Is there a significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students in Statistics and Probability?

Participant Pretest Posttest p calcu https://www.socscistatistics.com/pvalues/normaldistribution.aspx

1 12 19
2 13 18 HYPOTHESIS-TESTING
3 10 18 Step 1: Ho: There is no significant difference in the pre and post-test scores of students in Statistics and Probability.
4 11 17 Ha: There is a significant difference in the pre and post-test scores of students in Statistics and Probability.
5 12 14
6 13 16 Step 2: Alpha level = 0.05, Dependent Samples z-test
7 12 17 Two-tailed test
8 14 16
9 15 16 Steps:
10 16 15 Step 3: Find the computed value (z-value) 1. Data
11 13 15 Dependent Samples z-test 2. Data Analysis
12 12 16 t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means 3. T-test: Paired sample means
13 11 17 4. OK
14 9 16 Variable 1 Variable 2 5. Input: 2 variables
15 8 15 Mean 12.2941176516.38235294 6. Output: Cell
16 9 15 Variance 3.1836007131.819073084 7. Ok
17 14 20 Observations 34 34
18 13 17 Pearson Correlation0.05259096223
19 12 16 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
20 13 15 df 33 The P-Value is < .00001.

21 12 16 t Stat -10.94 z-score

22 11 17 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.00 The result is significant at p < .05.

23 10 18 t Critical one-tail 1.69

24 12 17 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.00
25 13 15 t Critical two-tail 2.03
26 14 17 Step 4: Decision: Reject the null hypothesis
27 13 17
28 14 16 Step 5: Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the pre and post-test scores of students in Statistics and Probability.
29 15 18
30 13 17
31 12 14
32 11 16
33 12 16
34 14 15
Is there a significant difference in the scores of the group 1 and 2 in Statistics and Probability?
Participant Group 1 Group 2
1 18 19 HYPOTHESIS-TESTING
2 20 18 Step 1: Ho: There is no significant difference in the group 1 and 2 scores in Statistics and Probability.
3 19 18 Ha: There is a significant difference in the group 1 and 2 scores in Statistics and Probability.
4 11 17
5 12 14 Step 2: Alpha level = 0.05, Independent Samples z-test
6 13 16 Two-tailed test Steps:
7 12 9 Critical Value = 1. Data
8 18 16 2. Data Analysis
9 15 16 Step 3: Find the computed value (z-value) 3. z-test: independent sample means
10 16 15 Independent Samples z-test 4. OK
11 13 15 z-Test: Two Sample for Means 5. Input: 2 variables
12 12 16 6. Output: Cell
13 11 17 Variable 1 Variable 2 7. Ok
14 19 16 Mean 14.23529412 16.14705882
15 18 15 Known Variance8.609625668 3.4
16 19 15 Observations 34 34
17 14 20 Hypothesized Mean Difference0
18 13 17 z -3.22
19 17 16 P(Z<=z) one-tail 0.00
20 13 15 z Critical one-tail 1.64
21 12 16 P(Z<=z) two-tail 0.00
22 11 17 z Critical two-tail 1.96
23 10 18.0
24 12 17
25 13 15 Step 4: Decision: Reject the null hypothesis
26 14 17
27 13 17 Step 5: Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the group 1 and 2 scores in Statistics and Probability prelim exam.
28 14 16
29 15 18
30 13 17
31 12 14
32 11 16
33 12 16
34 19 15
Variance 8.61 3.40
Problem 1.
Is there a significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students in Statistics and Probability?
Participant Pretest Posttest p calcu https://www.socscistatistics.com/pvalues/normaldistribution.aspx
1 5 8
2 4 7 HYPOTHESIS-TESTING
3 6 6 Step 1: Ho: There is no significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students in Statistics and Probability.
4 5 9 Ha: There is a significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students in Statistics and Probability.
5 6 8
6 7 7 Step 2: Alpha level = 0.05 Dependent Samples z-test
7 5 7 Two-tailed test
8 4 6 Critical Value = 2.03
9 5 5
10 4 6 Step 3: Find the computed value (z-value)
11 3 7
12 2 7 Variable 1 Variable 2
13 4 6 Mean 4.205882353 6.647058824
14 5 5 Variance 2.107843137 1.326203209
15 5 6 Observations 34 34
16 6 8 Pearson Correlation 0.4072642795
17 6 8 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
18 4 7 df 33
19 3 6 t Stat 17.63 z-score
20 4 5 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.00
21 3 7 t Critical one-tail -1.69
22 2 6 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.00 0.05
23 2 5 t Critical two-tail 2.03
24 3 6
25 4 7
26 5 8 Step 4: Decision: Reject the null hypothesis.
27 5 9
28 6 8 Step 5: Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the pretest and post test scores of the students in statistics and probability.
29 6 7
30 4 6
31 4 5
32 3 5
33 2 7
34 1 6

Problem 2.
Is there a significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students in Statistics and Probability?
Participant Group 1 Group 2
1 5 8
2 4 7 HYPOTHESIS-TESTING
3 6 6 Step 1: Ho:
4 5 9 Ha:
5 6 8
6 7 7 Step 2: Alpha level = 0.05 , Independent Samples z-test
7 5 7 Two-tailed test
8 4 6 Critical Value = 1.96
9 5 5
10 4 6 Step 3: Find the computed value (z-value)
11 3 7
12 2 7 Variable 1 Variable 2
13 4 6 Mean 4.205882353 6.647058824
14 5 5 Known Variance 2.107843137 1.326203209
15 5 6 Observations 34 34
16 6 8 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
17 6 8 z 17.63
18 4 7 P(Z<=z) one-tail 0.00
19 3 6 z Critical one-tail 1.64
20 4 5 P(Z<=z) two-tail 0.00 0.05
21 3 7 z Critical two-tail 1.96
22 2 6
23 2 5 Step 4: Decision: Reject the null hypothesis.
24 3 6
25 4 7 Step 5: Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the pretest and post test scores of the students in statistics and probability.
26 5 8
27 5 9
28 6 8
29 6 7
30 4 6
31 4 5
32 3 5
33 2 7
34 1 6
 DEPENDENT SAMPLES T - TEST
Is there a significant difference in the pre and post-test scores in Business Mathematics of ABM students?

Student No. Pre-test Post-test HYPOTHESIS-TESTING

1 20 35 Step 1: Ho: There is no significant difference in the pre and post-test scores of ABM students.
2 15 45 Ha: There is a significant difference in the pre and post-test scores of ABM students.
3 25 35
4 30 30 Step 2: Alpha level = 0.05, Dependent Samples t-test
5 25 45 Two-tailed test
6 40 40 Critical Value = 2.14
7 30 35
8 35 50 Step 3: Find the computed value (t-value)
9 25 40 t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
10 35 40
11 20 25 Variable 1 Variable 2 t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
12 15 40 Mean 23.66666667 37.33333333
13 10 35 Variance 80.23809524 42.38095238 Variable 1 Variable 2
14 15 30 Observations 15 15 Mean 23.66666667 37.33333333
15 15 35 Pearson Correlation 0.3021389865 Variance 80.23809524 42.38095238
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 Observations 15 15
80.24 42.38 df 14 Pearson Correlation 0.3021389865
t Stat -5.662390864 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.000029310 df 14
t Critical one-tail 1.761310136 t Stat -5.662390864
Sig P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000058619 0.05 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.00002930950913
t Critical two-tail 2.144786688 t Critical one-tail 1.761310136
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000059
Step 4: Decision: Reject the null hypothesis t Critical two-tail 2.144786688

Step 5: Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the pre and post-test scores of ABM students.

PRACTICE

Is there a significant difference in the pre and post-test scores in Advanced Research and Statistics of MBA students?

Student No. Pre-test Post-test t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
1 33 38
2 10 28 Ho: There is no significant difference in the pre and post-test scores in Advanced Research and Statistics of MBA students.
3 33 39 Ha: There is a significant difference in the pre and post-test scores in Advanced Research and Statistics of MBA students.
4 33 39
5 32 35 Alpha level = 0.05, Dependent Samples t-test
6 34 36 Two-tailed test
7 23 33 Critical Value = 2.14
8 35 39
9 23 30 Find the computed value (t-value)
10 33 36 T-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
11 33 37
12 33 35
13 18 28 Variable 1 Variable 2
14 28 31 Mean 28.13333333 34.26666667
15 21 30 Variance 55.26666667 15.92380952
Observations 15 15
Pearson Correlation 0.8944100907
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 14
t Stat 5.579785
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.00003392880362
t Critical one-tail -1.761310136
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000067858 0.05
t Critical two-tail 2.144786688

Decision: Reject the null hypothesis

Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the pre and post-test scores of ABM students.
 INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T - TEST
Is there a significant difference in the final grades of MAEd and MBA students in Statistics?

Student No. MAEd MBA Step 1: Ho: There is no significant difference in the final grades of MAEd and MBA students in Statistics.
1 99 90 Ha: There is a significant difference in the final grades of MAEd and MBA students in Statistics.
2 89 88
3 92 95 Step 2: Alpha level = 0.05, Independent Samples t-test
4 86 86 Two-tailed test
5 89 90 Critical Value = 2.05
6 94 93
7 88 89 Step 3: Find the computed value (t-value) t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
8 94 92 t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances
9 96 95 Variable 1 Variable 2
10 95 96 Variable 1 Variable 2 Mean 92.13333333 91.46666667
11 89 92 Mean 92.13 91.47 Variance 13.98095238 8.40952381
12 97 95 Variance 13.98 8.41 Observations 15 15
13 89 90 Observations 15.00 15.00 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
14 92 91 Pooled Variance 11.20 df 26
15 93 90 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0.00 t Stat 0.5456607372
14.0 8.4 df 28.00 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.2949752693
t Stat 0.55 t Critical one-tail 1.70561792
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.29 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.5899505386
t Critical one-tail 1.70 t Critical two-tail 2.055529439
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.59 0.05 p>0.05, retain the Ho
t Critical two-tail 2.05

Step 4: Decision: Retain the null hypothesis

Step 5: Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the final grades of MAEd and MBA students in Statistics.

PRACTICE:

Is there a significant difference in the final grades of Male and Female students in Mathematics?

Student No. Male Female Ho: There is no significant difference in the final grades of Male and Female students in Mathematics.
1 33 38 Ha: There is a significant difference in the final grades of Male and Female students in Mathematics.
2 10 28
3 33 39 Alpha level = 0.05, Independent Samples t-test
4 33 39 Two-tailed test
5 32 35 Critical Value = 2.14 T-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
6 34 36
7 23 33 Variable 1 Variable 2
8 35 39 T-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances Mean 28.13 34.27
9 23 30 Variance 55.27 15.92
10 33 36 Variable 1 Variable 2 Observations 15.00 15.00
11 33 37 Mean 28.13 34.27 Pooled Variance 35.60
12 33 35 Variance 55.27 15.92 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0.00
13 18 28 Observations 15.00 15.00 df 21.00
14 28 31 Pooled Variance 35.60 t Stat -2.81834
15 21 30 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0.00 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.01
55.26666667 15.92380952 df 28.00 t Critical one-tail -1.76
t Stat -2.81834 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.01 0 .05
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.00 t Critical two-tail 2.14
t Critical one-tail -1.76
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.01 0 .05 p<0.05, reject the Ho
t Critical two-tail 2.14

Decision: Reject the null hypothesis.

Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the final grades of MAEd and MBA students in Statistics.
 DEPENDENT SAMPLES T - TEST
Problem 1.
Is there a significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students in Statistics and Probability?
Participant Pretest Posttest
1 5 8
2 4 7 HYPOTHESIS-TESTING
3 6 6 Step 1: Ho: There is no significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students in statistics and Probability.
4 5 9 Ha: There is a significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students in statistics and Probability.
5 6 8
6 7 7 Step 2: Alpha level = 0.05 , Dependent Samples t-test
7 5 7 Two-tailed test
8 4 6 Critical Value = 2.09
9 5 5
10 4 6 Step 3: Find the computed value (t-value)
11 3 7
12 2 7 Variable 1 Variable 2
13 4 6 Mean 4.65 6.7
14 5 5 Variance 1.502631579 1.273684211
15 5 6 Observations 20 20
16 6 8 Pearson Correlation 0.2625054663
17 6 8 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
18 4 7 df 19
19 3 6 t Stat 6.403124
20 4 5 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.000001927877185
t Critical one-tail -1.729132812
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000003856 0.05 p<0.05, reject the Ho
t Critical two-tail 2.093024054

Step 4: Decision: Reject the null hypothesis.

Step 5: Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students im Statistics and Probability.

INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T - TEST

Problem 2.
Is there a significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students in Statistics and Probability?
Participant Group 1 Group 2
1 5 8
2 4 7 HYPOTHESIS-TESTING
3 6 6 Step 1: Ho: There is no significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students in Statistics and Probability.
4 5 9 Ha: There is a significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students in Statistics and Probability.
5 6 8
6 7 7 Step 2: Alpha level = 0.05 , Independent Samples t-test
7 5 7 Two-tailed test
8 4 6 Critical Value = 2.09
9 5 5
10 4 6 Step 3: Find the computed value (t-value)
11 3 7
12 2 7 T-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances T-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
13 4 6
14 5 5 Variable 1 Variable 2 Variable 1 Variable 2
15 5 6 Mean 4.65 6.70 Mean 4.65 6.70
16 6 8 Variance 1.50 1.27 Variance 1.50 1.27
17 6 8 Observations 20.00 20.00 Observations 20.00 20.00
18 4 7 Pooled Variance 1.39 Pooled Variance 1.39
19 3 6 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0.00 Hypothesized Mean Difference0.00
20 4 5 df 19.00 df 19.00
t Stat 6.403124 t Stat 6.403124
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.01 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.00
t Critical one-tail -1.73 t Critical one-tail -1.73
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.01 0 .05 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.00 0 .05
t Critical two-tail 2.09 t Critical two-tail 2.09
p<0.05, reject the Ho

Step 4: Decision: Reject the null hypothesis.

Step 5: Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students im Statistics and Probability.
 ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Is there a significant differences in the final grades of MAEd, MBA, and MPA students in Statistics?

Student No. MAEd MBA MPA Step 1: Ho: There is no significant difference in the final grades of MAEd, MBA, and MPA students in Statistics.
1 99 90 93 Ha: There is a significant difference in the final grades of MAEd, MBA, and MPA students in Statistics.
2 89 88 86
3 92 95 93 Step 2: Alpha level = 0.05, One-Way Analysis of Variance
4 86 86 88 Two-tailed test
5 89 90 91 Critical Value (F) = 3.22
6 94 93 92
7 88 89 90 Step 3: Find the computed value (F-ratio)
8 94 92 91 Anova: Single Factor
9 96 95 93
10 95 96 95 SUMMARY
11 89 92 88 Groups Count Sum Average Variance
12 97 95 93 Column 1 15 1382 92.13333333 13.98095238
13 89 90 87 Column 2 15 1372 91.46666667 8.40952381
14 92 91 90 Column 3 15 1362 90.8 6.742857143
15 93 90 92

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 13.33333333 2 6.666666667 0.6864988558 0.5088934636
3.219942293
Within Groups 407.8666667 42 9.711111111

Total 421.2 44

Step 4: Decision: Retain the null hypothesis

Step 5: Conclusion: There is no significant differences in the final grades of MAEd, MBA, and MPA students in Statistics.

PRACTICE:

Course
Time Beginner Intermediate
Advanced
1 22 18 17
2 25 21 20 A manager wants to raise the productivity at his company by increasing the speed at which his employees can
use a particular spreadsheet program. As he does not have the skills in-house, he employs an external
3 24 20 19
agency which provides training in this spreadsheet program. They offer 3 courses: a beginner, intermediate
4 28 26 25 and advanced course. He is unsure which course is needed for the type of work they do at his company, so he
5 27 23 22 sends 10 employees on the beginner course, 10 on the intermediate and 10 on the advanced course. When
they all return from the training, he gives them a problem to solve using the spreadsheet program, and times
6 28 24 22 how long it takes them to complete the problem. He then compares the three courses (beginner, intermediate,
7 27 23 21 advanced) to see if there are any differences in the average time it took to complete the problem.
8 29 26 24
9 29 27 24
10 33 30 28

Step 1: Ho: There is no significant difference in the average time of the beginner, intermediate, and advance course to complete the problem.
Ha: There is a significant difference in the average time of the beginner, intermediate, and advance course to complete the problem.

Step 2: Alpha level = 0.05, One-Way Analysis of Variance

Two-tailed test
Critical Value (F) = 3.33

Step 3: Find the computed value (F-ratio)

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 10 272 27.2 9.288888889
Column 2 10 238 23.8 12.84444444
Column 3 10 222 22.2 10.17777778

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 130.4 2 65.2 6.05365 0.006729 3.3276545
Within Groups 290.8 27 10.7704

Total 421.2 29
Step 4: Decision: Reject the null hypothesis

Step 5: Conclusion: There is a significant differences in the final grades of MAEd, MBA, and MPA students in Statistics.
PEARSON PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION
Is there a significant relationship between the students' number of hours of study and their grades in Statistics?

Student No. Hours of Study Grade Step 1: Ho: There is no significant relationship between the students' number of hours of study and their grades in Statistics
1 15 2.75 Ha: There is a significant relationship between the students' number of hours of study and their grades in Statistics.
2 35 1.25
3 5 3.00 Step 2: Alpha level = 0.05, Pearson r
4 20 2.50 Two-tailed test
5 30 1.50
6 40 1.00 Step 3: Find the computed value (r - value) Hours of Study Grade
7 20 2.25 Hours of Study 1
8 25 1.75 Column 1 Column 2 Grade -0.9793072904 1
9 25 2.00 Column 1 1
10 8 3.00 Column 2 -0.9793072904 1

Step 4: Decision: Reject the null hypothesis

Step 5: Conclusion: There is significant relationship between the students' number of hours of study and their grades in Statistics.

Negative Inversely proportional

Positive Directly Proportional

r value -0.98
Interpretation Very high negative correlation
P value < .00001
Interpretation Significant

PRACTICE:

What is the correlation between anxiety and aptitude scores?

Student No. Aptitude Scores Anxiety Test Step 1 Ho: There is no correlation between anxiety and aptitude scores.
1 10 12 Ha: There is a correlation between anxiety and aptitude scores.
2 7 9
3 13 14 Step 2 Alpha level = 0.05, Pearson r
4 8 7 Two-tailed test
5 11 11
6 6 7 Step 3 Find the computed value (r - value)
7 10 12
8 11 10 Aptitude Score Anxiety Test r value 0.860858194
Aptitude Score 1 Interpretation high positive correlation
Anxiety Test 0.8608581939 1 P value > 0.00005
Interpretation Significant
Step 4 Reject the null hypothesis

Step 5 Conclusion: There is a correlation between the anxiety and aptitude scores.
 LINEAR REGRESSION
Predict the grade of students who spent the following weekly studies: 37, 22, and 8. SUMMARY OUTPUT

Student No. Hours of Study Grade Regression Statistics

1 15 2.75 Multiple R 0.9793072904
2 35 1.25 R Square 0.9590427689
3 5 3.00 Adjusted R Square 0.9539231151
4 20 2.50 Standard Error 0.1542931967
5 30 1.50 Observations 10
6 40 1.00
7 20 2.25 ANOVA
8 25 1.75 df SS MS F Significance F
9 25 2.00 Regression 1 4.459548876
187.3257042 0.00
10 8 3.00 Residual 8 0.1904511245 0.02380639056
Total 9 4.65

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%
Upper 95.0%
Intercept 3.509609354 0.113964138 30.79573465 0.00 3.24680758 3.7724111283.24680758
3.772411128
Hours of Study -0.063211181790.004618439118 -13.68669808 0.00 -0.0738613215
-0.05256104209
-0.0738613215
-0.05256104209

Hrs Grade
28 1.83
34 1.47

PRACTICE:

If one of the students receives a score of 12 on the aptitude test, what is your best estinamte of the score that student will on anxiety?
X Y
Student No. Aptitude Scores Anxiety Test
1 10 12 Regression Statistics
2 7 9 Multiple R 0.8608581939
3 13 14 R Square 0.7411
4 8 7 Adjusted R Square 0.8608581939
5 11 11 Standard Error 0.852554472
6 6 7 Observations 8
7 10 12
8 11 10 y = 0.9211x + 1.5
12 11.0532 12.5532
9 8.2899 9.7899
6 5.5266 7.0266

Conclusion: If one of the students receives a score of 12 on the aptitude, the student will have an estimated score of 12.5 or 13 on anxiety.