ 15

1.05 Expanding expressions

The distributive law for expanding an expression

Multiply each term inside the brackets by the term outside
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Algebra
using
diagrams

a(b – c) = ab – ac

Example 8
Expanding
and

Expand each expression.

simplifying
expressions

a 4(5 + d) b 2w(3w + 10)

Solution

4(5 + d) = 4 × 5 + 4 × d multiply each term inside the brackets a(b + c) = ab + ac

by the term outside
= 20 + 4d
a

14 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 2w(3w + 10) = 2w × 3w + 2w × 10
= 6w2 + 20w
b

Example 9
Expand each expression.
a 3g(h – 2) b r(10 – 4r)
1.05
Solution

multiply each term inside the brackets

3g(h – 2) = 3g × h – 3g × 2 a(b – c) = ab – ac
by the term outside
= 3gh – 6g
a

r(10 – 4r) = r × 10 – r × 4r
= 10r – 4r2
b

Example 10
Expand each expression.
a –(y + 4) b –3(2m – 7)

Solution

–(y + 4) = –1(y + 4)    –( ) is the same as –1 × ( )

= –y + (–4)
a

= –y – 4

–3(2m – 7) = –3 × 2m – (–3) × 7
= –6m – (–21)
b

= –6m + 21

Example 11
Expand and simplify by collecting like terms.
a 4(3p + 2) – 5p b 5(2e – 3) – 4(1 – 5e)
c 7(n – 3) + n(n – 1)

Solution

4(3p + 2) – 5p = 4 × 3p + 4 × 2 – 5p Expanding
= 12p + 8 – 5p
a

= 12p – 5p + 8 Collecting like terms to simplify

= 7p + 8

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 15

 5(2e – 3) – 4(1 – 5e) = 5 × 2e – 5 × 3 – 4 × 1 – (– 4) × 5e          Expanding
= 10e – 15 – 4 – (– 20e)
b

= 10e – 19 + 20e
= 30e – 19            Collecting like terms to simplify

7(n – 3) + n(n – 1) = 7n – 21 + n2 – n
= n2 + 7n – n – 21 It’s conventional to place n2 first
c

= n2 + 6n – 21 Collecting like terms to simplify

EXERCISE 1.05 ANSWERS ON P. 565

Expanding expressions UF

1 Expand each expression.

4(h + 6) 5(3 + t) 3(2b + 7)
EXAMPLE
8 a b c
d 5(8 + 3x) e x(x + 9) f p(5 + p)
g 3r(2r + 1) h 4y(1 + 3y) i 10e(2e + 4f)

2 Expand each expression.

3(t – 2) 7(5 – d) 8(8g – 3)
EXAMPLE
9 a b c
d w(w – 7) e a(a – 1) f 6h(3h – 1)
g 4x(3x – 1) h 5x(2x – 4y) i 3a(4b – 7a)

3 Expand –5u(8 + 2u). Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

A 3u – 3u2 B –40u + 10u2 C –40u – 10u2 D –40u – 3u2

4 Use the substitution x = 5 to test whether each equation is correct or incorrect.

a 3(x + 3) = 3x + 6 b x(4 – 2x) = 4x – 2x2

5 Expand each expression.

–(a – 5) –(a + 5) –2(x + 6)
EXAMPLE
10 a b c
d –2(x – 6) e –(11 + w) f –(11 – w)
g –y(y + 9) h –x(8 – m) i –4t(t – 8)

6 Expand –k(3k – 7). Select A, B, C or D.

A –2k2 – 8k B –3k2 + 7k C –3k2 – 7k D –3k + 7k2

7 Expand 3(2 – 7y) + 5y. Select A, B, C or D.

6 – 26y 6 + 16y 6 – 5y 6 – 16y
EXAMPLE
11 A B C D

8 Expand and simplify each expression.

a 5(3m + 2) + 4m b 3(1 – 5e) + 6e
c 4w – 2(5 + 2w) d 8 – 5(2x – 7)
e 5(2a + 3) + 4(a + 7) f 3(2d + 3) – 5(d + 4)

Foundation Standard Complex

16 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 g 7(3g – 1) + 4(2g – 3) h 4(3 – 4w) – 2(w – 5)
i 5(6c – 3) – 3(4 – 3c) j t(t + 4) + 3(t + 4)
k 4(3 + h) + h(7 – 2h) l 6(2e – 1) – (5 – 3e)
m 3x(2x + 5) + 4(2x + 5) n v(2v + 3) – 6(v + 1)
o 3(1 – 2w) – w(2 – w) p 2y(3y – 7) – 5(3y – 7)

9 Expand 3(1 – 4k) – 2(3k + 7). Select A, B, C or D.

17 – 18k 11 – 6k –11 – 18k –17 + 6k
1.06
A B C D

Factorising expressions 1.06

The highest common factor (HCF)

The highest common factor (HCF) or greatest common divisor (GCD) of 2 or more
terms is the largest term that is a factor of all of the terms. To find the HCF of algebraic
HCF by
factor trees

terms:
• find the HCF of the numbers
• find the HCF of the variables
Factorising
using

• multiply them together

diagrams

Example 12 Factorising

Find the highest common factor (HCF) of each pair of terms.

puzzle

a 20x2 and 15xy b 16 and 12b

Solution
Find the HCF of the numbers and the HCF of the variables. Their product is the HCF of the
expression.
The HCF of 20 and 15 is 5.
The HCF of x2 and xy is x, since it is the ‘largest’ common part of x2 and xy.
a

∴ The HCF of 20x2 and 15xy = 5 × x = 5x

The HCF of 16 and 12 is 4.
There is no HCF of the variables because b is in 12b but not in 16.
b

∴ The HCF of 16 and 12b is 4.

Factorising algebraic expressions

When 4(2y + 5) is expanded, the answer is 8y + 20.
Factorising is the reverse of expanding. Factorisation breaks an expression into factors. To
factorise 8y + 20, we take out the greatest common divisor and insert brackets. The result is
4(2y + 5). The factors are 4 and (2y + 5).

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 17

 Expand
(remove brackets)
4(2y + 5) 8y + 20

Factorise
(insert brackets)

Factorising an expression
• Find the HCF of the terms and write it outside the brackets
• Divide each term by the HCF and write the answers inside the brackets
ab + ac = a(b + c)
ab – ac = a(b – c)
• To check that the factorised answer is correct, expand it

Example 13
Factorise each expression.
a 8y + 16 25b2 – 20ab v(4 + w) + 2(4 + w)
Factorising
expressions
b c

Solution
The HCF of 8y and 16 is 8.
∴ 8y + 16 = 8 × y + 8 × 2 Rewrite the expression using the HCF 8
a

= 8(y + 2) Write the HCF at the front of the brackets

The HCF of 25b2 and 20ab is 5b.
∴ 25b2 – 20ab = 5b × 5b – 5b × 4a Rewrite the expression using the HCF 5b
b

= 5b(5b – 4a) Write the HCF at the front of the brackets

The HCF of v(4 + w) and 2(4 + w) is (4 + w).
∴ v(4 + w) + 2(4 + w) = (4 + w) × v + (4 + w) × 2
c

= (4 + w)(v + 2)

Factorising with negative terms

Example 14
Factorise each expression.
a –x2 + 3x b –a – ab

Solution
When factorising expressions that begin with a negative term, we use the ‘negative’ HCF.
The highest ‘negative’ common factor of
–x2 and 3x is –x.
a

18 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 ∴ –x2 + 3x = (–x) × x + (–x) × (–3) (–x) × (–3) = +3x
= (–x)[x + (–3)]
= –x(x – 3) Check your answer by expanding.

The highest ‘negative’ common factor of

–a and ab is –a.
b

∴ –a – ab = –a × 1 + (–a) × b (–a) × b = –ab

= –a(1 + b)
1.06

Factorising with negative terms

• Find the ‘negative’ HCF of the terms and write it outside the brackets
• Divide each term by the HCF and write the answers inside the brackets
–ab – ac = –a(b + c)
–ab + ac = –a(b – c)
• To check that the factorised answer is correct, expand it

EXERCISE 1.06 ANSWERS ON P. 565

Factorising expressions UF

1 Find the HCF of each pair of terms.

12, 6y 8a2, 24 20b, 15
EXAMPLE
a b c 12

d 6, 9p2 e 24mn, m f c, c2
g 18pq, 12p2 h 24w2, 16w i 3(x – 5), x(x – 5)

2 Copy and complete each factorisation.

a 18p2 + 24 = 6(___ + ___) b 9m2 + 3m = 3m(___ + ___)
c 20d – 30d2 = 10d(___ – ___) d 6x2y – 8xy = 2xy(___ – ___)
e x(x – 2) + 5(x – 2) = (x – 2)(___ + ___) f n(3 + n) – 3(3 + n) = (3 + n)(___ – ___)
g h(h + 4) – 2(h + 4) = (___ + ___)(h – 2) h v(1 – w) + (1 – w) = (___ + ___)(v + 1)

3 Factorise each expression.

24x + 30 36 + 27a 16g 2 – 64
EXAMPLE
a b c 13

d xy + y e mn – 3n f 6p + pq
g x +x
2
h 2y – y 2
i 3d2 + 6d
j 16r 2 – 12r k 6t2 + 27t l 36p2 – 108p
m 12x2y – 16x n 18p2 + 16pr o 4m2n – 4mn2
p 14abc + 21bc q 28vw – 21v2w2 r 45rt + 54 r2t
s 36pq2r – 144pr t 48x2y + 64xy2 u 75g3h2 – 125gh
v 25abc + 10a2b w 54my3 + 45m2y2 x 21r3u2 – 35ru3

4 Factorise completely 24xy2 – 16xyw. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

A 8xy(3y – 2w) B 2x(12y2 – 8yw)
C 4xy(6y – 4w) D 8xy2(3 – 2w)

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 19

 5 Factorise each expression.
a a(a – 3) + 6(a – 3) b t(8 + t) – 3(8 + t)
c b(b + 5) – 2(b + 5) d x(2 – y) – 6(2 – y)
e 5(a – 7) + b(a – 7) f y(a + 3) + 4(a + 3)
g 3p(g + 5) – 2(g + 5) h 5(2 – 3m) + 4n(2 – 3m)
i r(8 + r) + (8 + r) j (y – 6) – y(y – 6)
k 3m(2w + 7) – (2w + 7) l 3c(c + 3) + 5(c + 3)

6 Factorise each expression using the ‘negative’ HCF.

–4q – 8 –9u + 18 –3g + 6
EXAMPLE
14 a b c
d –18a + 12 e –n – 1 f –n + 1
g –y – 9y
2
h –6t + 10t 2
i –3a2 – 6ab
j –ap + aq k –20e2 – 22e l –9m + 3m2

7 Factorise –10kr + 4rn. Select A, B, C or D.

A –2r(5k – 4n) B –2r(5k – 2n) C –5r(2k – 2n) D –2r(5k + 2n)

8 Factorise each expression.

1 1
7g + 9g2
2 2
a p+ q b

1 2 1
8a + 12y + 4
4 4
c x − xy d
e 20xy − 10x2 + 5y f t2m + tm2 + tm
g 7y(m + 2) − p(m + 2) h –10p2 − 10pq
i 5a(x − y) + 10a2xy − 10a2y2

Did you know?

Einstein’s formula
In 1905, when the German scientist Albert
Einstein was only 26, he proposed a new theory
of physics for small particles of matter (such as
atoms) moving at very high speeds. He proposed
that matter (mass) could be converted into large
amounts of energy, describing this in his Special
Relativity formula E = mc2, where E stands for
energy, m stands for mass and c stands for the
speed of light (3 billion metres per second).
Einstein’s theory revolutionised conventional
Alamy Stock Photo/GL Archive

laws of physics and led to the development of

nuclear energy.
Find out why Einstein renounced his German
citizenship and became an American in 1940.

Foundation Standard Complex

20 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 Expanding binomial products 1.07
(x + 5) and (x – 1) are called binomial expressions because they each have exactly 2 terms.
(x + 5)(x – 1) is called a binomial product because it is a product of 2 binomial expressions.
WS

binomial = ‘2 terms’
Worksheet
Homework
Area
diagrams
1.07

Example 15
WS

Expand each binomial product using an area diagram.

Worksheet
Homework
Binomial

a (a + 2)(a + 5) b (n + 4)(n – 3)
products

Solution
Draw an area diagram (rectangle) with a+2
Expanding
brackets

length (a + 2) and width (a + 5) and divide 2

a

the diagram into 4 smaller rectangles.

a

a+5
a Technology
Expanding
binomials

Find the area of each smaller rectangle. a+2

2
Expanding
binomials
a

a2 2a
a+5
a

5 5a 10
Trinominoes

Expand (a + 2)(a + 5) by adding the areas

of the 4 rectangles.
(a + 2)(a + 5) = a2 + 2a + 5a + 10 Expanding
= a2 + 7a + 10 Simplifying by collecting like terms
Draw an area diagram with length (n + 4) n+4
4
and width (n – 3), then increase the width
b
n

to n by adding 3. This creates 4 rectangles. n–3

n
3

The 2 shaded upper rectangles together n+4

give the product (n + 4)(n – 3). To find its
n 4
area, we subtract the areas of the 2 lower n–3 (n + 4)(n – 3)
rectangles from the area of the whole
rectangle.
n
3 3n 12

(n + 4)(n – 3) = n(n + 4) – 3n – 12 Whole rectangle – 2 lower rectangles

= n2 + 4n – 3n – 12 Expanding
= n2 + n – 12 Simplifying by collecting like terms

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 21

 When expanding a binomial product algebraically, each term in the first binomial is multiplied
by each term in the second binomial to give 4 terms, which are collected and simplified.

Example 16
Expand each binomial product.
a (x + 5)(x + 9) b (k + 3)(k – 7) c (7 – m)(4 + m) d (a – 6)2

Solution
Expanding

(x + 5)(x + 9) = x(x + 9) + 5(x + 9) Each term in (x + 5) is multiplied by (x + 9)

binomial
products

= x2 + 9x + 5x + 45 Expanding to make 4 terms

a

= x2 + 14x + 45 Adding 9x and 5x

(k + 3)(k – 7) = k(k – 7) + 3(k – 7) Each term in (k + 3) is multiplied by (k – 7)
= k2 – 7k + 3k – 21 Expanding to make 4 terms
b

= k2 – 4k – 21 Adding –7k and 3k

(7 – m)(4 + m) = 7(4 + m) – m(4 + m) Each term in (7 – m) is multiplied by (4 + m)
= 28 + 7m – 4m – m2 Expanding to make 4 terms
c

= 28 + 3m – m2 Adding 7m and – 4m
(a – 6)2 = (a – 6) (a – 6)
= a(a – 6) – 6(a – 6) Each term in (a – 6) is multiplied by (a – 6)
d

= a2 – 6a – 6a + 36 Expanding to make 4 terms

= a2 – 12a + 36 Adding –6a and –6a

The distributive law for expanding a binomial product

Multiply each term in the first binomial by each term in the second binomial.
(a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
a+b
a b

c+d
c ac bc

d ad bd

One way of remembering which pairs of terms to multiply together in a binomial product is
called the FOIL method, as shown below.
O

(k + 3)(k – 7) = k2 – 7k + 3k – 21
F

       = k2 – 4k – 21
I
L

• F means multiply the first terms: k × k = k2

• O means multiply the outside terms: k × (–7) = –7k
• I means multiply the inside terms: 3 × k = 3k
• L means multiply the last terms: 3 × (–7) = –21

22 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 Example 17
Expand each binomial product.
a (x – 6)(4x + 2) (3t – 1)(2t – 5) (2x + 5)(3y – 4)
Expanding
binomial
b c products

Solution
(x – 6)(4x + 2) = x(4x + 2) – 6(4x + 2)
= 4x2 + 2x – 24x – 12 Expanding
a Expanding

= 4x2 – 22x – 12 Simplifying

binomial
products
1.07

(3t – 1)(2t – 5) = 3t(2t – 5) – 1(2t – 5)

= 6t2 – 15t – 2t + 5 Expanding
b

= 6t2 – 17t + 5 Simplifying

(2x + 5)(3y – 4) = 2x(3y – 4) + 5(3y – 4)
= 6xy – 8x + 15y – 20 Expanding
c

EXERCISE 1.07 ANSWERS ON P. 565

Expanding binomial products UFRC

1 Expand each binomial product by copying and completing the area diagram.
(x + 10)(x + 8) (4h + 1)(3h + 7)
EXAMPLE

a b 15

x 10 4h 1
x 3h

7
8

2 Expand each binomial product by copying and completing the area diagram.
(Find the shaded area.)
a (x + 9)(x – 6) b (n – 5)(n – 7)
9
n–5 5
x n

x–6
n–7
x
6
n
7

3 Draw an area diagram for each binomial product and use it to expand the product.
a (2y + 5)(y + 3) b (w – 5)(w + 3) c (p – 3)(p – 5)

4 Expand each binomial product algebraically.

(n + 6)(n + 3) (t + 6)(t + 5) (p + 10)(p – 10)
EXAMPLE
a b c 16

d (x – 8)(x + 3) e (b – 2)(9 + b) f (u – 8)(u – 7)

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 23

 g (15 – r)(r + 1) h (a – 10)(a – 9) i (5 – c)(3 – c)
j (t – 1)(t + 2) k (y – 4)(y + 10) l (n – 9)(11 + n)
m (e – 2)2 n (5 + w)2 o (g + 11)2

5 Expand (b + 7)2. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

A b2 + 49 B b2 + 49b
C b2 + 7b + 49 D b2 + 14b + 49

6 Expand (x + 8)(3 – x). Select A, B, C or D.

A 24 – 5x – x2 B –x2 + 24
C x2 + 5x – 24 D –x2 + 5x + 24

7 Expand each binomial product.

(2x + 5)(x + 3) (3e + 2)(4e + 5) (10 + 3p)(p – 1)
EXAMPLE
17 a b c
d (7d – 2) (7d – 2) e (2f – 2)(3f + 5) f (4m – 5)(5 + 3m)
g (3 – 4h)(2 + 5h) h (4p – 5)(2p – 7) i (2m – 3)(4 – 5m)
j (3t + 5)(2t – 1) k (5y – 5)(5y + 5) l (7 – 2a)(2a – 7)
m (3k + 8) 2
n (4c – 5) 2
o (2d + 9)(3x – 1)
p (5 – 2g)(h + 3 ) q (7 – 4w) 2
r (3n – 5)(4n + 9)

8 Expand (3h +8)(2h – 5). Select A, B, C or D.

A 6h2 – 31h – 40 B 6h2 – h + 40
C 6h2 + 31h – 40 D 6h2 + h – 40

9 Write a simplified algebraic expression for the area of each shape.

a x+2 b 3y – 7 c

x–3 2k – 1
3y – 7
4k + 3

d 3p – 2 e 7m + 3 f d+3

2m – 5 d+1
5p – 4
d+1

d+7

10 A rectangular barbecue plate has a length of 100 cm and a width of 75 cm. The length
and width are both increased by x cm. R C
a Write an expression for the new length of the plate in cm.
b Write an expression for the new width of the plate in cm.
c Hence find a simplified expression for the new area of the plate in cm2.

Foundation Standard Complex

24 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 d By how much has the area of the plate increased?
e If x = 0.1, find the increase in the area of the plate.

11 A family room in a house is to be extended. The room is 4 m long and 3 m wide.

The length is to be increased by x m and the width by y m. R C
a Write down expressions for the new length and width in metres.
b Write down a binomial expression for the new area of the room in square metres.
c Expand and simplify your expression for the area. 1.07

d By how much has the area of the room increased?

12 Prove that:
(a – b) = (b – a)2
R C

2
a
b (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2
c (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

Investigation
Expanding perfect squares
There is a special pattern when you expand a binomial by itself, for example, (y + 5)(y + 5).
This is called the square of a binomial, or a perfect square.
1 a Expand and simplify the perfect square (y + 5)2 = (y + 5)(y + 5).
b How many terms are there in your answer?
The terms in the binomial (y + 5) are y and 5. The first term of your answer in
part a is y2, which is the square of y. How are the other terms in the answer
c

related to y and 5?
2 Expand and simplify each perfect square.
a (k + 3)2 b (m + 7)2 c (p + 2)2
3 For each of the expansions in question 2:
a how many terms are there?
b describe how each is related to the 2 terms of the perfect square
c compare and discuss your results with other students
4 Expand and simplify each perfect square.
a (t − 1)2 b (g − 6)2 c (d − 5)2
5 For each of the expansions in question 4:
a how many terms are there?
b describe how each is related to the 2 terms of the perfect square
c compare and discuss your results with other students

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 25

 Describe the expansion of the perfect square (first term + second term)2 by copying and
completing this statement:
6

The square of a binomial is equal to the square of the first term plus double the product of
the 2 terms plus ___________________________________
7 a Find a formula for (a + b)2.
b Check this formula by expanding (a + b)2 using an area diagram.
c Find a formula for (a – b)2.
d Check this formula by expanding (a – b)2 using an area diagram.

1.08 Perfect squares

STAGE 5.3 16, 49, v2 and (y + 5)2 are called perfect squares because they are square numbers.

Perfect squares
The formulas for expanding the perfect square of a binomial are:
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
Factorominoes

(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

Proof:
(a + b)2 = (a + b)(a + b) (a – b)2 = (a – b)(a – b)
= a(a + b) + b(a + b) = a(a – b) – b(a – b)
= a + ab + ba + b
2 2
= a2 – ab – ba + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

Example 18
Copy and complete the expansion of each perfect square.
a (x + 4)2 = x2 + ____ + 16 b (y − 6)2 = y2 − 12y + ____
c (5g + 9)2 = ____ + 90g + 81 d (3d − 5)2 = 9d2 − ____ + 25

Solution
In the expansion,
_____ = 2 × x × 4 Doubling the product of the 2 terms
a

= 8x
∴ (x + 4)2 = x2 + 8x + 16
In the expansion,
_____ = 62 The second term squared
b

= 36
∴ (y − 6)2 = y2 − 12y + 36

26 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 _____ = (5g)2 The first term squared
= 25g2
c STAGE 5.3

∴ (5g + 9) = 25g2 + 90g + 81

2

_____ = 2 × 3d × 5 Doubling the product of the 2 terms

= 30d
d

∴ (3d − 5)2 = 9d2 − 30d + 25

1.08
Example 19
Expand each perfect square.
a (n − 5)2 (k + 4) (3y − 8)
Special

2 2
binomial
b c products

Solution
(n − 5)2 = n2 − 2 × n × 5 + 52 1st term squared – double product +
= n2 − 10n + 25 2nd term squared
a

(k + 4)2 = k2 + 2 × k × 4 + 42
= k2 + 8k + 16
b

(3y − 8)2 = (3y)2 − 2 × 3y × 8 + 82

= 9y2 − 48y + 64
c

EXERCISE 1.08 ANSWERS ON P. 565

Perfect squares UFRC

1 Copy and complete the expansion of each perfect square.

(x + 10)2 = x2 + _____ + 100 (m − 8)2 = _____ − 16m + 64
EXAMPLE
a b 18

c (p − t)2 = p2 − 2pt + _____ d (h + 4)2 = h2 _____ + 16

e (k − 9)2 = k2 _____ + 81 f (8 + 5f)2 = 64_____ + 25f 2
g (2d + 3)2 = _____ + _____ + 9 h (6a + 1)2 = _____ + 12a + _____

2 Expand each perfect square.

(m + 9)2 (u + 3)2 (y − 6)2
EXAMPLE
a b c 19

d (8 + k)2 e (5 − h)2 f (7 + k)2

g (f + 20)2 h (q − 11)2 i (10 + t)2
j (x − w)2 k (a + g)2 l (2m − 3)2
m (5x − 6)2 n (9a + 2)2 o (3e − 4)2
p (5 + 7b)2 q (4 − 5p)2 r (11 − 2c)2
s (10g + 3)2 t (3k + 11)2 u (5 + 2v)2

3 Expand each perfect square.

a (7h + 2k)2 b (8a − 3y)2 c (xy + z)2
1
 1 + y 
1 3
2 2 2
d

e (k − )
k
f (w + )
w

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 27

 4 Use the expansion of a perfect square to evaluate each square number without using a
STAGE 5.3

calculator.
a 212 = (20 + 1)2 b 452 = (40 + 5)2 c 292 = (30 − 1)2
d 592 = (60 − 1)2 e 1022 = (100 + 2)2 f 982 = (100 − 2)2

5 A 10 cm square sheet of cardboard has a square of dimension x cm cut from each corner.
It is then folded to form a square-based prism. R C
10
x x
x x

10
x
b
b
x x
x x

a Why is the length of the square base (b) equal to (10 − 2x) cm?
b Find the area of the square base.
c Find the area of one side-face of the prism.
d Hence show that the surface area of the prism is (100 − 4x2) cm2.

Investigation
Squaring a number ending in 5
Study this mental shortcut for squaring a number ending in 5:
• to evaluate 352, calculate 3 × 4 = 12, append ‘25’ to the end: 352 = 1225
• to evaluate 752, calculate 7 × 8 = 56, append ‘25’ to the end: 752 = 5625
• to evaluate 1052, calculate 10 × 11 = 110, append ‘25’ to the end: 1052 = 11 025
Let n stand for the tens digit of the number ending in 5 being squared.
Expand (10n + 5)2 and investigate why the above method works.

Investigation
Expanding sums by differences
There is also special pattern when you multiply the sum of 2 terms by the difference of those
2 terms, for example, (x + 9)(x – 9).
1 a Expand and simplify (x + 9)(x – 9).
b How many terms are there in your answer?
c How are the terms in the answer related to x and 9?

Foundation Standard Complex

28 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 2 Expand and simplify each ‘sum by difference’.
a (k + 2)(k – 2)
b (m + 5)(m – 5)
c (p – 6)(p + 6)
Describe the expansion of (first term + second term)(first term – second term) by
copying and completing this statement:
3

The product of a ‘sum by difference’ is equal to the square of the first term _____________ 1.09

______________________
4 a Find a formula for (a + b)(a – b).
b Check this formula by expanding (a + b)(a – b) using an area diagram.

Difference of 2 squares 1.09

Difference of 2 squares STAGE 5.3

(a + b)(a – b) = a2 − b2 WS

The answer is called the difference of 2 squares. Worksheet

Homework
Special
products

Proof:
(a − b)(a + b) = a(a + b) − b(a + b)
= a2 + ab − ba − b2
=a −b
Difference

2 2
of 2 squares

When the sum of 2 terms is multiplied by their difference, the answer is the square of the first
term minus the square of the second term (the difference of 2 squares). Enough time

Example 20
Expand each expression.
a (d + 3)(d − 3) (2 + r)(2 − r)
Special
binomial
b
(7x + 2)(7x − 2) (4k − 5p)(4k + 5p)
products

c d

Solution
(d + 3)(d − 3) = d2 − 32 (2 + r)(2 − r) = 22 − r2
= d2 – 9 = 4 − r2
a b

(7x + 2)(7x − 2) = (7x)2 − 22 (4k − 5p)(4k + 5p) = (4k)2 − (5p)2

= 49x2 – 4 = 16k2 − 25p2
c d

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 29

STAGE 5.3 EXERCISE 1.09 ANSWERS ON P. 566
Difference of 2 squares UFRC

1 Expand each expression.

(m + 5)(m − 5) (c − 10)(c + 10) (a + 12)(a − 12)
EXAMPLE
20 a b c
d (6 − y)(6 + y) e (8 − m)(8 + m) f (p + 1)(p − 1)
g (5 + e)(5 − e) h (v + 11)(v − 11) i (w − 3)(w + 3)
j (x − 10)(x + 10) k (q + 7)(q − 7) l (9 − g)(9 + g)
m (b − 2)(b + 2) n (15 − r)(15 + r) o (d + 13)(d − 13)

2 Expand each expression.

a (2h − 3)(2h + 3) b (5r + 4)(5r − 4) c (5b + 8)(5b − 8)
d (4p − 7)(4p + 7) e (3 − 8k)(3 + 8k) f (7x − 5)(7x + 5)
g (2 + 9m)(2 − 9m) h (9k − 4l)(9k + 4l) i (7n + 8m)(7n − 8m)
j (4g − 5h)(4g + 5h) k (7u + 3w)(7u − 3w) l (11a + 3b)(11a − 3b)
−2 +2 (1 − )(1 + )
1 1 1 1
m (a + )(a − ) n ( 3
w
)( 3
w
) o

3 Natalie’s age is p years.

a a r r

What was Natalie’s age last year?

R C

a
b What will Natalie’s age be next year?
c Write an expression for (Natalie’s age last year) × (Natalie’s age next year).
d If (Natalie’s age last year) × (Natalie’s age next year) is equal to 48, what is Natalie’s age?

4 By expressing 31 × 29 as (30 + 1)(30 − 1), use the difference of 2 squares to find the
value of 31 × 29. R C

5 Use the method of question 4 to evaluate each expression.

21 × 19 51 × 49 89 × 91 78 × 82
R C

a b c d

6 Use ‘sum by difference’ to evaluate each expression.

a 152 − 142 b 242 − 232 c 652 − 352
d 1012 − 992 e 232 − 172 f 502 − 482

7 A square sheet of paper of length x cm

has a smaller square of length y cm cut
w

from one corner. It is then cut on the A x

diagonal AB and rearranged to form a

A

rectangle as shown. R C
Find an expression for:
x
B y l
a
the length (l) of the rectangle
y
i B

ii the width (w) of the rectangle

iii the area of the rectangle
The area of the rectangle should be the same as the area of the square on the left minus
the area of the smaller square. Find an expression for this area. What does this prove?
b

Foundation Standard Complex

30 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 Mixed expansions 1.10

Example 21 STAGE 5.3

Expand and simplify each expression.

a (4r + 5)(1 – 2r) b (7 + 9x)2 1.10
(3d − 10)(3d + 10) (a + 6)(a − 6) + (a + 12)(a + 3)
Expanding
c d
(m − 2) − (m − 2)(m + 2)
binomials

2
e
WS

Solution
(4r + 5)(1 – 2r) = 4r(1 – 2r) + 5(1 – 2r) (7 + 9x)2 = 72 + 2 × 7 × 9x + (9x)2
Worksheet6
Homework
Algebra

= 4r – 8r2 + 5 – 10r = 49 + 126x + 81x2

a b

= –8r2 – 6r + 5 = 81x2 + 126x + 49

(3d − 10)(3d + 10) = (3d)2 – 102
= 9d2 – 100
c

(a + 6)(a − 6) + (a + 12)(a + 3) = a2 − 36 + a2 + 3a + 12a + 36

= 2a2 + 15a
d

(m − 2)2 − (m − 2)(m + 2) = m2 − 4m + 4 − (m2 − 4)

= m2 − 4m + 4 − m2 + 4
e

= –4m + 8

EXERCISE 1.10 ANSWERS ON P. 566

Mixed expansions UFRC

1 Expand and simplify each expression.

(2m − 1)(2m + 1) (y + 4)(5y − 3) (2k − 7)2
EXAMPLE
a b c 21

d (d + 9)2 e (2e − 1)(e + 1) f (5a + 4)(5a − 4)

g (2 − p)(p − 2) h (10 – 6y)(10 + 6y) i (h − 3m)2

(2x − 3)(y + 3) (11a − 4b)(11a + 4b)

1
2
j k l (u − )
u

2 Expand and simplify each expression.

(m − 5)(m + 5) + 25 6y + (y − 3)2 + 9
R C

a b
c (3x + 1)(2 – x) + 2x + 4 d (d + 4)2 − 8d + 5
e 16 + (4k − 8)(4k + 8) f (x – y)2 − (x + y)2
g 20a − (a − 2)(a − 5) + a2 h 2(f − 2)(f + 2)
i (2h + 3)2 − (2h − 3)(2h + 3) j 7xy − (2x − 3)(y + 3)

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 31

 3 Expand and simplify each expression.
STAGE 5.3

(8a − 1)(8a + 1) − 4a2 + 1 (n + 1)2 + 2n + 3

R C

a b
c 3(4 − u)(4 + u) + (u − 12)(u + 4) d (2m − n)2 + (2m + n)2
e (x − 2)(x + 3) − (x − 2)(x + 2) f 2(b − 1)2 − (2b − 1)2
g (y + 1)2 + (y + 2)2 + (y + 3)2 h (x − 3)(x + 3) + (x + 3)2 + (x − 3)2
i (5n + 3)(5n − 3) + (3n − 5)(3n + 5) j 2(a − b)(a + b) − (a + b)2 − (a − b)2

Mental skills 1B: Maths without calculators ANSWERS ON P. 566

Multiplying by 9, 11, 99 and 101
We can use expansion when multiplying by a number near 10 or near 100.
1 Study each example.

a 25 × 11 = 25 × (10 + 1) b 14 × 9 = 14 × (10 – 1)
= 25 × 10 + 25 × 1 = 14 × 10 – 14 × 1
= 250 + 25 = 140 – 14
= 275 = 126

c 32 × 12 = 32 × (10 + 2) d 7 × 99 = 7 × (100 – l)
= 32 × 10 + 32 × 2 = 7 × l00 – 7 × 1
= 320 + 64 = 700 – 7
= 384 = 693

e 27 × 101 = 27 × (100 + 1) f 18 × 8 = 18 × (10 – 2)

= 27 × 100 + 27 × 1 = 18 × l0 – 18 × 2
= 2700 + 27 = 180 – 36
= 2727 = 144

2 Now evaluate each product.

a 16 × 11 b 33 × 11 c 29 × 9 d 45 × 9
e 62 × 11 f 7 × 101 g 18 × 101 h 36 × 99
i 19 × 8 j 45 × 12 k 21 × 102 l 6 × 98
m 32 × 9 m 7 × 99 o 39 × 101 p 71 × 12

Foundation Standard Complex

32 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 Factorising special binomial products 1.11

Factorising by grouping in pairs STAGE 5.3

An algebraic expression with 4 terms can often be factorised in pairs, that is, 2 terms at a time,
to make a binomial product. 1.11
Grouping

Example 22
Factorise each expression.
a 3ac + 2bd + 2bc + 3ad b 4km + 6mn − 6kp − 9np
c 10xw − 6yw − 10xt + 6yt

Solution
a 3ac + 2bd + 2bc + 3ad = 3ac + 3ad + 2bd + 2bc Grouping into pairs for factorising
= 3a(c + d) + 2b(d + c) Factorising each pair
= (c + d)(3a + 2b) Factorising again
b 4km + 6mn − 6kp − 9np = 2m(2k + 3n) − 3p(2k + 3n) Factorising each pair
= (2k + 3n)(2m − 3p) Factorising again
c 10xw − 6yw − 10xt + 6yt = 2(5xw − 3yw − 5xt + 3yt) Factorising all terms first
= 2(5xw − 5xt − 3yw + 3yt) Grouping into pairs for factorising
= 2[5x(w − t) – 3y(w − t)] Factorising each pair
= 2(w − t)(5x − 3y) Factorising again

Factorising the difference of 2 squares

We have learned the formula (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2.
If we use this rule in reverse, then the factors of a − b are (a + b) and (a − b).
Difference
2 2
of 2 perfect
squares

Factorising the difference of 2 squares

a2 − b2 = (a + b)(a − b)

Example 23
Factorise each expression.
a x2 − 4 9 − 16b2 20d2 − 5a2 y3 − y
Difference
of 2 squares
b c d

Solution
x2 − 4 = x2 − 22 9 − 16b2 = 32 − (4b)2
= (x + 2)(x − 2) = (3 + 4b)(3 – 4b)
a b

20d2 − 5a2 = 5(4d2 – a2) y3 – y = y(y2 − 1)

= 5[(2d)2 – a2] = y(y + 1)(y – 1)
c d

= 5(2d + a)(2d − a)

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 33

STAGE 5.3 EXERCISE 1.11 ANSWERS ON P. 566
Factorising special binomial products UF

1 Factorise each expression.

4ab + 5bc + 4ad + 5cd 2xy − 5wy + 2xt − 5wt
EXAMPLE
22 a b
c 9ac + 6bc + 12ad + 8bd d 10x2 + 30 + x3 + 3x
e 3a2 + 3ab + 3ac + 3bc f 6rt − 18wt + 6rp − 18wp
g 14e − 21 + 2de − 3d h hk − h2 − 2k + 2h
i 3mn − 6m + pn − 2p j 9p2 − 27 + qp2 − 3q
k fg − fh − 10g + 10h l 9kl − 12ml + 9kn − 12mn
m 2p − 2c − p + pc
2
n l3 + lm2 − 3l2 − 3m2
o a(x + 1) + y(x + 1) − ka – ky p p(a − b) − 2q(a − b) + 3qp − 6q2

2 Factorise each expression.

w2 – 9 y2 – 36 k2 – 1 m2 − 121
EXAMPLE
23 a b c d
e p2 – 64 f c2 – 100 g 4e2 – f 2 h a2 − 9b2
i 16y2 – 1 j 4 − b2 k 25 − e2 l 1 − 16x2
m k2 − u2 n 49 − 16m2 o b2 − 121d2 p 36c2 − 25k2
q 16 − 81h2 r 25a2 − 64m2 s 100 − 49n2 t 121p2 − 144q2
1 1 1
− 25c 2 4 w2 − 64h2 − 2 1 − m2n2
4 9 4
u v w x

3 Factorise each expression.

a 2a2 − 2b2 b 7k2 – 28 c 3 − 75u2 d x3 − 49x
k − 16k3 50q2 – 2 3d2 − 12v2 5t5 − 125t3
5
e f g h
2a b – 2
2 2
xy −xw
2 2 2 2
192f − 108g
2 2
45d2 −
4
i j k l

1 1
m 2x2 − 8a2 100 − 25w2 1 − 80e 2 9c 2 − 6
4 4
n o p

4 Factorise each expression.

p2 b2 1 v 2 u2 2 y 2 2 m2
x2 −
16 25 9 64 81 9 121
a − b c − d −

16a2 25b2
g4 − 81 100 − n4 (x + y)2 − x2
49 4
e − f g h

(p − 2q)2 − (2p + q)2

x2 y2
4 36
i j −
k (a + b)2 − (a − b)2 l 25 − (4 − x)2

Foundation Standard Complex

34 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 Investigation
Factorising quadratic expressions
1 a Show that (x + 3)(x + 5) = x2 + 8x + 15.
The quadratic expression x2 + 8x + 15 has 3 terms. The coefficient of x is 8, the
number in front of the x. How are the 3 and 5 in (x + 3)(x + 5) related to the 8?
b

The constant term in x2 + 8x + 15 is 15, the number with no x at the end. How are
the 3 and 5 related to the 15?
c 1.12

2 a Expand (x + 9)(x + 2).

b What is the coefficient of x? How are 9 and 2 related to it?
c What is the constant term? How are 9 and 2 related to it?
3 a Expand (x + 8)(x − 3).
b What is the coefficient of x? How are 8 and −3 related to it?
c What is the negative constant term? How are 8 and −3 related to it?
4 a Expand (x − 4)(x − 1).
b What is the negative coefficient of x? How are −4 and −1 related to it?
c What is the positive constant term? How are −4 and −1 related to it?
In the expansion of any binomial product, how are the coefficient of x and the constant
term related to the numbers in the binomials?
5

6 Copy and complete:

a (x + ___)(x + ___) = x2 + 5x + 4 b (x + ___)(x + ___) = x2 + 8x + 15
c (x + ___)(x + ___) = x2 + 7x + 12 d (x + ___)(x − ___) = x2 – 4x − 32
e (x + ___)(x − ___) = x2 + 2x – 3 f (x − ___)(x − ___) = x2 − 9x + 20

Factorising quadratic expressions 1.12

A quadratic expression such as x2 − 5x + 7 is called a trinomial because it has 3 terms.
Other examples of quadratic trinomials are x2 + x – 15, 2x2 − 3x + 9 and −4x2 + 9x + 20.
The expansion of (x + 2)(x + 4) is x2 + 6x + 8.
∴ The factorisation of x2 + 6x + 8 is (x + 2)(x + 4).
When factorising a quadratic trinomial such as x2 + 6x + 8:
Perfect
squares

• each factor must have an x term to give x2 x2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4) Technology

Factorising
trinomials

• 2 + 4 = 6, which is the coefficient of x,

the number in front of the x x2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4)
Factorising
trinomials

• 2 × 4 = 8, which is the constant term with no x. x2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4)

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 35

 Example 24
Factorising
quadratic
Factorise a2 + 7a + 12.
expressions 1

Solution
Find the 2 numbers that have a sum of 7 and a product of 12.
It is best to test numbers that have a product of 12 and
Pair of Product Sum

then check if their sum equals 7:

numbers

The correct numbers are 3 and 4.

6, 2 6 × 2 = 12 6+2=8

∴ a2 + 7a + 12 = (a + 3)(a + 4)
3, 4 3 × 4 = 12 3+4=7

Example 25
Factorising
quadratic
Factorise x2 + x – 6.
expressions 1

Solution
Find 2 numbers with a sum of 1 and a product of –6.
Test numbers that have a product of –6
Pair of Product Sum
numbers

and check their sums: +6, –1 +6 × (–1) = –6 +6 + (–1) = 5

The correct numbers are 3 and –2.

∴ x2 + x – 6 = (x + 3)(x – 2)
+2, –3 +2 × (–3) = –6 2 + (–3) = –1
+3, –2 +3 × (–2) = –6 +3 + (–2) = 1

Factorising quadratic trinomials of the form x2 + bx + c

• Find 2 numbers that have a sum of b and a product of c
• Use these 2 numbers to write a binomial product of the form (x ___ )(x ___ )

Example 26
Factorise each quadratic expression.
a a2 − 2a − 15 b y2 – 6y + 8 x2 – 2  x + 1
Factorising
quadratic
expressions 1 c

Solution
a2 − 2a − 15
Find 2 numbers that have a product of –15 and a sum of –2. Since the product is
a

negative, one of the numbers must be negative. They are –5 and +3.
∴ a2 – 2a – 15 = (a – 5)(a + 3)
y2 − 6y + 8
Product = 8, sum = −6.
b

Since the sum is negative, one of the numbers must be negative, but since the product is
positive, both of the numbers must be negative. They are −2 and −4.
∴ y2 − 6y + 8 = ( y − 2)( y − 4)
x2 – 2  x + 1
Product = 1, sum = −2. Since the sum is negative, one of the numbers must be negative, but
c

since the product is positive, both of the numbers must be negative.

They are −1 and −1.
∴ x2 – 2x + 1 = (x − 1)(x − 1)
= (x − 1)2        Note: (x − 1)2 is a perfect square.

36 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 Example 27
Factorise each quadratic trinomial.
a 3g2 + 12g – 36 b 48 − 8p − p2

Solution
3g2 + 12g − 36 = 3(g2 + 4g − 12) Taking out the HCF of 3 first
= 3(g − 2)(g + 6) Product = –12, sum = 4
a

48 − 8p − p2 = −p2 − 8p + 48 Rearranging the terms to make the p2 term first

1.12

= −1(p2 + 8p − 48) Taking out a common factor of –1

b

= −(p + 12)(p − 4) Product = –48, sum = 8

EXERCISE 1.12 ANSWERS ON P. 566

Factorising quadratic expressions UFR

1 Find 2 numbers whose:

product is 6 and their sum is −7 product is −12 and their sum is 1
R

a b
c product is −15 and their sum is −2 d product is 12 and their sum is 7
e product is 20 and their sum is −9 f product is −14 and their sum is 5
g product is −10 and their sum is 3 h product is−25 and their sum is 0
i product is −2 and their sum is −1 j product is −18 and their sum is −7

2 Factorise each quadratic expression.

m2 + 7m + 12 x2 + 12x + 35 k2 + 5k + 4
R
EXAMPLE
a b c 24

d p2 + 7p + 10 e w2 + 9w + 20 f b2 + 6b + 5
g e2 + 5e + 6 h r2 + 4r + 4 i n2 + 11n + 10
j a2 + 11a + 30 k d2 + 10d + 24 l y2 + 15y + 44

3 Factorise each quadratic expression.

p – 5p + 4 v – 11v + 30 c y2 – 7y + 12
R

2 2
EXAMPLE
a b 25

d x2 – 12x + 20 e a2 – 9a + 18 f e2 – 8e + 12
g c2 – 14c + 48 h w2 – 5w + 6 i d2 – 18d + 77
j u2 – 3u + 2 k n2 – 8n + 16 l b2 – 15b + 56

4 Factorise each quadratic expression.

x + 3x – 4 g + 5g – 24 y2 − 2y – 3
R

2 2
EXAMPLE
a b c 26

d r − 5r – 14
2
e m + 2m – 15
2
f a +a–2
2

g m − 9m + 20
2
h h − 3h – 4
2
i d2 – 6d + 9
j w2 + 4w – 12 k a2 − 4a – 12 l k2 + 5k – 14
m c2 – 7c – 18 n e2 − 6e – 27 o u2 + 6u – 55
p p2 + 9p – 36 q x2 + 9x – 52 r q2 – 9q – 70

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 37

 5 Factorise each expression, given it is a perfect square.
m + 4m + 4 p + 20p + 100 a2 − 10a + 25
R

2 2
a b c
y2 – 14y +49 w2 + 24w + 144 a 2 − 3a + 2
1
4
d e f

6 Factorise each quadratic expression. Look for the highest common factor first.
3m2 + 9m + 6 2y2 + 2y – 4 5t2 − 10t − 400
R
EXAMPLE
27 a b c
d 5e4 + 25e3 − 120e2 e x3 − x2 − 110x f 4b2 − 4b − 168
g 4w2 + 4w – 48 h 3a3 − 9a2 − 12a i 2e2 + 18e + 40
j 24 − 5t − t2 k 42 + u − u2 l 28 + 3x − x2
m 12 − b − b2 n 7k − 12 − k2 o 12x − 35 − x2

7 Factorise each quadratic expression.

h2 − 3h – 18 18 − 7t − t2 w2 + 8w + 7
R

a b c
d k2 − 12k – 45 e v2 + 8v – 20 f 3c2 + 30c + 75
g q2 − 6q + 5 h a2 − 4a + 3 i 6x2 + 36x − 96
j x2 − 16x + 64 k 8u2 − 24u – 32 l b2 + 11b + 30
m y2 − 12y + 36 n 5r2 − 5r – 10 o 4l2 − 8l − 32
p g2 − 24g + 80 q 108 − 6d − 2d2 r 26 + 11n − n2

STAGE 5.3
Investigation
Factorising quadratic trinomials by grouping in pairs
We can factorise the quadratic trinomial 6y2 + 19y + 15 by rewriting it as
6y2 + 10y + 9y + 15, splitting up the middle term 19y.
1

a Factorise 6y2 + 10y + 9y + 15 by grouping in pairs.

Factorise 6y2 + 9y + 10y + 15 by grouping in pairs. Is your answer the same as that
for part a?
b

In 6y2 + 19y + 15, 6 is the coefficient of y2 while 15 is the constant term. Find the
product of 6 and 15 and the product of 10 and 9. What do you notice?
c

2 a Factorise 2c2 + 13c + 21 by rewriting it as 2c2 + 6c + 7c + 21.

b Factorise 2c2 + 13c + 21 by rewriting it as 2c2 + 7c + 6c + 21.
c Find the product of 2 and 21 and the product of 6 and 7. What do you notice?

Factorising quadratic expressions of the

1.13
form ax2 + bx + c
We will now factorise quadratic trinomials such as 6x2 + 19x + 15, where x2 has a coefficient that
is not a common factor. We do this by splitting the middle term into 2 terms and then factorise
STAGE 5.3

by grouping in pairs.

Trinominoes

Foundation Standard Complex

38 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 Example 28 STAGE 5.3

Factorise 3x2 + 8x + 4.

Solution
We need to split up the middle term 8x.
Factorising
quadratic

Find 2 numbers that have a product of 12 and a sum of 8.

expressions
(Advanced)

sum of 8
3x + 8x + 4 = 3x + 8x + 4
1.13
2 2

product of 3 × 4 = 12
The 2 numbers are +6 and +2, so we will split 8x into 6x and 2x.
∴ 3x2 + 8x + 4 = 3x2 + 6x + 2x + 4
= 3x(x + 2) + 2(x + 2) Factorising by grouping in pairs
= (x + 2)(3x + 2) Factorising again

Factorising quadratic trinomials of the form ax2 + bx + c

• Find 2 numbers that have a sum of b and a product of ac
• Use these 2 numbers to split the middle term bx into 2 terms
• Factorise by grouping in pairs

Example 29
Factorise each quadratic expression.
a 5k2 − 12k + 4 b 9m2 − 9m − 4 6t + t − 12
Factorising

2
quadratic
c expressions 2

Solution
5k2 – 12k + 4
5 × 4 = 20
a

Find 2 numbers that have a product of 20 –5 × (–4) = 20; –5 + (–4) = –9 

and a sum of –12. –10 × (–2) = 20; –10 + (–2) = –12 
Since the sum is negative and the product
is positive, both of the numbers must be
negative.
They are –10 and –2.
Split –12k into –10k and –2k.
5k2 − 12k + 4 = 5k2 − 10k – 2k + 4
= 5k(k − 2) − 2(k − 2) Factorising by grouping in pairs
= (k − 2)(5k − 2)
9m2 − 9m – 4
9 × (–4) = –36
b

Find 2 numbers with a product of –36 and

a sum of –9.
Since the product is negative, one of the 12 × (–3) = –36; 12 + (–3) = 9 
numbers must be negative. –12 × 3 = –36, –12 + 3 = –9 

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 39

 They are –12 and 3.
9m2 − 9m − 4 = 9m2 − 12m + 3m − 4
STAGE 5.3

= 3m(3m − 4) + 1(3m − 4)
= (3m − 4)(3m + 1)
6t2 + t – 12
6 × (–12) = –72.
c

Find 2 numbers with a product of –72 and 8 × (–9) = –72; 8 + (–9) = –1 

a sum of 1. –8 × 9 = –72; –8 + 9 = 1 
They are –8 and +9.
6t2 + t − 12 = 6t2 − 8t + 9t − 12
= 2t(3t − 4) + 3(3t − 4)
= (3t − 4)(2t + 3)

Example 30
Factorise each quadratic expression.
a 18a2 − 18a – 8 b 10 − 7x − 12x2

Solution
18a2 − 18a − 8 = 2(9a2 − 9a − 4) Taking out the HCF of 2 first
= 2(9a2 − 12a + 3a − 4) Product = –36, sum = –9
a

= 2[3a(3a − 4) + 1(3a − 4)]

= 2(3a − 4)(3a + 1)
10 − 7x − 12x2 = −12x2 − 7x + 10 Rearranging the terms to make the x2 term first
= −(12x + 7x − 10) Taking out a common factor of –1
b
2

= −(12x2 + 15x − 8x − 10) Product = –120, sum = –7

= −[3x(4x + 5) − 2(4x + 5)]
= −(4x + 5)(3x − 2)

EXERCISE 1.13 ANSWERS ON P. 567

Factorising quadratic expressions of the form ax2 + bx + c UFR

1 Factorise each quadratic expression.

2x2 + 11x + 5 4m2 + 13m + 3 5y2 + 17y + 6
R
EXAMPLE
28 a b c
d 6u2 + 19u + 10 e 2w2 + 31w + 15 f 4e2 + 15e + 9
g 8f 2 + 14f + 3 h 3d 2 + 5d + 2 i 2b2 + 9b + 7
j 5y2 + 16y + 11 k 8g2 + 26g + 15 l 6a2 + 23a + 21

2 Factorise each quadratic expression.

2y − 11y + 12 10k − 19k + 6 6e2 − 13e + 6
R

2 2
EXAMPLE
29 a b c
d 4b2 − 13b + 3 e 6w2 − 23w + 15 f 12f 2 − 25f + 12
g 15m2 – 26m + 8 h 9x2 − 12x + 4 i 2a2 – 23a + 45
j 12y2 – 35y + 8 k 8d2 – 34d + 21 l 4h2 − 36h + 81

Foundation Standard Complex

40 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 3 Factorise each quadratic expression.
STAGE 5.3

5y2 − 6y – 11 4d2 − d – 5 2m2 − 3m − 9

R

a b c
d 3t − t – 30
2
e 6h − h – 7
2
f 2y2 − 5y − 12
g 8a2 − 2a – 3 h 15u2 − 7u – 4 i 9c2 − 12c − 5
j 6c2 – 7c – 24 k 20n2 – 27n – 14 l 12x2 – 7x – 10

4 Factorise each quadratic expression.

5m2 + 2m – 7 6g2 + g – 12 3p2 + 4p − 4
R
1.14
a b c
d 7w2 + 6w – 1 e 5y2 + 14y – 3 f 3n2 + 10n − 8
g 4b2 + 9b – 9 h 8m2 + 10m – 3 i 3x2 + 2x – 16
j 8u2 + 26u – 15 k 24e2 + 31e – 15 l 20h2 + 11h – 42

5 Factorise each expression given it is a perfect square.

81w2 − 180w + 100 4y2 + 8y + 4 25h2 − 40h + 16
R
EXAMPLE
a b c 30

6 Factorise each quadratic expression by first taking out a common factor.

6y + 10y – 4 6g + 15g – 36 24e − 28e − 12
R

2 2 2
a b c
d 8a − 10a – 12
2
e 12u + 20u – 8
2
f −25q2 − 5q + 6
g −12m2 + 14m – 4 h 20 − h − 12h2 i 18 + 48c + 24c2
j 15 + 9w – 6w2 k 12d2 + 2d – 30 l 22x − 12 − 6x2

7 Factorise each quadratic expression.

2a + 5a + 3 12m − 32m + 5 4x2 + 11x − 3
R

2 2
a b c
d 7w2 − 8w + 1 e 4h2 − 7h – 15 f 8x2 − 2x − 3
g 5r2 + 26r + 5 h 2d2 − 15d + 7 i 6n2 − 7n − 3
j 8 − 6m − 9m2 k 3 − 2c − 5c2 l 15g2 + 19g + 6
m 15 + 14q − 8q2 n 3x2 − 13x + 14 o 16 − 8d − 3d 2
p 42 – 10y – 12y2 q 28d2 – 44d – 24 r 100k2 + 80k +16

Mixed factorisations 1.14

Factorisation strategies STAGE 5.3

• Look for any common factors and factorise first

• If there are 2 terms, try factorising using the difference of 2 squares
• If there are 3 terms, try factorising as a quadratic trinomial
Factorising

• If there are 4 terms, try factorising by grouping in pairs

puzzle
(Advanced)

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 41

 Algebraic expression
STAGE 5.3

Factorominoes Take out any common factors

2 terms 3 terms 4 terms

Products

Factorise if difference If quadratic trinomial, Try to factorise by

and factors
squaresaw

of two squares try to factorise grouping in pairs

Example 31
Factorise each quadratic expression.
a 3a2 – 27 b 5a2 + 100
c 20b2 − 52b + 24 d d3 − d2 − d + 1

Solution
3a2 − 27 = 3(a2 − 9) Taking out the HCF of 3 first
= 3(a + 3)(a − 3) Difference of 2 squares
a

b 5a2 + 100 = 5(a2 + 20) 2 terms but not a difference of 2 squares

20b2 − 52b + 24 = 4(5b2 − 13b + 6)
= 4(5b2 − 10b − 3b + 6)
c

= 4[5b(b − 2) – 3(b − 2)]

= 4(b − 2)(5b − 3)
d3 − d2 − d + 1 = d2(d − 1) − 1(d − 1) Factorising by grouping in pairs
= (d − 1)(d2 − 1)
d

= (d − 1)(d + 1)(d − 1) Difference of 2 squares

= (d − 1)2(d + 1)

EXERCISE 1.14 ANSWERS ON P. 567

Mixed factorisations UFR

1 Factorise each expression.

m − 16m + 64 3d 2 − 3d 3w2 – 4w − 15
R

2
EXAMPLE
31 a b c
d 3k − 15 − 5h + hk e 25y2 – 64 f 100f 2 − 64
g q2 + 3q − 3pq h 3 + 2g − g2 i 24n2 + 44n − 40
j 25r2 – 1 k b3 + b 2 + b + 1 l 4x2 − 20x + 25
m 4 − d − 5d 2 n a3 − a2 − a + 1 o 8 − 2v2
p mn2 + mnp + 3mn + 3mp q 2w2 − 24w + 72
r 36h2 + 12h + 1

Foundation Standard Complex

42 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 2 Factorise each expression.
STAGE 5.3

15r2 − 31rt − 24t2 4d 2 + 4d + 1 9g2 − 36k2

R

a b c
d e3 − 3e2 − 10e e 5(p + q)2 − 125(p − q)2 f 28x2 − 7
g a2 − b2 + 4a − 4b h c3 − 2c2 − 4c + 8 i 6a2 + 13a − 5
j y2 – 3y + 5y – 35 k 18p2 + 24p + 8 l 1 − 2a − 24a2
m 9x2 − 27x + 18x – 54 n 2a2b − 6ab − 3a + 9 o 2a2 + 12a + 18
p 25u2 − 10u + 1 q 4k2 − 5k – 21 r 48 − 3w2 1.15

s 3 – 27c2 t k3 + 4k2 − 16k – 64 u 5y3 − 10y2 + 15y

v m3n − 4mn w 8 − 2a2 x 32c2 − 40c – 12

3 Factorise each expression.

12e + 13e – 35 10y2 + 19ky – 15k2 16h4 – 81
R

2
a b c
d w2 – (6 – w)2 e d3 – 16d + 4 – d f u2 – 8u + 16 – k2

Factorising algebraic fractions 1.15

Example 32 STAGE 5.3

Simplify each expression.

10a + 25b 9 y 2 − 16 x2 + x t 2 − 3t + 2
WS

5 6y + 8 −4 x − 4 3t 2 − 5t − 2
a b c d Worksheet
Homework
Simplifying
algebraic
fractions

Solution
10a + 25b 5 (2a + 5b) 9 y 2 − 16 ( 3 y + 4 )( 3 y − 4 )
Factorise, then cancel.
1

5 51 6y + 8 2 (3 y + 4 )
a = b =
= 2a + 5b
(3 y + 4 )(3 y − 4 )
2 (3 y + 4 )
=

3y − 4
2
=

x2 + x x ( x + 1) t 2 − 3t + 2 (t − 2 )(t − 1)
−4 x − 4 −4 ( x + 1) 3t 2 − 5t − 2 ( t − 2 )( 3t + 1)
c = d =

x ( x + 1) (t − 2 )(t − 1)
−4 ( x + 1) (t − 2 )(3t + 1)
= =

t −1
4 3t + 1
x
=− =

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 43

STAGE 5.3
Example 33
Simplify each expression.
4 3 3 2
x2 + x x2 − 1 m2 + 2m − 3 m2 + 2m − 15
a + b −

Solution
4 3 4 3
Factorising denominators
x 2 + x x 2 − 1 x ( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
a + = +

4 ( x − 1) 3x
Using common denominators
x ( x + 1)( x − 1) x ( x + 1)( x − 1)
= +

4 x − 4 + 3x
x ( x + 1)( x − 1)
=

7x − 4
x ( x + 1)( x − 1)
=

3 2
m2 + 2m − 3 m2 − 2m − 15
b −

3 2
= Factorising denominators
(m + 3)(m − 1) (m + 3)(m − 5)
−

3(m − 5) 2(m − 1)
= Using common denominators
(m + 3)(m − 1)(m − 5) (m + 3)(m − 1)(m − 5)
−

3(m − 5) − 2(m − 1)
=
(m + 3)(m − 1)(m − 5)
3m − 15 − 2m + 2
=
(m + 3)(m − 1)(m − 5)
m − 13
=
(m + 3)(m − 1)(m − 5)

Example 34
Simplify each expression.
3m − 6 8m d 2 + 3d + 2 d 2 + d
4 m − 2m d2 − 9 3d + 9
a × 2 b ÷

Solution
3m − 6 8m 3 (m − 2 ) 8m
4 m − 2m 4 m (m − 2 )
a × 2 = ×

3(m − 2 ) 2
8m
41 m (m − 2 )
= ×

=6

d + 3d + 2 d + d d2 + 3d + 2 3d + 9
2 2

d2 − 9 3d + 9 d2 − 9
b ÷ = × 2

( d + 2 )( d + 1) × 3 ( d + 3)
d +d

( d + 3)( d − 3) d ( d + 1)
=

( d + 2 )( d + 1) × 3( d + 3)
( d + 3)( d − 3) d ( d + 1)
=

3(d + 2)
d ( d − 3)
=

44 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 EXERCISE 1.15 ANSWERS ON P. 568 STAGE 5.3

Factorising algebraic fractions UFR

1 Simplify each expression.

3x + 3 y 5
R
EXAMPLE

3 10t − 10r
ab − ac 32
a b c
a2
y −1 w 2 − 16 5d − 5 w
1− y w+4
d e f
d2 − w 2 1.15
( k + 5 )2 6c 2 − 6
k 2 − 25 2c + 2
am − an + m − n
g h i
m2 − n 2
y 2 + 9 y + 20 k 2 − 3k − 4 16a2 − 25c 2
2 y + 10 k 2 − 16 4 a2 − 9ac + 5c 2
j k l

x2 + 4 x + 4 1 − c − 2c 2 ap + 4 p − 2 a − 8
x2 − x − 6 3c 2 + 2c − 1 2 p2 − 8
m n o

c 2 − 9c + 20 h 2 + 3h + 2 8e 2 − 14e − 15
cu − 4 + c − 4u 2 h2 + 4 h 4e 3 − 25e
p q r

2 Simplify each expression.

5 2 6 4
R
EXAMPLE

m ( m + 1) ( m + 1)( m + 2 ) ( w + 5 )( w + 3) w ( w + 3)
33
a + b −

3 1 2 3
(b + 2 )(b − 1) (b − 1)(b − 3) k2 + k k2 − 1
c + d −

5 3 3 4
4 h + 4 h2 + h d 2 + 3d + 2 d + 2
e + f −

3 5 3
r 2 − 36 4r + 24 d2 + 2 d d2 − 4
d
g − h +

5 2 3
k 2 − 3k − 4 k 2 − 1 q2 − 1 q + 1
k
i − j +

4 3 2 7
a2 − 8a + 15 a2 + 4 a − 21 y2 + 5 y + 6 y − y − 12
k + l − 2

5 8 3 4
e 2 + 3e + 2 e 2 + 9e + 14 6h2 − h − 2 12 h2 − 23h + 10
m − n +

3 Simplify each expression.

3m + 9 4m 5d − 10 5d − 15 4 e 2 + 2e
R

2 m+3 3d − 9 8d − 16 e +2 8e
a × b × c ×

3k + 6 10k 5h 6h + 18 4 3a + 3b
5 k +2 3h + 9 8
d × e × 2 f ×
h +h a2 − b 2
r 2 − rt 20m + 16 7m p2 + 2 p + 1 4 p − 4
5r + 5t 7m − 7 5m + 4 p2 − 1
r +t
g 2 2
× h × i × 2
t −r p +p
y + 2 7 y + 14 5 15 4n + 8 6n + 12
5y 15 y x2 − 4 2 x + 4 n+5 5n + 25
j ÷ k ÷ l ÷

d2 + d 6d 1 4 3f +6 f 2 −2f −8
d+3 d −9 f2 −6f +9 f −9 f2 + f −6 f − f − 12
m ÷ 2 n ÷ 2 o ÷ 2

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 45

 Power plus ANSWERS ON P.568
For this composite shape, write an expression
for:
1 u+t +
A B

the length of CD
3u + 2t
a
the length of BC
C D
b
its perimeter
u−t
c
its area 2u + 5t
F E
d
2 Find the average of 6r, 2r + 8, r – 5, 2r, r + 7 and 3r + 8.
A rectangular garden has its longer sides each 5 m longer than its shorter sides. If its
longer sides each have length y m, then write a simplified expression for:
3

a the area of the garden

b the perimeter of the garden
How many hours does it take a car to travel a distance of 20t2 kilometres at an average
speed of 4t km/h?
4

5 Expand and simplify each expression.

a (a + b)(a + b + c) b (x − 2)(x + y − 3) c (p + 3)(p − 4)(p − 5)
d (x − 1)(y − 1)(w − 1) e (ad − 3r) 2
f (x3 + 2)2
6 Factorise each expression.
a n2 + 4mn + 4m2 b x2 − 2xy + y2 c 25x2 − 40xy + 16y2
d 5a2 − 30ab + 45b2 e c4 + 2c2 + 1 f 8 – 7k2 − k4
g x4 – 1 h (a + b)2 − c2 i (p + q)2 − (p − q)2
7 If x2 + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q), what are the signs of p and q if:
a b and c are both positive? b b and c are both negative?
c b is positive and c is negative? d b is negative and c is positive?
8 Simplify each expression.
x −1 4x + 2 2x + 5 x − 4 x +1
4 10 6 3 3 5
x
a + b + c −

46 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW WS

Worksheet2
Homework
Algebra

Language of maths
area diagram binomial binomial product coefficient
Qz

common factor constant term difference of 2 squares distributive law

Algebra

expand expression factor factorise

CHAPTER 1 REVIEW
formula grouping in pairs highest common factor (HCF) like terms
perfect square pronumeral product quadratic trinomial
simplify sum variable
1 Why is it possible to add or subtract terms like 6n and 4n but not 7x and 2y?
2 In the expression 2x2 – 3x + 6, what is:
a  the constant term? b the coefficient of x2?
3 In what type of algebraic expression is the highest power of the variable equal to 2?
4 Explain what product means.
5 In algebra, what is the opposite of expand?
6 Complete: A binomial is an algebraic expression with ____ _________.

Topic summary
• Using your own words, write down the new things you have learnt.
• What parts of this topic did you like?
WS

• What parts of this topic did you find difficult or you did not understand?
Worksheet
Homework
Mind map:
Products

• Make a list of the skills you have learnt in this topic, such as substituting and expanding.
and factors

Print (or copy) and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using
pictures, symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.

Adding and Multiplying and

Algebraic fractions
subtracting terms dividing terms

PRODUCTS AND
FACTORS

Factorising algebraic Factorising Expanding

fractions expressions expressions

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 47

 TEST YOURSELF 1 ANSWERS ON P.568

1 Simplify each expression.

9y + 7y 4ab – 7ab 3x2 + 5x2
1.01
a b c
d 7p + 2q – 5p e 4w – 5 + 2w f 8x2 – 13x – 5x2
g 2m + 3n + 5m + 7n h 5u + 7 – 2u – 3 i 12d2 + 5d – 7d + 4

2 Simplify each expression.

TEST YOURSELF 1

9 × 2n g× 3h a×d
1.02
a b c
d (–3) × 2r e 12y ÷ 3y
2
f 2xy ÷ 8y
g 20pq ÷ (–5q) h 15g ÷ 25g
2
i 36md2 ÷ 27md

3 Simplify each expression.

h 4h 11k 7 k 7 5
1.03

6 6 8 8
a + b − c −
m m
w 2w 4k k 5 4
4 5 3 2 2d d
d − e − f −

d 3 8 3 2 y 3d
5k k m+1 m+1 5 2
g − h − i +

4 Simplify each expression.

5 4 h 3 14 9 y
1.04

3 y 2d
a × b × c ×
m i k k
5 2
4 5
r r a a
d ÷ e ÷ f ÷
v v b b
m 5m 4 12 ad 5a ad
5 10d 6 2 8
g ÷ h ÷ i × ÷
x xp
3c 9c 6 15a 4 5y y 15a
4 d 16d 8 4b 3a b bc 8 4 2y
a
j ÷ ÷ k ÷ 2 × l ÷ ×

5 Expand and simplify each expression.

5(r – 2) a(a – 10) 3y(2x – 5y)
1.05
a b c
d 3p(4p – 7q) e –6n(n – 9) f –6t(t + 7)
g b(b + 1) + 5(b + 1) h 3x(2x – 7) – 5(2x – 7) i 12 – 6(2x – 3)
j 3a – 2(1 + 5a) k –5(k + 3) – 6k l 4(3 – 2y) – 2(4y + 5)

6 Factorise each expression.

4m – 12 xy + xp –3g – 30
1.06
a b c
d 16w + 24w
2
e –8q + 16 f 15k − 10hk2
g 3(y – 6) + y(y – 6) h 3x(2x – 1) – 2(2x – 1) i p(p + 6) – 2(p + 6)

7 Expand each binomial product.

(a + 2)(a + 3) (y + 3)(y − 7) (t − 3)(t + 8)
1.07
a b c
d (h − 5)(h − 4) e (4 − g)(3 + g) f (3p + 1)(2p + 3)
g (5x + 1)(4x − 3) h (4r − 5)(3r + 4) i (5 – 3q)(2q − 1)

Foundation Standard Complex

48 New Century Maths 9 Advanced 9780170453325

 8 Expand each perfect square.
(n + 5)2 (u − 3)2 (9 + x)2 (6 − k)2
STAGE 5.3

a b c d
(3y + 1)2 (2x − 5)2 (6 − 7b)2 (1 − 4h)2
1.08
e f g h

9 Expand each expression.

(n + 6)(n − 6) (10 + m)(10 − m) (3 − 8w)(3 + 8w)
1.09
a b c

10 Expand and simplify each expression.

TEST YOURSELF 1
(2x + 5)(x − 1) + (x + 3)2 (y + 4)2 − (y − 1)(y + 2)
1.10
a b
c (3a + 1)(3a − 1) − (3a + 1)2 d (2p − 3q)2 + (2p + 3q)2

11 Factorise each expression.

5mn − 3n + 10m – 6 ab − a − b + 1 x y + xy − 5x − 5y
1.11
2 3 2
a b c
d 10p + 30 + p + 3p
2 3
e w –9 2
f m2 − n2
g 36 − r2 h 16a2 – 9 i 81x2 − y2
j 49a2 − 25b2 k 3q2 – 27 l 50m2 – 32
m 24 − 150d2 n 4d2 + 3de – 3e2 – 4de o 15h2 – 6hk +2k2 – 5kh

12 Factorise each expression.

m − 11m – 12 y − 4y + 3 h − 8h − 65
1.12
2 2 2
a b c
d p + 6p – 27
2
e 3n + 9n + 6
2
f 4y2 + 4y − 8
g 18 + 3x − x2 h 60 − 5b − 5b2 i 11k − 4 − 6k2

13 Factorise each expression.

6x2 + x – 2 5p2 – 7p – 6 8w2 − 14w + 3
1.13
a b c
d 3e2 + 12e + 12 e 6y2 + 15y – 36 f 24a2 − 28a − 12
g 36x − 27x2 – 12 h 52k − 30 – 16k2 i 12g2 − 46g + 14

14 Factorise each expression.

64y2 – 25 x2 − 16x + 64 16r − 48
1.14
a b c
d 3g − 15 − 5h + hg e a3 − a2 − a + 1 f 3b3 − 3b
g 4y2 − 5y – 21 h 18q2 + 24q + 8 i 1 − 2p − 24p2

15 Simplify each expression.

9 y 2 − 25 2 x2 + 3x − 5 3w 2 − 75
1.15

12 y − 20 6 x 2 + 19 x + 10 3w − 30 w + 75
a b c 2

16 Simplify each expression.

4 3 4 2
1.15

x −1 x − 9 3x + 9
a 2
− 2 b 2
+
x +x
5 1 4
2k + 6 k2 − 9 ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
k
c + d +

4d 3 3 2
d 2 − 3d + 2 d 2 − 2 d m2 − 2m − 3 m2 + 5m + 4
e − f −

3d − 6 3d + 9 y2 − 5 y + 6 2 y2 − 8
d+3 5d − 10 y3 − 4 y y −2y
g × h × 2

4 8 4
d2 − 4 d + 2 m 2 + m 5m + 5
m
i ÷ j ÷

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170453325 Chapter 1 | Products and factors 49