CHAPTER 7
SMART GRID
PREPARED BY:
NASHRAN HARITH BIN NAZREE
• Smart grid is a form of electricity network
utilizing digital technology.
• Its connects between suppliers, distributors
and consumers.
• Its delivers electricity from suppliers to
consumers using two-way digital
communications to control appliances at
consumers homes; which in deed will saving
the energy, reduce cost and increase
reliability.
• A key feature of the smart grid is automation
technology that lets the utility adjust and
control each individual device or millions of
devices from a central location.
• The basic concept of smart grid
is to add monitoring, analysis,
control and communication
capabilities to the national
electricity delivery system.
• This in turn can maximize the
output of equipment, help
utilities lower cost, improve
reliability, decrease
interruptions and reduce energy
consumption.
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Smart metering is system composed of monitoring equipment capable of
communicating with a central data centre, receiving orders and taking action
based on certain parameters.
Smart meters are devices installed in or near the customer’s premises, which
allow bilateral communication between the utility centre and the customer.
Example smart
meter
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1. Smart metering replaces traditional meters with
digital ones, collecting energy data at short
intervals for detailed usage insights.
2. Collected data is securely transmitted for real-
time monitoring, enabling utility companies to
offer new services like variable tariffs.
3. Integration with IoT allows for additional data
collection, enhancing asset management and grid
optimization.
4. Smart metering enables bidirectional
communication, empowering consumers to
manage energy usage while helping utilities
achieve cost savings and promote sustainability.
Smart home technology intelligently gives you ultimate control over your home by automating
the lighting system, dimming, blinds, electrical appliances, audio and security systems.
Smart home connect all the devices and appliances in your home so they can communicate
with each other and with you.
GENERATIONS OF SMART HOMES:
FIRST GENERATION : systems that have used a wireless communication protocol, such ad
Zigbee
SECOND GENERATION : Artificial intelligence systems that control electrical devices on their
own, such as the amazon echo
THIRD GENERATION : Friendly robot that interacts with humans, for example robot Ravio,
Roomba.
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• Increased penetration of networked
embedded systems in modern appliances
transforms residential infrastructure into an
M2M-enabled one.
• White goods like refrigerators, washing
machines, and microwaves are becoming
intelligent devices that can be monitored and
adjusted via networking interfaces.
• This expansion of M2M infrastructure related
to energy allows billions of devices to be
active participants in energy management
efforts.
Smart House and Smart Grid Integration
• Immediate device shutdown for urgent needs.
• Prioritization on device level and
process/location.
• Large-scale results achievable with a critical
mass of residential consumers.
• Research projects focus on integrating Smart
House and appliances to the Smart Grid.
• SmartHouse/SmartGrid project focuses on in-
house and Smart House with enterprise systems
integration.
• Diverse approaches are needed for managing
residential areas and connecting Smart Houses
and devices to the Smart Grid.
• Systems integration is crucial for delivering
benefits from such solutions.
Smart Grid Integration in Households
• Appliances and devices are integrated via
gateways or concentrators connecting to the Smart
Grid.
• Various integration approaches have been tested,
including PowerMatcher, BEMI, Magic system, and
direct web service integration.
• DPWS/REST integration allows direct integration
of SOA-ready devices or gateway level with
enterprise systems.
• Multi-agent systems or middleware are used for
mediated interactions, delegating intelligence and
decision-making to the infrastructure.
• For viable business cases, in-house services with
enterprise-level services are required, including
B2C and B2B services.
SmartHouse/SmartGrids build on the following elements:
(1) in-house energy management based on user feedback, real-time tariffs, intelligent control of
appliances, and provision of (technical and commercial) services to grid operators and energy
suppliers;
(2) aggregation software architecture based on agent technology for service delivery by clusters of
Smart Houses to wholesale market parties and grid operators; and
(3) usage of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) (Karnouskos et al. 2011a) and strong bidirectional
coupling with the enterprise systems for system-level coordination goals and handling of real time
tariff metering data.
• The Smart Grid and Smart Houses are integrating IT technologies into city energy
infrastructure, including buildings, traffic systems, renewable energy parks, and public
lighting systems.
• This transformation is a result of innovative energy efficiency approaches and better
energy footprint management.
• Future smart cities aim to provide superior quality of life to citizens, with M2M and IoT
boosting these efforts.
• Monitoring applications can offer real-time views on key performance indicators, such
as CO2 footprint, energy consumption increase, and renewables penetration.
• Smart apps can help citizens calculate the environmental impact of their in-city traveling
options and help public authorities identify energy-hungry processes and plan
sustainable city expansion.
• Monitoring and control of M2M infrastructure are crucial for understanding key energy
processes and applying control in decision-making.
• The NOBEL project integrated information from various energy aspects of city
infrastructure, enhancing existing services and providing new services like energy trading
in a citywide energy marketplace.
Following key functionalities commonly offered via mobile (e.g. smartphones, tablets, etc.) and traditional (e.g.
desktops, web browsers) devices, other more complex services, and end-user applications:
Energy Monitoring: For acquiring and delivering data related to the energy consumption and/or production of
prosumer devices.
Energy Prediction: For forecasting consumption and production based on historical data acquired by IEM and
other third party services (e.g. weather data).
Management: For handling the asset, user, and configuration issues in the infrastructure.
Energy Optimization: For interacting with existing assets of the Smart City; as a proof of concept the public
lighting system was used for energy balancing.
Brokerage: Offering energy trading to all prosumer citizens who in a stock-exchange manner could interact via
the platform and buy potentially cheaper energy or sell excess production from their PV panels.
Billing: Offering a real-time view of the energy costs and benefits (from transactions on the Smart City energy
market), hence avoiding “bill-shock” scenarios.
Other: Value-added services offering bidirectional interaction between the users and the energy provider, such
as notification for extraordinary events, etc.
