FIRST YEAR HIGHER SECONDARY MODEL EXAMINATION 2024 – ANSWER KEY

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY Qn. Code: 125

Qn. Sub Scor Tot

Answer Key/Value Points
No. Qns e al
Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 5. Each carries 1 score
1. 2 1 1
2. Pauling scale OR, Mulliken-Jaffe scale OR, Allred-Rochow scale 1 1
3. sp3 1 1
4. d) NH4Cl 1 1
5. Metamerism 1 1
Answer any 8 questions from 6 to 15. Each carries 2 scores
6. (i) Law of definite proportions states that a given compound always contains exactly the
same proportion of elements by weight.
1
OR, the same compound always contains the same elements combined in the same
ratio by mass.
(ii) Carbon dioxide can be formed in the atmosphere by various methods like 2
respiration, burning of fuels, reaction of metal carbonates and bicarbonates with acid
1
etc. All these samples of CO2 contain only two elements Carbon and Oxygen
combined in a mass ratio 3:8.
OR, any other example
7. (i) Rutherford’s atom model could not explain the stability of the atom. 1
2
(ii) He could not explain the electronic structure of atom. 1
8. ℎ
(i) de Broglie equation is λ = 1
𝑝
ℎ
Or, λ = 2
𝑚𝑣
(ii) Azimuthal quantum number OR, Orbital angular momentum quantum number OR, 1
Subsidiary quantum number
9. (i) Trigonal bipyramidal OR, 1

(ii) Because of the repulsion between electron pairs in axial bond and equatorial bond
OR, because of its unsymmetric structure. 1
OR, because of the greater axial bond length than the equatorial bond length.
10. (i) Entropy is the degree of disorderness or randomness of a system. 1
2
(ii) Entropy decreases OR, ΔS is negative. 1
11.
2
(i) [NO]2 𝑝𝑁𝑂 1
Kc = [N OR, Kp = 𝑃
2 ] [O2 ] 𝑁 2 𝑃 𝑂2

++1 CHEMISTRY MODEL EXAM_ANSWER KEY_PREPARED BY ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 1
 (ii) The important characteristics of equilibrium constant are:
1. Equilibrium constant is applicable only when the concentrations of the reactants
and products have attained their equilibrium state.
2. The value of equilibrium constant is independent of the initial concentrations of 1 2
reactants and products.
3. The value of equilibrium constant depends on temperature.
4. The equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction is the reciprocal of that of the
forward reaction.
5. If for the reaction A ⇌ B, the value of equilibrium constant is K, then for the
reaction nA ⇌ nB, its value is Kn. [Any 2 required]
12. (i) The blue colour of the solution fades OR, the colour fades. 1
(ii) Zn + Cu(NO3)2 → Zn(NO3)2 + Cu 1 2
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
13. (i) Inductive effect OR, I effect OR, - I effect. 1
(ii) It is the permanent shifting of sigma electrons through a carbon chain when an atom 1 2
or group of atom having different electronegativity is attached to it.
14. (i) 3,3-Dimethylpentane 1
2
(ii) 3-Ethyl-5-methylheptane 1
15. Wurtz reaction: Alkyl halides react with metallic sodium in dry ether to form alkanes. 1
This reaction is known as Wurtz reaction.
Dry ether
OR, R-X + 2 Na + X -R → R-R + 2 NaX 2
Dry ether 1
E.g. CH3-Br + 2Na + Br-CH3 → CH3 – CH3 + 2 NaBr
OR, any other example.
Answer any 8 questions from 16 to 26. Each carries 3 scores
16. (i) Empirical formula is the simplest formula which gives the ratio of different elements
present in the compound. While molecular formula is the actual formula that gives 2
the exact number of different elements present in the compound.
3
(ii) Molecular formula = Empirical formula x n
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 1
Where n =
𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
17. (i) Pauli’s Exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same
1
set of 4 quantum numbers.
OR, an orbital can accommodate a maximum of only 2 electrons with opposite spin.

3
(ii)
1

1
(iii) Zero
18. (i) The similarities in properties shown by the diagonally placed elements of the 2nd and 1
3rd periods in the Modern periodic table is called Diagonal relationship. 3
(ii) Anomalous behaviour is due to their small size, large charge to radius ratio, high 2
electronegativity and absence of vacant d-orbitals. [Any 2 reasons required]

++1 CHEMISTRY MODEL EXAM_ANSWER KEY_PREPARED BY ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 2
19. (i) Electron gain enthalpy is the enthalpy change when an electron is added to the outer 1
most shell of an isolated gaseous atom.
3
(ii) Down a group, electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative and along a period 2
electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative.
20. (i) The important postulates of VSEPR theory are:
1) The shape of the molecule depends on the number of valence shell electron
pairs (VSEPRs) around the central atom.
2) The valence shell electron pairs repel each other.
3) In order to reduce the repulsion, the electron pairs stay at maximum
distance.
4) The valence shell is taken as a sphere with the electron pairs localising on the
spherical surface at maximum distance from one another.
2
5) A multiple bond is treated as if it is a single electron pair and the two or three
electron pairs of a multiple bond are treated as a single super pair.
6) If a molecule has resonance structures, the VSEPR model is applicable to any
such structure.
7) Presence of lone pairs of electron causes distortion in the expected geometry
of the molecule. 3
8) The repulsion between two lone pairs of electrons is different from those
between two bond pairs or between a lone pair and bond pair. The repulsion
decreases in the order lone pair - lone pair > lone pair - bond pair > bond pair
- bond pair.
9) As the angle between the electron pairs increases, the repulsion decreases.
[Any 2 postulates required]
(ii) In water, there are 4 VSEPs – 2 lone pairs and 2 bond pairs. So the expected shape is
tetrahedral. But due to the presence of lone pairs, the shape is distorted to bent or
1
angular or inverted v shape and the bond angle is 104.50. OR,

21. (i) First law of Thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed. 1
OR, the total energy of the universe is always constant.
OR, the total energy of an isolated system is always constant.
OR, the mathematical equation: ΔU = q + w
3
(ii) It is a process that occurs at constant heat energy. 1
OR, It is a process in which no heat enters into or leaves from the system.
OR, a process in which q= 0.
(iii) Examples for state function are temperature (T), pressure (p), volume (V), internal 1
energy (U), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), Gibb’s energy (G) etc. [Any 2 required]
22. (i) The acid-base pair that differs by only one proton is called a conjugate acid–base 1
pair. OR, explanation with example.
3
(ii) Ionic product is the product of the molar concentration of hydrogen ion (hydronium 1
ion) and hydroxyl ion in water or in any aqueous solution.

++1 CHEMISTRY MODEL EXAM_ANSWER KEY_PREPARED BY ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 3
 OR, the equation: Kw = [H+][OH-] or, Kw = [H3O+][OH-]
(iii) Solutions which resist the change in pH on dilution or with the addition of small
amount of acid or alkali is called Buffer solution. 1
23. (i) According to oxidation number concept, oxidation is the process of increase in the
2
oxidation number of an element and reduction is the process of decrease in the
oxidation number of an element. 3
½
(ii) Oxidation number of Mn in KMNO4 is +7
½
Oxidation number of Cr in K2Cr2O7 is +6
24. (i) Column chromatography OR, Thin layer chromatography 1
(ii) Column A Column B
I. Distillation d. Aniline and Chloroform 4x½ 3
II. Fractional distillation c. Fractions of crude oil =2
III. Distillation under reduced pressure a. Glycerol from spent lye
IV. Steam distillation b. Aniline and Water
25. (i) Decarboxylation reaction
OR, By heating sodium salt of carboxylic acids with soda lime (a mixture of NaOH and
CaO).
CaO
OR, R-COONa + NaOH → R-H + Na2CO3
CaO
OR, CH3COONa + NaOH → CH4 + Na2CO3
OR, Kolbe’s Electrolytic method
OR, by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium salt of a 1
carboxylic acid.
Electrolysis
OR, 2 RCOONa + 2 H2O → R – R + 2CO2 + 2NaOH + H2
Electrolysis 3
OR, 2 CH3COONa + 2 H2O → CH3 – CH3 + 2CO2 + 2NaOH + H2

(ii)

26. (i) CH2 = CH2 OR, Ethene 1

(ii) CH3 – CHBr – CH3 OR, 2-Bromopropane 1

(iii) Chlorobenzene OR, C6H5-Cl OR, 1

++1 CHEMISTRY MODEL EXAM_ANSWER KEY_PREPARED BY ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 4
 Answer any 4 questions from 27 to 31. Each carries 4 scores
27. (i) The important postulates of his theory are:
1. The electron in the hydrogen atom can move around the nucleus in circular paths
of fixed radius and energy. These paths are called orbits or stationary states or
allowed energy states
2. The energy of an electron in an orbit does not change with time. However, when
an electron absorbs energy, it will move away from the nucleus and when it loses
energy, it will move towards the nucleus.
3. The radius of nth orbit of H atom can be given by rn = a0 n2 where a0 = 52.9 pm.
1 2
4. The energy of electron in an orbit is given by the expression: En = - RH . Where
n2
n = 1,2,3…… and RH is a constant called Rydberg constant.
5. The frequency of radiation absorbed or emitted when transition occurs between
ΔE E2 − E1 4
two stationary states that differ in energy by ΔE, is given by: ν = =
h h
Where E1 and E2 are the energies of lower and higher energy levels respectively.
6. The angular momentum of an electron is quantized. i.e. it is an integer multiple
nh nh
of . Or, Angular momentum, mevr = [Any 2 postulates required]
2π 2π

(ii) Here ∆x = 0.1 A0 = 0.1 x 10-10 m, h = 6.626 x 10-34 Js, m = 9.1 x 10-31 kg, ∆v = ?
h 1
We know that ∆x.m.∆v =
4π
h 6.626 x 10−34 1
So, ∆v = = = 5.8 x 106ms-1
4πm.Δx 4 x 3.14 x 9.1 x 10−31 x 0.1 x 10−10

28. (i) O2 molecule contains 16 electrons.

Its M.O configuration is: σ1s2 σ*1s2 σ2s2 σ*2s2 σ2pz2 π2px2 π2py2 π*2px1 π*2py1. 1
(ii) O2 molecule is paramagnetic. 1
4
(iii) Bond order (B.O) = ½ [Nb – Na] 1
= ½ [10 – 6] = ½ x 4 = 2 1

29. (i) Hess’s law states that the total enthalpy change for a physical or chemical process is
the same whether the reaction taking place in a single step or in several steps. 1
Or, the total enthalpy change for a process is independent of the path followed.
Application of Hess’s law: Determination of enthalpy reaction/ Determination of
Bond enthalpy/ Determination of enthalpy of formation/ Born-Haber cycle/ Any 1
other application.
4
(ii) CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Given ΔfH0(CaCO3) = -1206.9 kJ mol-1, ΔfH0(CaO) = -635.1 kJ mol-1 and ΔfH0(CO2) = -393.5 kJ
mol-1 1
ΔrH0 = Σ ΔfH0(products) - Σ ΔfH0(reactants)
= [ΔfH0(CaO) + ΔfH0(CO2)] – [ΔfH0(CaCO3)] 1
= [(-635.1) + (-393.5)] – (-1206.9) = 178.3 kJ mol-1
30. (i) According to Lewis concept, acids are electron pair acceptors and bases are electron 2
pair donors.

++1 CHEMISTRY MODEL EXAM_ANSWER KEY_PREPARED BY ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 5
 OR, Substances which accept electron pair are called Lewis acids and substances
which donate electron pair are called Lewis bases.
(ii) Example for Lewis acids are BF3, AlCl3, H+, Co3+, Mg2+ OR, Any cations. ½
Example for Lewis bases are NH3, H2O, OH–, Cl–, Br– OR, Any anions. ½ 4
[Any one example for each is required]
(iii) pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration (hydronium ion 1
concentration) in moles per litre or molarity. OR, pH = -log[H+] OR, pH = -log[H3O+]
31. (i) Nucleophile: A reagent that brings an electron pair. OR, It is an electron rich species
attacks at electron deficient centre. 1
Examples for nucleophile are OH-, CN-, NO2-, Cl-, Br-, I-, H2O, NH3, R-NH2 etc. [Any one ½
example required]
Electrophile: A reagent that takes away an electron pair. OR, It is an electron 1
deficient species attacks at electron rich centre.
Examples for electrophile are carbocations (R+), -CHO, >CO, X+ (halonium ion), NO2+ ½
(nitronium ion), SO2 etc. [Any one example required] 4
(ii) To a little of the sodium fusion extract, add sodium nitroprusside solution. A violet
colour indicates the presence of sulphur. 1
OR,
A little of the sodium fusion extract is acidified with acetic acid and then add lead
acetate solution. A black precipitate indicates the presence of sulphur.

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++1 CHEMISTRY MODEL EXAM_ANSWER KEY_PREPARED BY ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 6