Linear independence and dependence of vectors

The set of vectors {V1,v2….vn} in a vector space V is said to be linearly

dependent if there exists scalars c1,c2…cn not all zero such that c1v1+c2v2+…+cnvn
=0

The set of vectors {V1,v2….vn} in a vector space V is said to be linearly

independent C1v1+c2v2+ ……+cnvn =0 implies c1 =0 , c2 =0 ……cn =0

Examples:

Q1.Determine whether the vectors

(1,2,0),(0,1,-1) and (1,1,2) are linearly independent

Solution:

C1(1,2,0)+c2(0,1,-1)+c3(1,1,2) =0

C1+c3 =0

2c1+c2+c3 = 0

-c2+2c3 =0

C1 =0 c2=0 and c3 =0

The given vectors are linearly independent

Q2.Determine whether the vectors (2,1,2) and (8,4,8) are linearly independent
or dependent

Solution:

C1(2,1,2)+c2(8,4,8) =0

2c1+8c2 =0

C1+4c2 = 0

2c1+8c2 =0

This system will give solution c1 =4 and c2 =-1

The given vectors are linearly dependent

Coordinate system:

A coordinate system for a vector space V is specified by the generators a1,a2….an

of V

Every vector v in V can be written as a linear combination

v = α1a1+α2a2+…+αnan

the vector v is represented by the vector {α1,α2 …αn} of coefficients

These coefficients are called the coordinate representation of v in terms of

a1,a2….an .

Examples:

Find the coordinate vectors of v =(4,5) relative to the basis {(1,0),(0,1)}

(4,5)= 4(1,0)+5(0,1)

The coordinate representation is (4,5)

Find the coordinate vectors of v = (4,5) relative to the basis

{(2,1),(-1,1)}

(4,5)=a(2,1)+b(-1,1)

2a –b = 4

a+b =5

a = 3 b=2

The coordinate vectors are (3,2)

Basis of a vector space:

Let V is a vector space over the field F. The subset S of V is called the basis if

(i) S is asset of linearly independent vectors

(ii) Each element of V can be written as a linear combination of elements of
S

For example the set{(1,0),(0,1)} forms a standard basis of R2 .

The set {(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,) forms a standard basis of R3 .

Dimension of a vector space v

The number of elements in the basis of the vector space V is called the
dimension of the vector space V

For example the dimension of the vector space R2 is 2 and the dimension of the
vector space R3 is 3

Examples:

Q1Let w ={(a,b,c,d)/a=d ,b=2c}. Find the basis and dimension of W

Solution:

W ={(a,b,c,d)/a=d,b=2c}

={(a,2c,c,a)} =a(1,0,0,1)+c(0,2,1,0)

{(1,0,0,1),(0,2,1,0)} forms a basis

Dimension of W = 2

Q2.Let w = {(a,b,c,d)/b-2c+d =0} Find the basis and dimension of w

Solution:

w = {(a,b,c,d)/b-2c+d =0}
 ={(a,b,c,2c –b)}

= a(1,0,0,0)+b(0,1,0,-1)+c(0,0,1,2)

{(1,0,0,0),(0,1,0,-1),(0,0,1,2)} forms a basis for w

Dimension of w =3

Q3.Let w ={(a,b,c)/a=b=c} Find the basis and dimension of w

Solution:

w={(a,b,c)/a=b=c}

={(a,a,a)}

=a(1,1,1)

(1,1,1) forms a basis for w

Dimension of w =1

Linear transformations

Let U and V are 2 vector spaces over the field F.A linear function or linear
transformation from U to V is a function T : U → V such that

T(aα+bβ) = a T(α)+bT(β) for all α ,β€ U and a,b€ F

Range of a linear transformation: Let U and V are 2 vector spaces and T is a

linear transformation from U into V then the range of T is denoted by R(T) is the
set of all vectors in V

Range of T = {T(α)€V:α€U}

Null space of a linear transformation: Let U and V are 2 vector spaces and T is a
linear transformation from U into V then the null space of T is denoted by N(T)
is the set of all vectors α in U such that T(α)=0

Null space is also called the kernel of T

N(T) ={T(α) =0 ,α€U}

Rank of a linear transformation: Let U and V are 2 vector spaces and T is a

linear transformation from U into V then the rank of T is the dimension of range
of T

Nullity of T: Nullity is the dimension of null space of T

Rank nullity theorem: Let U and V are 2 vector spaces and T is a linear
transformation from U into V then

Rank (T)+Nullity(T) = Dimension(U)

Examples:

Q1. Show that the function T:R2 →R3 defined by T(a,b)= (a+b,a-b,b)

Also find the rank and nullity of T

Solution:

Let x = (a1,b1) and y=(a2,b2)

T(ax+by) = T[a(a1,b1) + b(a2,b2)]

= T [aa1 +ba2,ab1+bb2]

= [aa1 +ba2+ab1+bb2 , aa1 +ba2-ab1-bb2 , ab1+bb2 ]

=[a(a1+b1)+b(a2+b2),a(a1-b1)+b(a2-b2), ab1+bb2 ]

= a(a1+b1 , a1-b1, b1 ) +b(a2+b2 , a2-b2, b2 )

=a T(a1,b1) + b T(a2,b2)

= a T(x)+b T(y)

T is a linear transformation from R2 →R3

{(1,0),(0,1)} is a basis of R2 .

T(1,0)=(1,1,0)

T(0,1)=(1,-1,1)
The vectors {(1,1,0),(1,-1,1)} forms a basis for the range of T

Rank of T = dimension of range of T =2

Nullity of T = Dimension of R2 – Rank of T =2-2 =0

Q2 Show that the function T:R3 →R2 defined by T(a,b,c)= (a,b)

Also find the rank and nullity of T c

Solution:

Let x =(a1,b1,c1) and y = (a2,b2,c2)

T(ax+by)= T [a(a1,b1,c1)+b(a2,b2,c2)]

= T[aa1+ba2,ab1+bb2,ac1+bc2]

=(aa1+ba2,ab1+bb2)

=a(a1,b1)+b(a2,b2)

=a T (a1,b1,c1)+bT(a2,b2,c2)

=a T(X)+ b T(y)

T is a linear transformation

{(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1)} forms a basis for R3 .

T(1,0,0)= (1,0)

T(0,1,0)=(0,1)

T(0,0,1)=(0,0)

{(1,0),(0,1),(0,0)} forms a basis for the range of T

Rank of T = dimension of range of T =3

Nullity of T = Dimension of R3 – rank of T =3-3 =0

Inner product space

A vector space together with an inner product is called inner product space

Inner product:

An inner product on a real vector space V is a function which satisfies the

following conditions for vectors x,y,z and for the scalar c

1.<x,x>≥0 for every x in v

2.<x,x>= 0 if and only if x = 0

3.<x+y,z> = <x,z>+<y,z>

4. <cx,y>=c<x,y>

5.<x,y>=<y,x>

Consider the vector space pn of polynomials of degree less than or equal to n.

Let f and g be elements of pn. Then

<f,g> =∫ f(x)g(x) dx is an inner product on pn .

Norm of a vector:

Let V is an inner product space and x= (a,b) is an element of V . Then the norm
of the vector x is denoted by ||x|| and it is defined as the positive square root
of (a,b)

||x|| = √ a2+b2

Unit vector:

A vector whose norm is 1 is called unit vector. The procedure of constructing a

unit vector in the direction of a vector is called normalization
Examples

1.Find the inner product of the functions f(x) = 2x2+3x-1 and

g(x)= 2x +1

Solution:

<f(x),g(x)> = ∫ f(x)g(x) dx

= ∫ (2x2 +3x-1)(2x+1) dx

= ∫ 4x3+ 2x2+7x -1

= 25/6

Distance:

Let V be an inner product space then the distance between two vectors x
=(x1,x2) and y = (y1,y2) denoted by d(x,y) and it is defined by d(x,y)= √(𝑥1 −
𝑦1)2+(x2-y2)2

Orthogonal vectors:

Let V is an inner product space. Two vectors u and v are said to be orthogonal if
<u,v> =0

Orthogonal set:

Let S be a set of vectors in an inner product space v . Then S is called an

orthogonal set provided that any two distinct vectors in S are orthogonal
Example

Show that the set{(1,2,1),(4,-2,0),(2,4,-10) is orthogonal

Solution:

Let u =(1,2,1) v =(4,-2,0) w =(2,4,-10)

u.v =(1,2,1).(4,-2,0)=0

v.w =(4,-2,0)(2,4,-10)=0

u.w =(2,4,-10).(1,2,1)=0

The set is an orthogonal set

Orthonormal set:

A set is said to be orthonormal if it is orthogonal and each vector is a unit vector

Example:

Show that the set {(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1)} is an orthonormal set

Solution:

Let u=(1,0,0)

V=(0,1,0)

w =(0,0,1)

w =(0,0,1)

u.v = 0

v.w = 0

u.w =0

||u|| =1

||v|| =1

||w|| =1

The given set is orthonormal.