THE DELHI

SULTANATE
The Tughlaqs ( 1320-1412 AD)

The founder of the Tughlaq dynasty was Ghazi Malik Giyasuddin rose to an
who ascended the throne as Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq in important position in the
AD 1320 and this dynasty ruled till AD 1412. reign of Alauddin Khalji.

After a brief rule Ghiyassuddin Tughlaq died in AD 1325 and his son Muhammad
Tughlaq ascended the throne.

Under the Tughlaqs the Delhi Sultanate was further consolidated.

Many outlying territories were brought under the direct control of the Sultanate.
Consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate under
Muhammad Tughlaq

The Deccan and South

• The regions of the Deccan which were conquered by the Khaljis had stopped
paying tribute and were proclaiming independent status.
• Muhammad Tughlaq (called Juna Khan) led the early expeditions against Rai
Rudra Dev who was defeated after a prolonged conflict and Warangal was now
annexed under direct control of the Sultanate.
• Ma’bar was also defeated.
• whole region of Telangana was divided into administrative units and made part
of the Sultanate.
• In contrast to Allauddin Khalji’s policy the Tughlaqs annexed the Deccan region.
Consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate under
Muhammad Tughlaq

The Deccan and South

• Muhammad Tughlaq even decided to transfer his capital from Delhi to Deogir and
renamed it as Daultabad.
• In fact he wanted to control the northern region from this place.
• He built a road from Delhi to Deogir and set up rest houses.
• Substantial number of nobles, religious men and craftsmen shifted to the new
capital.
• It seems that the idea was to treat it as the second capital and not abandon
Delhi.
• Due to growing discontent and the fact that north could not be controlled from
south, later Muhammad decided to give up the whole scheme.
• However, the plan improved ties between the north and south.
Consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate under
Muhammad Tughlaq

East India
• Bhanudeva II, the ruler of Jajnagar in Orissa, helped Rai Rudra Dev Warangal
against Delhi Sultans.
• Ulug Khan led an army against him in AD 1324, defeated him and his territory
annexed.
• The dissatisfied nobles of Bengal invited the Tughlaq prince to invade their ruler,
who defeated their army and installed Nasiruddin on the throne.
Consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate under
Muhammad Tughlaq

North West
• The Mongol invasions from the North-West region were rocking the Sultanate on
regular intervals with a big Mongol assault under Tarmashirin Khan taking place in
AD 1326-27 .
• Muhammad Tughlaq decided to secure the frontier by establishing new
administrative control from Lahore to Kalanur including Peshawar.
• The Sultan also planned invasions of Qarachil region (In present day Himachal)
and Qandahar but did not succeed.
New Policies by Mohammad Tughlaq

• Muhammad Tughlaq was very innovative in adopting new policies.

• He started a new department for development of Agriculture called Diwan-i Kohi.
• Peasants were given financial support to arrange seeds and for crop failures.
• He introduced token currency to tide over the shortage of Silver.
• He introduced a copper coin (Jittal) in place of silver coin (tanka).
• The State also did not take proper precautions to check the imitation of
coins issued by the mints leading to forged coins flooding the markets.
• Thus the Sultan was forced to withdraw the token currency.
Decline of Tughlaqs

Muhammad Tughlaq was succeeded by his cousin Firuz Tughlaq.

Under him no new territories could be added to the Sultanate.
The invasion of Timur in AD 1398 left the sultanate desolate.
By the end (AD 1412), the Sultanate was confined to a small territory in north India.
In the east Bengal and Orissa enjoyed complete autonomy.
In eastern UP and large parts of Bihar a new independent kingdom of Sharqis
emerged.
In the Deccan and South, Vijaynagar empire and Bahmani kingdom became political
powers.
Large parts of Punjab were occupied by independent nobles.
Gujarat and Malwa became fully independent.
Rajput states in Rajasthan no longer treated Delhi Sultans as their overlords.
Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1450 AD)

Khizr Khan defeated Sultan Daulat Khan and occupied Delhi and founded Sayyid
dynasty as Rayati-Ala in place of Sultan.

Khizr Khan was the most competent Sayyid ruler of the dynasty.

After Khizr Khan’s death Mubarak Shah (AD 1412–34) and Muhammad Shah (AD
1434–45) ascended the throne one after another.

In 1445 AD, Alam Shah ascended the throne but was totally incompetent.
Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526 AD)

Last ruling family of Sultanate period.

First to be headed by the Afghans.

Bahlol Lodi (AD 1451–1489)

• Laid the foundation of Lodi dynasty.
• He was a capable general.
• He was aware of the fact that to establish his control over Sultanate he would
require help and support of Afghan nobles.
Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526 AD)

Bahlol Lodi (AD 1451–1489)

• To placate the Afghan nobles, Bahlol publicly declared that he considered himself
one of the Afghan peers and not the king.
• Bahlol Lodi successfully suppressed the revolts in Mewat and Doab.
• In AD 1476, he defeated the Sultan of Jaunpur and annexed it to Delhi Sultanate.
• He also brought the ruler of Kalpi and Dholpur under the Suzerainty of Delhi.
However, he failed to reoccupy Bengal, Gujarat and the Deccan.
• After the dealth of Bahlol Lodi, Sikandar Lodi ascended the throne.
Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526 AD)

Sikandar Lodi (AD 1489-1517)

• He re-imposed jaziya on non-mulsims.
• Sikandar Lodi believed in the superior position of the Sultan vis-a-vis the nobles.
• He re-annexed Bihar, Dholpur, Narwar and some parts of the kingdom of Gwalior
and Nagor to the Delhi Sultanate.
• After the death of Sikandar Lodi in AD 1517, his nobles helped Ibrahim Lodi to
become Sultan.
Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526 AD)

Ibrahim Lodi (AD 1517-1526)

• His reign proved a period of revolts.
• Firstly his own brother Jalal Khan rebelled.
• Bihar declared its independence.
• Daulat Khan, the governor of Punjab also rebelled.
• Daulat Khan sent an invitation to Babur at Kabul to invade India. Babur defeated
Sultan Ibrahim Lodi in AD 1526 in the battle at Panipat.
• Summing up the end of the Sultanate, a scholar states “The Sultanate of Delhi,
which had its birth on the battlefield of Tarain in AD 1192, breathed its last in AD
1526 a few miles away on the battlefield of Panipat”.
Challenges Faced by the Sultanate

Attacks by Mongols and others

• Since its inception the major threat to the sultanate came in the form of Mongol
invasions.
• Mongols were nomadic groups who inhabited the steppes north of China and
east of Lake Baikal. They formed a huge nomadic empire under Chengiz Khan in
the 12thc entury.
• From 13th century onwards they repeatedly attacked the Delhi Sultanate.
• During Khalji’s time Mongols under Qultlug Khwaja even besieged Delhi and
caused a lot of damage.
• The last significant attack of Mongols was by Tarmashirin during the reign of
Muhammad Tughlaq.
Challenges Faced by the Sultanate

Attacks by Mongols and others

• Another important attack which shook the foundation of the sultanate was by
Timur in 1398. The weakness of the Delhi Sultanate was made even worse by
Timur’s invasion of Delhi (1398).
• Timur was a son of the Chief of Chagtai branch of Turks.
• When he invaded India he was the master of almost whole of Central Asia.
• Timur’s raid into India was a plundering raid and his motive was to seize the
wealth accumulated by the Sultans of Delhi over the last 200 years.
• Sultan Nasiruddin and his Wazir Mallu Iqbasl faced Timur but were defeated.
Challenges Faced by the Sultanate

Attacks by Mongols and others

• Timur ordered general massacre and large number of Hindu and Muslim including
women and children were murdered.
• Before leaving India Timur’s invasion indicated the downfall of Delhi Sultanate.
Delhi Sultanate lost control over Punjab.
• Timur appointed Khizr Khan, the ruler for Multan who controlled Punjab also.
• He laid the foundation of Saiyyid Dynasty.
Challenges Faced by the Sultanate

Inner Conflict of Nobility

• Three hundred years of Delhi Sultanate witnessed five dynasties ruling over it. The
main reason for change of dynasties and deposing of rulers was a constant
struggle between the Sultan and the nobility (Umara).
• Soon after the death of Aibak they started fighting over the question of
succession. Almost similar events happened after the death of each powerful
sultan (Balban, Alauddin Khalji, Firoz Tughlaq and others.)
• Since there was no well defined law of succession, each noble tried to either
crown himself or support some favourite heir of the dead sultan.
Challenges Faced by the Sultanate

Provincial Kingdoms
• Another consequence of conflict of nobility was declaration of independence by
various provincial heads in the regions.
• Important ones of such states were Bengal (Lakhnouti), Jaunpur, Malwa, Gujarat,
the Bahmani kingdom in the Deccan etc.
• Quite often these states were at war with the Sultanate. The whole process
weakened the sultanate.
Challenges Faced by the Sultanate

Resistance by Indian Chiefs

• The Rajput chiefs in Rajputana (Mewar, Ranthambhor, Chittor etc.), Warangal,

Deogiri & Ma’bar in Deccan and South, the king of Dhar, Malwa in Central India,
Jajnagar in Orissa and a host of smaller chieftains were constantly at war even
after successive defeats. All these struggles weakened the sultanate.
Decline of Delhi Sultanate

The Delhi sultanate was considerably weakened after the Khalji and Tughlaq reign.

Finally the invasion of Babur in AD 1526 brought it to an end.

Now a much more centralised and strong empire under the Mughals established
itself in India and ruled for a further period of more than two hundred years.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Administration
• The ultimate authority was with the Sultan.
• There were many departments and officials who helped the Sultan in
administration.
• The Naib was the most influential post and virtually enjoyed all the powers of
the Sultan.
• The post of Wazir was next to the Naib and he headed the finance department
known as the Diwan-i-Wizarat.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Administration
• Diwan-i- Ariz was the military department that was commanded by the Ariz-i-
Mumalik. He would recruit the soldiers and administer the military department.
However, Sultan himself acted as the Commander-in-chief of the army.
• The department of religious affairs, Diwan-i-Risalat dealt with pious foundations
and granted stipends to deserving scholars and men of piety.
• It was headed by Chief Sadr who also functioned as Chief Qazi, the head of the
judicial system.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Administration
• Sharia or Muslim personal law was followed in civil matters.
• The Hindus were governed by their own personal law.
• The criminal law was dictated by the rules and regulations established by the
Sultans.
• Diwan-i-Insha was the department of correspondence.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Provincial Government
• Iqtas, the provinces under the Delhi Sultanate were initially under the dominion
of the nobles.
• The provinces were further divided into Shiqs, which was under the control of the
Shiqdar.
• The Shiqs were further divided into Pargana, comprising a number of villages and
was headed by the Amil.
• The village remained the basic unit of administration and its headman was
called Chaudhri or Muqaddam.
• Patwari was the village accountant.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Economy
• The farmers paid 1/3rd of their produce as land revenue and sometimes even half
of the produce.
• The lands were categorised into three classes:
1)Iqta land
2)Khalisa land
3)Inam land
• A number of cities and towns had grown during this period which led to rapid
urbanisation.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Economy
• A large number of items were exported to the Persian Gulf countries and West
Asia and also to Southeast Asian countries.
• During the Delhi Sultanate, the silk and the cotton textile industry thrived.
• Paper was widely used from the 14th and 15th centuries which led to the growth
of the paper industry.
• Other crafts like carpet weaving, leather making and metal crafts also flourished
due to the rise in their demand.
• Expensive articles made of gold and silver were produced by the royal
karkhanas.
• The system of coinage had also boomed during the Delhi Sultanate.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Social System

• There were hardly any changes in the structure of the Hindu society during the
Delhi Sultanate.
• The Brahmins continued to enjoy the highest place in the social strata.
• The severest restrictions were placed on mingling with the chandalas and other
outcasts.
• purdah system became prevalent among the upper-class Hindus (particularly in
North India).
• The Arabs and Turks brought the purdah system into India and it became a
symbol of the higher classes in society.
• The practice of sati was widely prevalent in different regions of the country.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Social System
• During the Sultanate period, the Muslim society remained divided into ethnic and
racial groups.
• The Afghans, Iranians, Turks and Indian Muslims developed as exclusive
groups and rarely married each other.
• Converts from the lower sections of Hindus were also discriminated against.
• For the Hindu subjects, from the time of the Arab invasion of Sindh, they had been
given the status of zimmis or protected people i.e, those who accepted the
Muslim rule and agreed to pay a tax called jaziya.
• At first, jaziya was collected along with land revenue.
• Later, Firoz Tughlaq made jaziya a separate tax and levied it on Brahmins also,
who were earlier exempted from the jaziya.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Social System
• Slavery had existed in India for a long time, however, it thrived during this
period.
• There existed slave markets for men and women.
• Slaves were generally bought for domestic service, for company or for their
special skills.
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq had about 1,80,000 slaves.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Literature
• The Delhi Sultans gave huge importance to literature and showed more interest in
the progress of Persian literature.
• Apart from poetry and theology, history writing was also promoted.
• The most renowned historians of this time were Minhaj-us-Siraj, Zia-ud-din
Barani, Hasan Nizami and Shams Siraj.
• Tabaqat-i-Nasari was authored by Minhaj-us-Siraj which gives a general account
of the history of Muslim dynasties up to c. 1260 CE.
• The history of the Tughlaq dynasty, Tarikh-i-Firoz was written by Barani.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Literature

• Prince Muhammad, the eldest son of Sultan Balban was a great patron of scholars
and provided protection to two great scholars of his time i.e Amir Khusrau and
Amir Hasan.
• Amir Khusrau has been regarded as the greatest Persian poet of his age.
• He is said to have written more than 4 lac couplets.
• He created a new style of Persian poetry called Sabaq-i-Hind (Indian style).
• His important works include Khazain-ul-Futuh, Tughlaqnama and Tarikh-i-
Alai.
• He was a great singer and was given the title ‘Parrot of India’.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Literature
• Translation of certain Sanskrit books was done into the Persian language during
this period.
• Zia Nakshabi was the first to translate Sanskrit stories into the Persian
language.
• The book Tutu Nama or the Book of the Parrot was first translated into Turkish
and then to many European languages.
• The famous book Rajatarangani written by Kalhana belonged to the era of
Kashmiri ruler Zain-ul-Abideen.
Key Features of The Delhi Sultanate

Literature
• In the Arabic language, Al-Beruni’s Kitab-ul-Hind is the most important work.
• Al-Beruni or Alberuni was an Arabic and Persian scholar patronized by Mahmud
of Ghazni.
• He learnt Sanskrit and translated two Sanskrit works into Arabic.
• He was impressed by the Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita.
• In his work Kitab-ul-Hind (also known as Tarikh-ul-Hind), he had mentioned the
socio-economic conditions of India.
• A large number of scholars flourished at the courts of provincial rulers as well.
• Chand Bardai, a Hindi poet, was the author of Prithviraj Rasau.
• Nusrat Shah patronised the translation of Mahabharata into Bengali.
• Krittivasa prepared a Bengali translation of the Ramayana from Sanskrit.
WEAKENING OF DELHI SULTANATES
Weakening of the Sultanate Empire started from the Tughlaq dynasty itself. It took
place for several reasons:

Unsuccessful The invasion of Timur by the successors of Tughlaq led to

campaigns desolation and to several regions demanding autonomy from the
authority of Delhi.
Gujarat, Malwa, Punjab and Rajasthan, which were once annexed
and controlled by the Sultans, no longer remained so and they
started agitating for more power and autonomous status.
Frequent It led to revolts from within the Sultanate which threatened
internal power internal stability.
struggle
Deceit and treachery were common among the royal family where
brothers and descendents attempted to capture power by killing
and using other treacherous means.
WEAKENING OF DELHI SULTANATES

Problem of Salary and payment issues affected the continuation of large army
maintaining in due course of time. It placed a financial burden on the state.
large standing
army

Failure to These mercenaries sold their services to whoever paid more

control the money.
free-floating
mercenaries The availability of such mercenaries led to more rebellions as the
smaller kings used these soldiers to rebel against the Sultan.
Internal For example, at the time of last of the Delhi Sultanate rule under
rebellions Ibrahim Lodhi (1517 - 1526) rebellions by his own brother Jalal
Khan and others elsewhere led to dissatisfaction inviting foreign
conquest by Babur who defeated Lodhi at the first battle of
Panipat in 1526 and establishing the Mughal rule in India.
UPSC Previous Year Questions
Q1. With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements:
1. The first Mongol invasion of India happened during the reign of Jalal-ud-din
Khalji.
2. During the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji, one Mongol assault marched up to Delhi
and besieged the city.
3. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq temporarily lost portions of north-west of his
kingdom to Mongols.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(2022)
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 3 only
UPSC Previous Year Questions
Q1. With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements:
1. The first Mongol invasion of India happened during the reign of Jalal-ud-din
Khalji.
2. During the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji, one Mongol assault marched up to Delhi
and besieged the city.
3. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq temporarily lost portions of north-west of his
kingdom to Mongols.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(2022)
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 3 only
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q2. With reference to Indian history, who of the following were known as “Kulah-
Daran"? (2022)
(a) Arab merchants
(b) Qalandars
(c) Persian calligraphists
(d) Sayyids
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q2. With reference to Indian history, who of the following were known as “Kulah-
Daran"? (2022)
(a) Arab merchants
(b) Qalandars
(c) Persian calligraphists
(d) Sayyids
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q3. Consider the following statements:

1. It was during the reign of Iltutmish that Chengiz Khan reached the Indus in
pursuit of the fugitive Khwarezm prince.
2. It was during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlug that Taimur occupied
Multan and crossed the Indus.
3. It was during the reign of Deva Raya II of the Vijayanagara Empire that Vasco
da Gama reached the coast of Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(2021)
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q3. Consider the following statements:

1. It was during the reign of Iltutmish that Chengiz Khan reached the Indus in
pursuit of the fugitive Khwarezm prince.
2. It was during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlug that Taimur occupied
Multan and crossed the Indus.
3. It was during the reign of Deva Raya II of the Vijayanagara Empire that Vasco
da Gama reached the coast of Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(2021)
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q4. Consider the following statements:

1. In the revenue administration of Delhi Sultanate, the in-charge of
revenue collection was known as ‘Amil’.
2. The iqta system of Sultans of Delhi was an ancient indigenous
institution.
3. The office of ‘Mir Bakshi’ came into existence during the reign of
Khalji Sultans of Delhi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(2019)
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q4. Consider the following statements:

1. In the revenue administration of Delhi Sultanate, the in-charge of
revenue collection was known as ‘Amil’.
2. The iqta system of Sultans of Delhi was an ancient indigenous
institution.
3. The office of ‘Mir Bakshi’ came into existence during the reign of
Khalji Sultans of Delhi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(2019)
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q5. How did Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak die?

(2003)
(a) He was treacherously stabbed to death by one of his ambitious nobles.
(b) He was killed in a battle with Taj-u-din Yildiz, the ruler of Ghazni who entered
into a contest with him over the capture of Punjab.
(c) He sustained injuries while besieging the fortress of Kalinjar in Bundelkhand
and succumbed to them later.
(d) He died after a fall from his horse while playing Chaugan.
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q5. How did Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak die?

(2003)
(a) He was treacherously stabbed to death by one of his ambitious nobles.
(b) He was killed in a battle with Taj-u-din Yildiz, the ruler of Ghazni who entered
into a contest with him over the capture of Punjab.
(c) He sustained injuries while besieging the fortress of Kalinjar in Bundelkhand
and succumbed to them later.
(d) He died after a fall from his horse while playing Chaugan.
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q6. With reference to medieval Indian rulers, which one of the following statements
is correct? (2002)
(a) AlauddinKhalji first set up a separate arizs department.
(b) Balban introduced the branding system of horses of his military.
(c) Muhammad bin Tughlaq was succeeded by his uncle to the Delhi throne.
(d) Firuz Tughlaq set up a separate department of slaves.
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q6. With reference to medieval Indian rulers, which one of the following statements
is correct? (2002)
(a) AlauddinKhalji first set up a separate arizs department.
(b) Balban introduced the branding system of horses of his military.
(c) Muhammad bin Tughlaq was succeeded by his uncle to the Delhi throne.
(d) Firuz Tughlaq set up a separate department of slaves.
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q7. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? (2001)

(a) Diwan-i-Bandagan -Tughlaq
(b) Diwan -i -Mustakhraj - Balba
(c) Diwan -i -Kohi -Alauddin Khilji
(d) Diwan -i -Arz - Muhammad Tughlaq
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q7. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? (2001)

(a) Diwan-i-Bandagan -Tughlaq
(b) Diwan -i -Mustakhraj - Balba
(c) Diwan -i -Kohi -Alauddin Khilji
(d) Diwan -i -Arz - Muhammad Tughlaq
UPSC Previous Year Questions
Q8. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer (2000)

List-I List-II
1. Iqta A Marathas
2. Jagir B Delhi Sultans
3. Amaram C Mughals
4. Mokasa D Vijayanagara

A B C D
(a) 3 2 1 4
(b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 2 3 1 4
(d) 3 2 4 1
UPSC Previous Year Questions
Q8. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer (2000)

List-I List-II
1. Iqta A Marathas
2. Jagir B Delhi Sultans
3. Amaram C Mughals
4. Mokasa D Vijayanagara

A B C D
(a) 3 2 1 4
(b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 2 3 1 4
(d) 3 2 4 1
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q9. Consider the following events:

1. Reign of Krishna Deva Raya of Vijayanagara.
2. Construction of Qutab Minar.
3. Arrival of Portugese in India.
4. Death of Fruz Tughlaq.
The correct chronological sequence of these events is (2000)
(a) 2,4, 3,1
(b) 2,4, 1,3
(c) 4,2, 1,3
(d) 4,2, 3,1
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q9. Consider the following events:

1. Reign of Krishna Deva Raya of Vijayanagara.
2. Construction of Qutab Minar.
3. Arrival of Portugese in India.
4. Death of Fruz Tughlaq.
The correct chronological sequence of these events is (2000)
(a) 2,4, 3,1
(b) 2,4, 1,3
(c) 4,2, 1,3
(d) 4,2, 3,1
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q10. The king was freed from his people and them from their king. On whose death
did Badauni comment thus? (1999)
(a) Balban
(b) Ala-ud-din Khalji
(c) Muhammad-bin-Tughlak
(d) Feroze Shah Tughlak
UPSC Previous Year Questions

Q10. The king was freed from his people and them from their king. On whose death
did Badauni comment thus? (1999)
(a) Balban
(b) Ala-ud-din Khalji
(c) Muhammad-bin-Tughlak
(d) Feroze Shah Tughlak
Thank you
 Chat 1320 1412

Introduction

Founder

EImpf position in the

reign of Alauddin Khalji

Biggestchlenges

Mongol raids
Infation

Importantrule
1 Ghiyasudden Tughlaq
2 Mohammad Bin Tughlaq MBT

3 Firorshah Tughlaq
 Mo
Invasion
I o Delhi

Lapita shift

MBT
MitThoose
wrong time rainy season
to shift capital
Attacks in east increased
Also from Afghan area

Token currency copper

People started making at home
t
Inflation t

Agriculture Loans sondhar Loans

Condition do agriculture in Khalisa Land
state Land
I
 1
Loans defaulted

Kandhar campaign in Mountain that too

foiled in rainy season

FIhahlughlaq
Built many canals
Imposed sharia very religious
6 Built many new cities
person

Inam land to ulemas

Introduced
Triya
 Fidgeted
Foundy
Khizr Khan

Importaintfulers
o
Mubarak Shah
Tarikh e Mubarakshahi

o
Muhammad Shah

Codidynasty 1451 1526

Bahlotted founder

Sikandautodi
G Gaz e sikandar Land measurement

IbYY Battle of panipat Vs Babar

 gharial
Ba
shary Beshara
followed Shariat Not followed Shariat
t t
Ulema Sufis

Keyfetures ofDelhisultanate
Administration

Finance department Diwan i wirarat

Market dept Diwan i Mustakharaj
Diwan i Ariz
Military dept
Religious affairs Diwan i Risalat

Sadr us sadr Qazi

Religious and Judicial functions

 Muslim sharia law
Hindus Personal law

Provincially
Iata Etta
I
shig Shigdar
t
Pargard Amil Kotwal Patman

t
village Chaudhari Magadan

Taxation
Around Ird
o
Hagg i sharb water tax
 Land
agron
Iqta

Khalsa

o
Inam Idrar No tax

Industry silk cotton Paper

socialystem
q cateism
purdah Sys
Sati

Muslims divided in groups Afghans

Iranians
Turks
Indian Muslims

o
Hindu subjects Rimini protected peoples

taxes Jawiya Zakat Khums Usha r etc

 Department of slavery Diwan i Bandagan

Literature
Minhaj us Siraj Tabaquat i Nasan

o
Ziauddin Barri Tarikh i Firoz
Fatwa i Jahandan

Amir Khusrau Tughlaq nama

Tati i Hind Tarikh iAlai
Khasain ul Futch
Devalrani Khinrakhani

o
Kathan Rajtarangini

chandvabardai Prithviraj Raso

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