EARTH SCIENCE

SIZE AND LOCATION

● 3rd planet from the sun
● 92,955,807 miles

FRIENDLY NEIGHBORS
a) Moon
● stabilizes Earth's rotation
● Prevents movements of the poles that can cause climate change.
● Shapes conditions on the surface by creating ocean tides.
b) Jupiter
● acts as a celestial vacuum that cleans up the debris that clutters the solar system

UNIQUENESS
● WATERY WORLD
70% water that covers the planet, 10% drinking water

● HABITABILITY
Goldilock's Zone – zone where life is possible. This is the combination of spheres.

● PLATE TECTONICS
-Alfred Wagner, "Continental Drift Theory"
Whereas he inquired, "Why do plates move?" A. Convection current that happens within the
mantle.
-Plates can be found in the uppermantle.
● Plate Tectonic Theory
● Slip sliding movements help shape the planet's mountains and ocean depth.
● Maintains the planet's temperature ranging at which water can endure.

MOTION OF THE EARTH

– Earth rotates once around its axis everyday.
– Axis is the imaginary line that joints the North and South Poles.
– It is NOON when a place on the Earth's surface directly faces the sun.
– Earth's axis of rotation is titled at an angle.
– ELLIPTICAL PATH or "Earth's revolution" – Earth travels around the Sun for 365 or 366
days ONCE over the course of a year on

Rotation is 12 hours/1 day

Revolution i 365 days
DISTANES OF EARTH FROM THE SUN
APHELION – Earth is far from the Sun (July 4) 152,100,100 km
PERIHELION – Earth is near from the Sun (January 3) 147,300,000 km

SOLTICE longest day

EQUINOX shortest day

June Solstice June 21/22 (Summer Season)

September Equinox September 22/23 (Autumn Season)
December Solstice December 21/22 (Winter Season)
March Equinox March 20/21 (Spring Season)

EARTH'S SEASONS
Winter Season
– December 21 or 22.
– Nights are longer.
– Longest night on the South occurs on June 22, while on the North is on December 22.
– pring Season oh yes yees aen
– March 20 or 21 on Northen Hemisphere
– Day and Night are equal (12 hours each)

Summer Season
– June 20-22
– Northern Hemisphere is DIRECTLY exposed to the Sun, hence, days are warmer and longer.

Autumn Season
– September 22-23
– Sun is directly above the equator in Northern Hemisphere. There is 12-hour days and nights
ALL OVER THE GLOBE.

EARTH CHARACTERISTICS
TRUE: EARTH IS NOT FLAT OR PERFECTLY ROUND– oblique spherical. Polar Diameter: 12,714
km ; Equatoral Diameter: 12, 756 km

TRUE: DAYS ARE GETTING LONGER – Moon is slowing down on Earth's rotation through the
tides. Earth's spin causes the position of tidal ocean bulges to be pulled slightly ahead of the
moon-Earth axis.

Atomic Clock – most accurate timepiece in the world. It is designed to measure time according
to vibrations within atoms.
[Earth's shortest day is on June 29, 2022 (Bloomberg)]

TRUE: THERE WEREN'T ALWAYS SEVERAL CONTINENTS.

800 Million year ago, supercontinent Rodinia (North America).
250-500 million years ago, Rodinia broke apart, re-collided, creating Appalachian Mountain
(North America), Ural Mountains (Russia and Kazakhstan)

250 million years ago, supercontinent Pangaea.

50 million years later, Pangaea broke, split into(2): Gondwanaland and Laurasia.

TRUE: EARTH GRAVITY ISN'T UNIFORM

● Gravity Anomalies – movement of the tectonic plates beneath Earth's crust all change the
pull of gravity.
● Positivity Gravity Anomaly – gravity is stronger than it would be on a feautereless
perfectly smooth planet.
● Negative Gravity Anomaly presence of ocean trenches, drips in the land caused by
glaciers

TRUE: SEA LEVELS WERE VERY DIFFERENT. Used to be 70 meters higher. Last
TRUE: OUR SUN HAS A VORAVIOUS APPETITE
TRUE: MOON IS NOT THE ONLY EARTH COMPANION.
3753 Cruithne - asteroid orbits the sun (365)
Asteroid 2002 AA29
TRUE: CALM BEFORE THE SUN REALLY EXIST.

Earth's Icy Times

Ice Age (600-800M ago) began 2.4 million years ago and lasted 11,500 year.

Snowball Earth Theory. cold climate – Earth nearly froze – periods of freezing and thawing. It is
triggered by reductions in greenhouse gases such as methane and dioxide.

Glacials (ice covering) Glacial Period lasted longer than interglacial periods, interglaxials (Warm
periods)

Earth's Driest Place

Atacama Desert, northern Chile.
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
Crust:Outer ; Core:Inner

Crust – outermost shell of a terrestrial planet, part of lithosphere, mostly made up of igneous
rocks (basalt & salts), tectonic is rsponsible for the formation and destruction of crustal
materials.

Not the biggest or deepest, only 1% of Earth's mass.

● Igneous Rocks – made out of volcanic activity.

CRAFTING THE CRUST:

The planetary blob –> core was made by sinking iron and nickel to the blob -> molten materials
was produced from the surrounding of the core's hotness –> nag-cool si MANTLE and na-trap
ang tubig through outgassing, asthenosphere –> brittle crust. yung mga material na nag-stay as
tubig is called incompressible materials.

● Continental Crust – above the sea level

● Oceanic Crust – below the sea level

They will never meet because they have boundaries. BOUNDARIES CHANGES SEISMIC WAVES
OR PENETRATION.

Conrad Discontinuity – transition zone between these two types of crust. Nabago yung pagsud
ng isang seismic waves. (Victor Conrad)

Silicate MInerals – mostly compounds made out of silicon and oxygen. Found in the crust.

Oxygen is the most abundant element in the crust.

CONTINENTAL CRUST – Mt. Everest to Mariana Trench

OCEANIC CRUST – Mariana Trench below

MANTLE –

Crust : Continents ; Mantle : Tectonic Plates

The reason of moving of tectonic plates is because of Convection Currents.

Alfred Wegner's theory is rejected becase he did not answer the reason of continental drift –
because of convection currents. Heat of core is transferred to the mantle. Asthenosphere is also
moving. Asthenosphere is semi-fluid to stabilize movement, solid won't move, and liquid moves
moving. Asthenosphere is semi-fluid to stabilize movement, solid won't move, and liquid moves
quickly.

The driving force of the asthenosphere is because of convectiuon currents.

SILFRA RIFT

CORE has high density.

Geothermal Gradient measures the heat and pressure of Earth's interior.

Magentic Force protects tyou from solar flares.

PRESSURE = SOLID ; TEMPERATURE = LIQUID

PLASMA

ROCKS
Metamorphisis – change of structure, shape, form, or substance
Rock Cycle how rocks change from one type to another over geologic time
Sediment a solid material that is moved and deposited in a new location

Rock
● made from minerals.
● aggregation of different mineral constituents which form the earth's crust
● Aggregate – formed by various minerals
● Geologists

HOW ARE ROCKS FORMED?

[ Magma cools, solidifies into igneous rock. –> Igneous rocks will undergo weathering and
lithification and transform in to Sediments (not sedimentary rocks) –> Sediments will go through
compaction and turn into Sedimentary rocks – > Sedimentary rocks will go heat and pressure
and become to metamorphic rocks – > when metamorphic rocks are melted, it will become
magma. ]

Magma:Inside; Lava:Outside
magma is the molten inside the volcano.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
 GEOLOGICAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY STRATIFIED
IGNEOUS UNSTRAFIED
METAMORPHIC FOLIATED

IGNEOUS
● ignis, fire in Latin
● fomed by the cooling and solidification of magma.
● Types: Intrusive and Extrusive.

INTRUSIVE "plutonic rocks". Cool slowly without ever reaching the surface. They have large
crystals that are usually visible without a micoroscope. Surface is known as a phaneritic texture.

If slow process of cooling down, the bigger the crystals.

ex. Granite, Pegmatite.

Pegmatite – extreme igneous rocks. They re extreme becuase they contain large crystals and
rare minerals.

EXTRUSIVE "Volcanic" are formed from lava. It is formed when lava solidifies.
ex. Granite, "granum", grain. Mainly used for construction, dimension stone, and architectural
and decorative purpose.

● CHaracterization of Igneous Rocks:

a) Texture – overall appearance. sjze, shape, and arrangement
● coarse grained (intrusive)– can be seen with eyes
● medium grained – can be seen with hand lens
● Fine grained (extrusive) – can be seen through microscope
Rate of Cooling
● slow cooling; inside- large crystals
● fast cooling; outside - small crystals
b) Composition

MELTING Cooling
Processs that turn any rock into Process that hardens magma and
magma. It requires extremely high turns into igneous rock. Can occur
temp which only occur far either underneath or on the
beneath the earth's surface
 turns into igneous rock. Can occur
either underneath or on the
beneath the earth's surface earth's surface.

SEDIMENTARY
● formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of living organisms.
● form from deposists that accumulate on the Earth's surface
● Often have distnctive layering or bedding
● Types: Clastic and Biologic

WEATHERING LITHIFICATION
Breaking down or dissolving of turning sediments into
rocks and minerals on earth's sedimentary rocks, including
surface to become sediments. deposition, compaction, and
(Aside from human activities, cementation.
weathering occur from water.)
(Results into Sediments)
Mostly result into caves. Deposition – when sediments, soil
or rocs are added to the land.
(Similar to sedimentation) (Similar
to Erosion)
Compaction – sediments are
compressed together from the
pressure of the above layers of
sediment and water. (Sedimentary
rocks are formed)
Cementation – hardening and
welding of clastic sediments
 (formed from pre-existing rock
fragments) by the precipitation of
mineral matter in the pore spaces.
This is where Sedimentary Rocks
form.
Salt crystals glue the layers of
sediments in the process of
cementation. (Cementation)
● Sedimentation – eroded sediments end up in the water and begin to settle.
● Erosion – transporting rocks to one place to another.

TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Clastic and Biologic
a. Clastic
● made from pre-existing rocks
● transported to some basin or depression where sediment is trapped (basin is ocean,
bodies of water)
● smallest grains are called clay, silt, sand.
● Grains larger than 2 mm are called pebbles.
● Sandstone - sand-sized clasts; shale- rock mostly made of clay (prominent in river);
silstone- silt-sized grains; conglomerate

b. Biologic
● formed from large living things die. Embedded in the sedimentary rocks. Not necessarily
fossils, pero embedded inside the sedimentary rock. There is a fossil remain in between
the rock.
● example: Chert

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
● rocks undergo a change to form a new rock. It began as a rock – either sedimentary,
igneous, or different metamorphic ock
● IIt requires conditions to form a metamorphic rock are very specific: High heat, high
pressure, mineral rich fluid. (Existing rock remains solid, not liquid.)
● Metamorphic rocks take years. 3.8 billiion years
● Metamorphism – process of transformation of parent rock.
● Examples:
GNEISS - granite is subjected to intense heat and pressure (igneous)
MARBLE - limestone (sedimentary)
SLATE - shale (sedimentary)

[ Magma cools, solidifies into igneous rock. –> Igneous rocks will undergo weathering and
lithification and transform in to Sediments (not sedimentary rocks) –> Sediments will go through
compaction and turn into Sedimentary rocks – > Sedimentary rocks will go heat and pressure
and become to metamorphic rocks – > when metamorphic rocks are melted, it will become
magma. ]

MINERALS
● Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
● inorganic, solid, possesses orderly internal structure, has definite chemical compossion,
occurs naturally.
● Minerals are formed through Crystalization from magma, Precipitation, changes in
pressure and temperature, and formation from hydrothermal solutions.
● Physic Structure: Crystal Structure, Crystal Habit, Hardness, Cleavage, Color, Streak

Rocks Minerals
rocks are solid substances which inorganic substances that occur
have one or more minerals naturally
indefinite composition definite chemical
igneous, sedimentary, and silicates, carbonates, sulfides, and
metamorphic rocks metallic minerals

● CRYSTAL STRUCTURE. Orderly geometrical spatial arrangement of atoms in the internal

structure of a mineral.
● CRYSTAL HABIT. Overall shape of a crystal.
● HARDNESS. Mineral resistance to scratch. Mohs' scale, rough measure of a smooth
resistance of a smooth surface to scratching or absasion, expressed in terms of a scall.
Devised by Friedrich Mohs. Another method, rybbing the minerals against the fingers or
other tools.
● COLOR STREAK. Streak refers to the color of the mineral in powdered form.
● TRANSPARENCY AND LUSTRE. Lustre indicates how light refelcts off a surface of a
mineral.
● CLEAVAGE. Mineral's resistance to being broken, also describes how a mineral breaks
along weakness plain.
 ● SPECIFIC GRAVITY. Mineral's density comparison to the density of a standard like water.
It is determined through balance.

(5) Metallic Elements found in the Philippines – Gold, Copper, Nickel, Chromite, and Iron
Nonmetallic Elements found in the Philippines – Limestone, Marble, GRavel, and Sand and
other Quarry Materials