CS1201

Object-Oriented Programming
(OOP)
Lecture No. 1

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 1

 Course Objective

► Objective of this course is to make students

familiar with the concepts of object-oriented
programming

► Concepts will be reinforced by their

implementation in C++

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 2

 Course Contents
► Object-Orientation
► Objects and Classes
► Overloading
► Inheritance
► Polymorphism
► Generic Programming
► Exception Handling
► Introduction to Design Patterns

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 3

 Books
► C++ How to Program
By Deitel & Deitel

► The C++ Programming Language

By Bjarne Stroustrup

► Object-Oriented Software Engineering

By Jacobson, Christerson, Jonsson, Overgaard
Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 4
 Grading Policy
► Assignments 10 Marks Average
► Quizes 10 Marks Average
► Mid-Term 50 Marks
► Final 80 Marks
► Lab
 Lab Assignments – 20 Marks Average
 Project – 30 Marks

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 5

 Object-Orientation (OO)

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 6

 What is Object-Orientation?

►A technique for system modeling

► OO model consists of several interacting

objects

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 7

 What is a Model?

►A model is an abstraction of something

► Purpose is to understand the product before

developing it

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 8

 Examples – Model

► Highway maps

► Architectural models

► Mechanical models

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 9

 Example – OO Model

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 10

 …Example – OO Model
lives-in
► Objects Ali House
 Ali
drives
 House
 Car
Car Tree
 Tree
► Interactions
 Ali lives in the house
 Ali drives the car
Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 11
 Object-Orientation - Advantages
► People think in terms of objects

► OO models map to reality

► Therefore, OO models are

 easy to develop
 easy to understand

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 12

 What is an Object?
An object is

► Something tangible (Ali, Car)

► Something that can be apprehended

intellectually (Time, Date)

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 13

 … What is an Object?
An object has

► State (attributes)
► Well-defined behaviour (operations)
► Unique identity

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 14

 Example – Ali is a Tangible Object

► State (attributes)
 Name
 Age
► behaviour (operations)
 Walks
 Eats
► Identity
 His name
Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 15
 Example – Car is a Tangible Object

► State (attributes)
- Color
- Model
► behaviour (operations)
- Accelerate - Start Car
- Change Gear
► Identity
- Its registration number
Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 16
 Example – Time is an Object
Apprehended Intellectually
► State (attributes)
- Hours - Seconds
- Minutes
► behaviour (operations)
- Set Hours - Set Seconds
- Set Minutes
► Identity
- Would have a unique ID in the model

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 17

 Example – Date is an Object
Apprehended Intellectually
► State (attributes)
- Year - Day
- Month
► behaviour (operations)
- Set Year - Set Day
- Set Month
► Identity
- Would have a unique ID in the model
Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 18
 Information Hiding

► Information is stored within the object

► It is hidden from the outside world

► It can only be manipulated by the object

itself

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 19

 Example – Information Hiding

► Ali’s name is stored within his brain

► We can’t access his name directly

► Rather we can ask him to tell his name

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 20

 Example – Information Hiding

►A phone stores several phone numbers

► We can’t read the numbers directly from the

SIM card

► Rather phone-set reads this information for

us
Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 21
 Information Hiding
Advantages

► Simplifies the model by hiding

implementation details

► It is a barrier against change propagation

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 22

 Encapsulation

► Data and behaviour are tightly coupled

inside an object

► Both the information structure and

implementation details of its operations are
hidden from the outer world

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 23

 Example – Encapsulation

► Ali stores his personal information and

knows how to translate it to the desired
language

► We don’t know
 How the data is stored
 How Ali translates this information
Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 24
 Example – Encapsulation
►A Phone stores phone numbers in digital
format and knows how to convert it into
human-readable characters

► We don’t know
 How the data is stored
 How it is converted to human-readable
characters

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 25

 Encapsulation – Advantages

► Simplicity and clarity

► Low complexity

► Better understanding

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 26

 Object has an Interface

► An object encapsulates data and behaviour

► So how objects interact with each other?
► Each object provides an interface
(operations)
► Other objects communicate through this
interface

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 27

 Example – Interface of a Car
► Steer Wheels
► Accelerate
► Change Gear
► Apply Brakes
► Turn Lights On/Off

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 28

 Example – Interface of a Phone
► Input Number
► Place Call
► Disconnect Call
► Add number to address book
► Remove number
► Update number

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 29

 Implementation
► Provides services offered by the object
interface

► This includes
 Data structures to hold object state
 Functionality that provides required services

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 30

 Example – Implementation of
Gear Box

► Data Structure
 Mechanical structure of gear box

► Functionality
 Mechanism to change gear

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 31

 Example – Implementation of
Address Book in a Phone

► Data Structure
 SIM card

► Functionality
 Read/write circuitry

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 32

 Separation of Interface &
Implementation

► Means change in implementation does not

effect object interface

► This is achieved via principles of information

hiding and encapsulation

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 33

 Example – Separation of
Interface & Implementation

►A driver can drive a car independent of

engine type (petrol, diesel)

► Because interface does not change with the

implementation

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 34

 Example – Separation of
Interface & Implementation

►A driver can apply brakes independent of

brakes type (simple, disk)

► Again, reason is the same interface

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 35

 Advantages of Separation
► Users need not to worry about a change
until the interface is same

► Low Complexity

► Direct access to information structure of an

object can produce errors

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 36

 Messages

► Objects communicate through messages

► They send messages (stimuli) by invoking
appropriate operations on the target object
► The number and kind of messages that can
be sent to an object depends upon its
interface

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 37

 Examples – Messages

►A Person sends message (stimulus) “stop”

to a Car by applying brakes

►A Person sends message “place call” to a

Phone by pressing appropriate button

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 38

 Abstraction

► Abstraction is a way to cope with

complexity.

► Principle of abstraction:

“Capture only those details about an object

that are relevant to current perspective”
Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 39
 Example – Abstraction
Ali is a PhD student and teaches BS students

► Attributes
- Name - Employee ID
- Student Roll No - Designation
- Year of Study - Salary
- CGPA - Age

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 40

 Example – Abstraction
Ali is a PhD student and teaches BS students

► behaviour
- Study - DevelopExam
- GiveExam - TakeExam
- PlaySports - Eat
- DeliverLecture - Walk

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 41

 Example – Abstraction
Student’s Perspective

► Attributes
- Name - Employee ID
- Student Roll No - Designation
- Year of Study - Salary
- CGPA - Age

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 42

 Example – Abstraction
Student’s Perspective

► behaviour
- Study - DevelopExam
- GiveExam - TakeExam
- PlaySports - Eat
- DeliverLecture - Walk

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 43

 Example – Abstraction
Teacher’s Perspective

► Attributes
- Name - Employee ID
- Student Roll No - Designation
- Year of Study - Salary
- CGPA - Age

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 44

 Example – Abstraction
Teacher’s Perspective

► behaviour
- Study - DevelopExam
- GiveExam - TakeExam
- PlaySports - Eat
- DeliverLecture - Walk

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 45

 Example – Abstraction
A cat can be viewed with different
perspectives

► Ordinary Perspective ► Surgeon’s Perspective

A pet animal with A being with
 Four Legs  A Skeleton
 A Tail  Heart
 Two Ears  Kidney
 Sharp Teeth  Stomach
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 Example – Abstraction

Engineer’s View

Driver’s View

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 47

 Abstraction – Advantages

► Simplifies the model by hiding irrelevant

details

► Abstraction provides the freedom to defer

implementation decisions by avoiding
commitment to details

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 48

 Classes

► In an OO model, some of the objects exhibit

identical characteristics (information
structure and behaviour)

► We say that they belong to the same class

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 49

 Example – Class
► Ali
studies mathematics
► Anam studies physics
► Sohail studies chemistry

► Each one is a Student

► We say these objects are instances of the
Student class

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 Example – Class
► Ahsan teaches mathematics
► Aamir teaches computer science
► Atif teaches physics

► Each one is a teacher

► We say these objects are instances of the
Teacher class

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 51

 Graphical Representation of Classes

(Class Name)
(Class Name)
(attributes)

Suppressed
(operations)
Form

Normal Form
Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 52
 Example – Graphical Representation
of Classes

Circle
center Circle
radius
draw Suppressed
computeArea Form

Normal Form
Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 53
 Example – Graphical Representation
of Classes

Person
name Person
age
gender Suppressed
eat Form
walk

Normal Form
Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 54
 The END

Engr. Nabeel Ali © CS1201 - Object Oriented Programming 55