Journal Journal

of Applied
Appl Journal of Applied Horticulture, 25(3): 281-285, 2023 Horticulture
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2023.v25i03.50 ISSN: 0972-1045

Morphology study, leaf anatomy and growth of the Indonesian

Scindapsus

S.A. Ardiningtyas1, D.D. Matra1, R. Poerwanto1, Krisantini1 and N.P.S. Asih2

1
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. 2Research Center for Biosystematics and
Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia. *E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
Scindapsus (Araceae) is commonly found growing wild in Indonesian forests, including West Borneo. Scindapsus has been extensively
cultivated and marketed, but information about the variability, morphology and growth of the plant is limited. This study aimed to
identify five types of Indonesian Scindapsus based on their morphology, leaf anatomy, and growth patterns. The morphology study
observed the plant’s organ structures, including leaves, stems, and roots. The anatomy study examined the tissue structure of the leaf
lamina, including epidermal cells and stomata. The growth observations were conducted by propagating the plants through stem
cuttings. The research findings showed that, based on their morphology, the five types of Scindapsus in this study could be classified
into two groups: Scindapsus pictus and Scindapsus treubii. The differences between the two groups were in the shape and pattern of
their leaves. Based on leaf anatomy, structure, shape of the epidermal cells, and stomata types were the same for all five species, but
Scindapsus treubii 2 has the thickest lamina.
Key word: Scindapsus pictus, Scindapsus treubii, West Borneo

Introduction characteristics has been limited, resulting in a lack of essential

information about this genus. Saibeh (2010) conducted
The Araceae family encompasses numerous food and ornamental morphological and anatomical studies on 17 herbarium
plants. With 144 genera and 3,676 species documented (Boyce specimens from Malaysia, yet no similar investigations were
and Croat, 2012), it is a diverse botanical group. Indonesia, carried out in Indonesia. Saibeh's work formed a basis, but
specifically, is home to 44 genera of Araceae. (Asih et al., 2015;
given Scindapsus's significance in plant species inventory and
Boyce and Wong, 2015; Low et al., 2018; Joling and Wong,
identification (De Almeida et al., 2023), it is crucial to extend
2022). Limited research on Araceae in Indonesia made it difÏcult
these studies to Indonesia (Zulfahmi, 2013). As the identification
to determine the number of species. Most Southeast Asian
and classification of Scindapsus remain unstable, additional data
herbaceous and mesophytic plants are poorly recorded, according
on morphological, anatomical and physiological aspects is vital.
to Kurniawan et al. (2011).
Morphological identification relies on recording plant phenotypes,
Scindapsus is one of the genera in the Araceae family, characterized
emphasizing traits linked to environmental influences (Zulfahmi,
by its climbing habit and woody stems (Saibeh, 2010). The
2013). The study of leaf anatomy is crucial not just for
natural distribution of Scindapsus is in tropical Asia, ranging
photosynthesis but also for exploring relationships among plant
from northeastern India to New Guinea and eastern Australia
species (Hafiz and Rahayu, 2013).
(Boyce and Wong, 2015). The species of Scindapsus had attracted
attention due to the diverse leaf colors, leaf shapes, and unique Our research aimed to investigate visual and cellular morphological
patterns, making it a potential candidate for wider development as characteristics in order to distinguish Scindapsus species found
a commercial ornamental leaf plant. Some species of Scindapsus in various regions of Indonesia, with the goal of addressing
had been utilized for medicinal purposes, e.g., stem extract of these existing gaps in knowledge. Growth patterns of diverse
S. pictus Hassk. was found to contain triterpenoid compounds Scindapsus species in Indonesia are examined in the study.
(Amaliah et al., 2020) that had been proven to have anticancer We hope this comprehensive approach will help us identify
and anti-inflammatory (Vil et al., 2019). The studies on the and classify Scindapsus by improving our understanding of its
inventory had been conducted on several species of Scindapsus morphology and growth.
found in different regions of Indonesia. For example, Scindapsus
sp. had been discovered in the forests of West Borneo (Widiyanti Materials and methods
et al., 2017), Scindapsus spp. and Scindapsus pictus had been The research was conducted in the screen house of the Leuwikopo
documented in the Kayan Mentarang National Park, SPTN I Long experimental station, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture,
Bawan (Lestari et al., 2017), Scindapsus sumatranus (Boyce Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) from
and Hay, 2000), Scindapsus hederaceus in Bali (Erlinawati et September 2022 to July 2023. The average temperature at the
al., 2019), and Scindapsus lucens, which was possibly found in research site ranged from site ranged 22 to 36 ºC, with relative
Sumatra (Bogner and Boyce, 1994; Othman et al., 2010a).
humidity (RH) between 24 and 65 %. A light intensity of 2568
The exploration of Scindapsus morphology and growth lux with a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 50.79.
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282 Morphology study, leaf anatomy, and growth of Scindapsus in Indonesia

The plant materials were five types of Scindapsus from nurseries measurements taken at three different locations and averaged.
in West Borneo and Ciapus, Bogor. The species names of the Stomata observations were performed on the abaxial epidermis
Scindapsus were assigned based on morphological characteristics by thinly sectioning the leaf lamina and then placing it on a glass
information from the book Araceae (Mansor et al., 2012), Plant slide. Stomata measurements include stomatal density, stomatal
Story (https://plantstory.com/), and the Global Biodiversity type, stomatal length, and stomatal width. Stomatal density was
Information Facility (https://www.gbif.org/). The trade names of calculated by dividing the number of stomata by the field of view
the five Scindapsus are Scindapsus pictus 1, 2 and 3, Scindapsus area of 3.461 mm2 at a magnification of 100 X. The stomatal
treubii 1, and 2 (Table 1). density calculation was based on two replicates, and the results
Table 1. Five Indonesian Scindapsus used for the study.
were averaged. Stomatal length and width measurements were
taken on three randomly selected stomata at a magnification of
Scientific names Trade names Sources 400 X.
Scindapsus pictus 1 Scindapsus ‘Silver Hero’ West Borneo
Scindapsus pictus 2 Scindapsus ‘Argyraeus’ West Borneo Result and discussion
Scindapsus pictus 3 Scindapsus ‘Silver Lady’ West Borneo Morphological identification: The results of morphological
Scindapsus treubii 1 Scindapsus ‘Dark Form’ West Borneo identification in this study for the five species of Scindapsus can
Scindapsus treubii 2 Scindapsus ‘Sterling Silver’, West Java be viewed in Table 2. The five Scindapsus are characterized based
‘Moonlight’
on the presence or absence of leaf patterns. S. pictus 2 and 3 have
Scindapsus were planted in 15 cm diameter pots using a planting leaves with patterns with different distributions and intensities of
medium composed of husk charcoal: bamboo cocopeat: and colours (Figs. 1B and 1C). On the other hand, S. treubii Engl. 1,
bamboo compost with a volume ratio of 60 : 30: 10. The growing 2, and S. pictus 1 have no leaf patterns (Figs. 1D, 1E and 1A).
medium had a pH of 6.27 with a carbon (C) content of 37.31% S. pictus differed from S. treubii in leaf shape; S. pictus has
and nitrogen (N) content of 1.27 %. Vegetative propagation of oval-shaped leaves with less dense primary leaf patterns (Figs.
Scindapsus was carried out through tip cuttings and stem cuttings 1A, 1B and 1C), while S. treubii has elongated leaves without
using the same medium. Cuttings consisted of 2-3 plant nodes patterns and denser primary vein structure (Figs. 1D and 1E). The
with 1-2 leaves per cutting. Growth observations were conducted leaf colours varied significantly among species; the lamina of S.
to assess the rooting ability of the cuttings, the time required for treubii has a shiny dark green colour with a smooth leaf surface,
rooting and adventitious shoot formation, the number of shoots, whereas S. pictus is a light green to white leaf colour because
the number of leaves and plant height, which were measured for it is dominated by its patterns and a shimmering appearance on
16 weeks. the leaf surface. The leaf lamina and petiole shapes observed in
this study were consistent with previous findings, which reported
Morphological observations were qualitatively conducted on
heart-shaped, oval, elongated oval, elliptical, and lanceolate leaf
the shape, colour, pattern, venation, and surface characteristics
forms for Scindapsus species (Othman et al., 2010; Saibeh, 2010).
of the leaves. Leaf anatomy studies were carried out by thinly
The petioles of Scindapsus were slender and typically ended in
sectioning fresh leaves transversely on a glass slide, covering
a pulvinate shape (Boyce and Yeng, 2012). The stems of five
them with a cover glass, and observing them under an Olympus
Scindapsus species were cylindrical and untextured.
CX23 microscope at a magnification of 100 X. Measurements
were taken on the upper and lower epidermis thickness, mesophyll Scindapsus pictus 1: S. pictus sp. 1 is known in the plant market
thickness, and overall leaf thickness on two leaves, with as S. pictus ‘Silver Hero’ (Fig. 1A). Based on morphological

Fig. 1. Morphological variations of lamina, petiole, and steam of (A)Scindapsus pictus 1; (B)Scindapsus pictus 2; (C)Scindapsus pictus 3; (D)
Scindapsus treubii 1 and (E)Scindapsus treubii 2
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 Morphology study, leaf anatomy, and growth of Scindapsus in Indonesia 283

characteristics, the leaf lamina of this species is light greenish- glossy, smooth, and not wavy. In the market, it is referred to as
grey in colour with a slight shimmer and is covered in fine hairs Scindapsus ‘Dark Form’ (Fig. 1D). The midrib and primary leaf
on its surface. The leaf lamina is not patterned and has an ovate veins are visible. The leaf petioles have slightly visible sheaths,
shape, with the widest part of the leaf near the base, referred to and the leaf stalks are straight without bending towards the apex.
as the midrib. Both the primary and secondary leaf veins are The leaf base has an asymmetrical type known as oblique. The
clearly visible and green in colour. New leaves typically emerge stem nodes are long. The stem is dark green, similar to the leaf
very close to the leaf below. The mature stem forms climbing colour, without white spots, and has a smooth surface. The leaf
roots when it reaches a certain age. These climbing roots are light blades of S. treubii are sub-succulent or thick and do not have any
brown, short, and firm, attaching to the support. In this study, the patterns. This is consistent with the report by Othman et al. (2010)
parent plant used for propagation developed up to four branches that Scindapsus plants, including some species, are considered
below the pruned surface and near the ground, resulting in a sub-succulent. According to Boyce and Yeng (2009), S. treubii
denser appearance. is a hemi epiphytic commonly found in Borneo. This species is
also found in Malaysia, specifically in flat or slope areas and dry
Scindapsus pictus 2: S. pictus sp. 2 in this study exhibited two forests, climbing to medium-sized trees (Zulhazman et al., 2021).
different leaf colours, namely green and dark greenish black. The
S. pictus 2 with the light green colour is known as ‘Argyraeus’ in Scindapsus treubii 2: S. treubii sp. 2 has leaves that are
the market (Fig. 1B), while the dark greenish-black leaf colour significantly different from S. treubii sp. 1. In the plant market,
is known as ‘Black Exotica’ (Fig. 1B). The leaf pattern of S. S. treubii sp. 2 is known as ‘Moonlight’ or ‘Sterling Silver’ (Fig.
pictus 2 consists of white to greyish patches. The pattern spreads 1E). The leaf colour of S. treubii sp. 2 is brighter compared to S.
from the inner part of the leaf surface to the edges. The pattern treubii sp. 1. The leaves of S. treubii sp. 2 have a pearly colour
is irregular and non-uniform, not located on the midrib but on with light green edges and no spreading patterns. They have an
the primary and secondary leaf veins (Fig. 1B). There is a white oval shape with even tips and balanced leaf bases. The midrib
line along the leaf edges (Fig. 1B). One of the S. pictus varieties and primary leaf veins have a dark green colour. The stem is light
with dark leaf surfaces is commercially known as ‘Black Exotica’ green and smooth, without white spots like other plants. The
(Figs. 1B). According to Munawaroh et al. (2017) and the Royal climbing roots of this variety are different from the S. treubii 1;
Botanic Kew (https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni. they are smaller and longer in size.
org: names:88853-1), S. pictus sp. 2 is considered synonymous Growth of Scindapsus cuttings: The growth and development
with S. pictus. of Scindapsus cuttings from planting to readiness for sale took
Scindapsus pictus 3: It is, known commercially as ‘Silver approximately 4 months, and adventitious roots were primarily
Lady’, is characterized by its delicate leaflets and slightly dull to initiated from the older nodes.
moderately shimmering leaf colour. This species has bright green Scindapsus roots grew from nearly every node, which can be
leaves with serrated patterns in white to silver, with most patterns referred to as climbing roots, as exhibited in Fig. 1. According
merging into larger areas. The leaves are oval-shaped with visible to Mansor et al. (2012), these climbing roots serve as anchors
midribs, primary leaf veins, and secondary leaf veins that are gray and feeders, and the roots emerging from stem nodes can develop
to light green in colour. The stems of the S. pictus 3 have more into lateral roots. In their natural habitat, Scindapsus roots grow
white spots compared to other Scindapsus varieties (Fig. 1C). along the ground surface, and the roots that do not touch the
The leaf petioles have prominent sheaths when they are still in ground can serve as nutrient gatherers or attachments to support
the juvenile stage, but they become less visible when mature. The the plant’s climbing habit (Boyce et al., 2010). In this study, the
leaf petioles and leaf nodes are the longest, measuring 25-65 mm climbing roots were twined around supports to provide a place
and 30-55 mm, respectively (Table 2). According to Indrajati et for the plant’s roots to attach and support its growth.
al. (2022), ‘Silver Lady’ is also marketed with the name ‘Silver
The growth of shoots begins with the emergence of buds on the
Exotica’ and still falls within the species group of S. pictus.
axil. A new axillary shoot grew approximately every two weeks.
Scindapsus treubii 1: S. treubii sp. 1 exhibits an elliptical to Newly emerged shoots of Scindapsus have the characteristic of
lanceolate leaf shape with a dark green colour. The leaves are initially being covered by leaves. For example, in Scindapsus
Table 2. Leaf morphological characteristics of Scindapsus species
Species Petiole Stem Intersection Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Bone Leaf
length diameter length area shape color pattern leaves surface
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2)
Scindapsus 14-27 2-41 22-45 553-1144 Ovate,Pointed tip, Light green/ no patterns Primary veins curved, Smooth and
pictus 1 cordate base silver secondary and tertiary shiny
veins reticulate
Scindapsus 10-18 1.2-4.0 13-39 281-449 Lanceolate, pointed Dark green Spread, not Primary veins curved, Smooth,
pictus 2 tip, tapered base dense, different secondary and tertiary slightly dull
sizes veins reticulate in color
Scindapsus 25-65 2.0-2.8 30-55 483-1180 Elongated oval The pattern Unified pattern Primary veins curved, Wavy and
pictus 3 ovate,Pointed tip, dominates secondary and tertiary shiny
cordate base light green veins reticulate
Scindapsus 12-17 2.5-5.8 21-38 221-861 ellipses and lancets, Dark green no patterns Primary veins curved, Smooth and
treubii ointed tip,oblique secondary and tertiary shiny
Engl. 1 base veins reticulate
Scindapsus 26-55 2.2-3.3 25-50 806-848 Ovate/ovate, tapered Ash/silver no patterns Primary veins curved, Smooth
treubii 2 mucronate tip, secondary and tertiary andshiny
rounded base veins reticulate
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284 Morphology study, leaf anatomy, and growth of Scindapsus in Indonesia

pictus 3 the new shoots are covered by partially opened leaves epidermal shapes (Fig. 4). Observations at 100x magnification
(Fig. 2A). The new shoots of S. pictus 1 and S. pictus 2 are revealed that the epidermal cells were square, pentagonal, and
enveloped by small leaves called cataphylls (Figs. 2B and 2C), hexagonal in shape and were arranged irregularly (Fig. 3).
while in both types of S. treubii, the new shoots are not covered
Epidermal cell positioning differed between S. pictus and S.
by anything (Figs. 2D and 2E).
treubii. S. pictus epidermal cells were tightly packed, while S.
The development of leaves from the emergence of buds until they treubii had spaces between them. 400x magnification showed
fully opened took approximately 14 days, and all Scindapsus had this difference (Fig. 3).
similar growth rates (Table 3). S. treubii 2 experienced a decrease
in the number of leaves 16 days after emergence (Table 3) due The five Scindapsus had similar stomatal density, size, mesophyll,
to a whitefly infestation, which caused the leaves to turn yellow and epidermal thickness (Table 4). Stomatal density varied with
and fall off. species and was affected by light intensity, water availability,
temperature, and CO2 concentration (Meriko, 2018). Stomatal
Scindapsus leaf anatomy: Anatomical observations of the leaves size and density usually correlate. High-density leaves had smaller
were examined, indicating that all five Scindapsus had similar stomata, and vice versa, which can affect stomatal function (Drake
et al., 2013). Lawson and Blatt (2014) found that water and light
Table 3. Leaf and node number of Indonesian Scindapsus on different
days after planting affect stomatal size and number. The five Scindapsus species have
anomocytic stomata (Fig. 4), which has neighboring cells that are
Species Leaf number (DAP) Node number (DAP)
4 8 12 16 4 8 12 16 similar in shape and size to the epidermal cells.
S. pictus 1 2.33 2.67 3.67 5.00 2.33 3.00 4.00 5.00 All the five species of Scindapsus had leaf thicknesses > 400 µm.
S. pictus 2 2.50 3.25 4.00 4.50 3.00 3.50 4.25 4.75 S. treubii 1 and 2 had the thickest lamina, followed by S. treubii
S. pictus 3 2.00 2.00 3.33 4.00 2.33 2.33 3.00 4.00
S. treubii 1 1.80 1.80 3.60 5.00 2.00 2.20 3.20 5.00
1 and S. pictus 1 and 2 (Table 4). S. pictus 1 and 2 had similar
S. treubii 2 2.00 2.00 3.50 4.50 2.00 2.50 3.50 4.50 leaf thickness. The upper epidermis is a single layer of cells on
ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns the upper surface of the leaf, aiding in water conservation and
Note: ns = not significant according to the DMRT at α=0.05. typically forming a glossy coat of wax.

Fig. 2. Variations in the growth of Scindapsus pictus shoots: (a) Scindapsus pictus 1, (b) Scindapsus pictus 2, (c) Scindapsus pictus 3, (d) Scindapsus
treubii 1 and (e) Scindapsus treubii 2. (Red arrows indicate new shoots, green arrows indicate partially opened leaves and yellow arrows indicate
cataphylls)

Fig. 3. Epidermal cell shape and stomatal type of the five Scindapsus species; A) S. pictus 1; B) S. pictus 2; C) S. pictus 3; D) S. treubii 1; E) S. treubii

Fig. 4. Leaf cross-section of Scindapsus magnification 100 x; A) S. pictus 1; B) S. pictus 2; C) S. pictus 3; D) S. treubii 1; E) S. treubii 2. Bar is 100 µm
Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net)
 Morphology study, leaf anatomy, and growth of Scindapsus in Indonesia 285

Table 4. Leaf anatomical characteristics of the Indonesian Scindapsus

Species Stomatal density Stomatal length Stomatal width Mesophyll Epidermal thickness (µm) Leaf thickness
(per mm2) (µm) (µm) thickness (µm) Adaxial Abaxial (µm)
S. pictus 1 24.12 43.23 23.21 245.20 70.11 89.06 422.66 c
S. pictus 2 21.95 45.63 22.74 285.30 87.37 81.83 439.06 c
S. pictus 3 12.57 40.73 19.75 262.56 98.22 93.79 502.12 b
S. treubii 1 13.58 51.01 25.90 265.55 74.72 83.56 536.46 a
S. treubii 2 20.36 49.46 31.25 298.67 116.72 80.43 525.20 a
ns ns ns ns ns ns *
Note: Values followed by the different letters in the same column were significantly different according to DMRT at 5%. * = significant; ns= not
significant

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