ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds.
It is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions and
preparation of carbon containing compounds.

Why is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to the study of carbon containing compounds?
We study organic chemistry because just about all of the molecules that make life possible—
proteins, enzymes, vitamins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids—contain carbon, so the
chemical reactions that take place in living systems, including our own bodies, are organic
reactions. y Most of the compounds found in nature—those we rely on for food, medicine,
clothing (cotton, wool, silk), and energy (natural gas, petroleum).

Berzelius Vital Force Theory

According to vitalism, organic compounds were only those that came from living
organisms, and only living things could synthesize organic compounds through
intervention of a vital force. y Inorganic compounds were considered those
compounds that came from non-living sources. y Because chemists could not
create life in the laboratory, they assumed they could not create compounds with
a vital force. With this mind-set, you can imagine how surprised chemists were
in 1828 when Friedrich Wohler produced urea—a compound known to be
excreted by mammals— by heating ammonium cyanate, an inorganic mineral. y
Failure of Berzelius vital theory and synthesis of first organic compound .

Chemical diversity and magnitude of organic compounds:

Tetravalency

o Carbon has four bonding electrons in its valence shell. Carbon therefore
forms four bonds with other atoms. It is difficult for the carbon atom to
lose or gain electrons to complete its octet. The carbon atom thus shares
its valence electrons with the electrons of other atoms of carbon or other
elements.
o For example, to form a molecule of methane (CH), a carbon atom bonds
covalently with four hydrogen atoms forming four covalent bonds. This
property of the carbon atoms is called tetravalency of carbon.

Catenation:
The self-linking capacity of a carbon atom with other carbon atoms to form a
giant molecule is known as catenation.

o It is the property of catenation that is responsible for the formation of a

very large number of organic compounds carbon atoms can combine with
one another to form long chains or rings of different shapes and sizes.

-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-
isomerism

No other element can complete with carbon in this regard. Silicon and few other
element can from chains, but only short one. Carbon chains may contain
thousand of carbon atoms. For these reasons carbon forms almost infinite
number of molecules of various sizes, shapes and structure. Another reason for
large number of organic compounds is the phenomenon of isomerism.

Isomers:

The compounds that have same molecular formula but different arrangement of
atom in their molecules are called isomers. This phenomenon is called
isomerism.

Example

CH3-----CH2-----CH2-----CH3
n - Butane

CH3-----CH-----CH3
↓
CH3
Iso- Butane

Characteristics of Organic Compounds

o All the organic compounds are covalent, i.e., all organic compounds are
non-ionic in nature.
o Most of the organic compounds are insoluble in water but soluble in
organic solvents.
o They have low melting and boiling points as compared to inorganic
compounds.
o They possess the phenomenon of isomerism.
o When burnt in the air, organic compounds produce carbon dioxide and
water.
o The phenomenon by virtue of which two or more compounds having the
same molecular formula can be assigned different molecular structures is
called isomerism.
What is Homologous series?
Homologous series is a series of compounds with similar chemical properties
and some functional groups differing from the successive member by CH2.
Carbon chains of varying lengths have been observed in organic compounds
having the same general formula.

ALKANES
An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon that contains no multiple bonds.
Unbranched alkanes have all their carbon atoms in a single chain. It is also
known by the name paraffin. Alkanes have the general formula of CnH2n+2 ,
where n is the number of carbon atoms.
 The primary sources of alkanes are natural gas and petroleum

• Most alkanes you will come across are relatively small molecules in
which all the chemical bonds are covalent bonds.
• All the bonds in alkane molecules are single covalent bonds i.e. C–C
carbon – carbon or single C–H carbon – hydrogen bonds.
• Each carbon atom forms four single bonds and hydrogen atoms form one
single bond.
• All single covalent bonds are formed by sharing a pair of electrons e.g.
one from each of a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom, or two carbon
atoms contributing (sharing) an electron each to the covalent bond.
• These single covalent C-C and C-H bonds are known as sigma bonds(σ).

n of general
formula 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CnH2n+2
molecular
formula of CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22
alkane CnH2n+2
alkane name
(straight chain methane ethane propane Butane Pentane hexane heptane Octane nonane Decane
from C4)
molecular
empirical CH4 CH3 C3H8 C2H5 C5H12 C3H7 C7H16 C4H9 C9H20 C5H11
formula
alkyl side
chain group methyl ethyl propyl Butyl Pentyl hexyl heptyl Octyl nonyl Decyl
prefix name
alkyl group
CH3 C2H5 C3H7 C4H9 C5H11 C6H13 C7H15 C8H17 C9H19 C10H21
formulaCnH2n+1

Physical properties
 • The first four members, C1 to C4 are gases ,C5 to C17 are liquids and
those containing 18 carbon atoms or more are solids at room temperature.
• They are colourless and odourless.
• Melting point-they show a rise with the increasing number of carbon
atoms,
Methane ethane Pentane octane decane
-182 -183 -130 -57 -30

As we move from an alkane having an odd number of carbon atoms to a

higher alkane, the melting point increases.
• Boiling point- it shows gradual rise with increase in carbon atoms.
Among the alkanes, the straight chain alkanes have higher boiling points
than the branched chain. The greater the branching of the chains, the
lower the Bps.

Methane ethane butane hexane

-162 -42 0 68

Chemical properties
Alkanes are the least reactive type of organic compounds. Alkanes are not
absolutely unreactive. Two important reactions that they undergo are
combustion which is the reaction with oxygen and Halogenation, which
is the reaction with halogens (F2,Cl2, Br2,I2).

Combustion
All hydrocarbons will burn in the presence of oxygen (in the air). This reaction
is called combustion, and the products of this reaction are water and carbon
dioxide gas.
Here is an example of a combustion reaction:

C3H8 (g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g) + heat

Combustion reactions also give off a great deal of heat. Because of this, many
Hydrocarbons are used as fuels. Some examples are methane (natural gas),
propane, butane, and octane. If there is not an excess of oxygen present during
the combustion, then undesirable products are also formed. Carbon monoxide
(CO) is an example of an undesirable product of incomplete combustion. This
compound is toxic.

Halogenation
All hydrocarbons can be halogenated under certain conditions. Alkanes are
very unreactive, but they can be brominated or chlorinated in the presence of
ultraviolet (UV) light. This is a substitution reaction in which a hydrogen is
removed from the alkane and a halogen (Br or Cl) takes its place. The halogen
atom can substitute at any site on the molecule. Furthermore, the halogenated
products can react further to give disubstituted or trisubstituted products (and so
on). This reaction is therefore not at all selective, and mixtures of many
products will result.

The following steps should be followed for naming an organic compound as per
IUPAC nomenclature.

1. Choose the longest carbon chain. (Root word). Consider all the other groups
attached to this chain as substituents.

2. Numbering of the longest carbon chain

3. Naming of the substituents (prefixes or suffixes)

4. Arrange the substituents in the alphabetical order

5. Write the name of the compound as below

 Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes have the general formula CnH2n

STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic compounds can be represented by either of the following structures.

1. Lewis structure or dot structure,

2. Dash structure or complete structure,

3. Condensed structure

4. Bond line structure

 • A complete structural/graphic/displayed formula gives a '2D'
projection-representation of the molecule and must clearly show how all
the atoms are connected i.e. in this case all the C-C and C-H covalent
bonds are shown.

o propane ,.

o methylbutane

o butane

o You can use a mixture of styles of the abbreviated structural and

displayed formulae.
▪ e.g. 2-methylbutane

Condensed formula

To save space and time in the representation of organic structures, it is common

practice to use condensed formulas in which the bonds are not shown explicitly.
• In using condensed formulas, normal atomic valences are understood
throughout.

CH3CH3 CH2=CH2 CHCH

Ethane ethene ethyne

Bond line or skeletal structure

Is the skeletal formula for propane. Wow, that simple!

o Skeletal formula (e.g. of alkanes) are very simplified organic

formulae shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains
leaving just lines for the carbon skeleton bonds and associated
functional groups (the latter does not apply to alkanes.
▪ Skeletal formula should be drawn in such way as to give an
impression of the shape of the molecule, at least an idea of
the spatial arrangement of the carbon chain - the 'backbone'
of the molecule.
o This is derived by drawing a short line to represent a C-C single
bond, so the V shape for propane comes from the C-C-C carbon
chain skeleton and the C-C-C bond angle of ~109o.
o No lines are shown for C-H bonds, they are assumed.
o However, bond lines should be drawn for C-X bonds, where X is
not a hydrogen atom.

o methylpropane is showing the main C-C-C chain and a

single carbon branch from the middle carbon.

o butane is showing the 'linear', but actually zigzag C-C-C-

C chain of 4 with no branching.

o represents 3-methylhexane. A zig-zag line of 5 C-

C bonds (but 6 C atoms) and a dash from the 3rd carbon atom
indicating the C-C bond to the methyl group.

o is 3-ethylpentane, you need an extra to

indicate ethyl.
 • A general formula e.g. CnH2n+2 for non-cyclic alkanes, represents a
member of a homologous series when n is designated an integer value
for the number of carbon atoms (in the alkane molecule)
o e.g. if n = 5, it gives the molecular formula of pentane C5H12.
o A homologous series is a series of compounds with the same
functional group in which each member differs from the next
member by a constant amount e.g. for alkanes, the addition of a -
CH2- 'unit' as the series is ascended n = 1, 2, 3 etc.
o Consequently, they have a very similar molecular structure, very
similar physical and chemical properties.
o However, within a homologous series, the members will show
trends in physical properties like increasing boiling point or
decreasing solubility, which are a function of intermolecular forces
that increase with chain length.
o A functional group is a group of atoms responsible for the
characteristic reactions of a compound.
o BUT, alkanes do not have a specific functional group, but they do
form a homologous series of compounds with the same sort of
molecular structure and similar chemistry, namely chains of carbon
atoms combined with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms -
so they are saturated hydrocarbon molecules.

ALKENES - CnH2n

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with C=C bonds . Since C=C bonds have sp2
hybridized C, atoms or groups directly attached to a C=C bond lie in a plane and
are separated by approximately 120° bond angles. A molecule cannot freely
rotate about its C=C bond. As a result, some alkenes have stereoisomers, in
addition to structural isomers, with different relative stabilities. Alkenes can
also have other functional groups. Alkenes and cycloalkenes are hydrocarbons
with one C=C bond. They are also commonly referred to as olefins.

Unbranched Alkenes (8.1A)

Unbranched alkenes are analogous to unbranched alkanes. Since the C=C can
be located in different positions in unbranched alkenes with four or more C's,
they have structural isomers.

The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes and Alkynes

Carbon not only forms the strong C C single bonds found in alkanes, it also
forms strong C=C double bonds. Compounds that contain C=C double bonds
were once known as olefins (literally, "to make an oil") because they were hard
to crystallize. (They tend to remain oily liquids when cooled.) These
compounds are now called alkenes. The simplest alkene has the formula C2H4
and the following Lewis structure.

The relationship between

alkanes and alkenes can be understood by thinking about the following
hypothetical reaction. We start by breaking the bond in an H2 molecule so that
one of the electrons ends up on each of hydrogen atoms. We do the same thing
to one of the bonds between the carbon atoms in an alkene. We then allow the
unpaired electron on each hydrogen atom to interact with the unpaired electron
on a carbon atom to form a new C H bond.

Thus, in theory, we can transform an alkene into the parent alkane by adding an
H2 molecule across a C=C double bond. In practice, this reaction only occurs at
high pressures in the presence of a suitable catalyst, such as piece of nickel
metal.
Double bonds can be incorporated into rings of all sizes, resulting in cycloalkenes. In
naming substituted derivatives of cycloalkenes, numbering begins at and continues
through the double bond.

Cycloheptene 1,3-cyclohexadiene cyclopropene

Cycloalkenes follow a similar nomenclature system to alkenes, but the carbons

are numbered starting at a carbon on the double bond and then through the
double bond and around the ring. This method is used to keep the index
numbers small.

1-methylcyclohexene

3-methylcyclohexene

Alkenes are examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons because they have fewer

hydrogen atoms than the corresponding alkanes. They were once named by
adding the suffix -ene to the name of the substituent that carried the same
number of carbon atoms.
 The IUPAC nomenclature for alkenes names these compounds as derivatives of
the parent alkanes. The presence of the C=C double bond is indicated by
changing the -ane ending on the name of the parent alkane to -ene.

The location of the C=C double bond in the skeleton structure of the compound
is indicated by specifying the number of the carbon atom at which the C=C
bond starts.

The names of substituents are then added as prefixes to the name of the alkene.

Cis Trans isomerism

Cis-Trans Isomers are molecules having the same molecular formula. with different structural
formulas, i.e. the spatial arrangement of atoms within a molecule, is different. If the two functional
groups are on the same side of the double bond, it is known as Cis Alkene, but if the two functiona
groups are on the different sides of the double bond, it is known as Trans Alkene.
 Practice Problem 6: Name the following compound.

ALKYNES

Compounds that contain C C triple bonds are called alkynes. These

compounds have four less hydrogen atoms than the parent alkanes, so the
generic formula for an alkyne with a single C C triple bond is CnH2n-2. The
simplest alkyne has the formula C2H2 and is known by the common name
acetylene.

The IUPAC nomenclature for alkynes names these compounds as derivatives of

the parent alkane, with the ending -yne replacing -ane.

In addition to compounds that contain one double bond (alkenes) or one triple
bond (alkynes), we can also envision compounds with two double bonds
(dienes), three double bonds (trienes), or a combination of double and triple
bonds.

Isomerism in Alkynes
Alkynes show three types of isomerism

1. Chain isomerism
2. Position isomerism
 3. Functional isomerism

1. Chain isomerism
It is due to the different arrangement of carbon atoms in the chain that is
straight-chain or branched.
Example: 4-methylpent-2-yne and hex-2-yne

2. Position isomerism
It is due to the difference in the location of the triple bond
Example: Pent-1-yne and pent-2-yne

3. Functional isomerism general

Alkynes are isomeric with alkadienes both being represented by the

formula CnH2n-2.
Example: But-1-yne and buta-1,3-diene

The triple bond present in alkynes is the functional group for alkynes. The
property of alkynes is largely determined by the triple bond. In ethyne, the triple
bonded carbon atoms exhibit sp hybridisation. Therefore the ethylene molecule
is a linear molecule.
Alkynes Homologous Series
A homologous series is a collection of carbon compounds in which the same
functional group replaces the hydrogen atom. Owing to the addition of the same
type of functional group in the chain, these compounds have similar chemical
properties.
A homologous series is a group of hydrocarbons that share the same general
formula and have similar chemical properties. They are organic compounds
with structural and functional groups that are identical. The homologous series’
constituents exhibit a gradation of physical properties.
The first ten carbon straight chain alkynes’ molecular formulas and names are
tabulated below.

Name Molecular Formula

Ethyne C2H2

Propyne C3H4

1-Butyne C4H6

1-Pentyne C5H8

1-Hexyne C6H10

1-Heptyne C7H12

1-Octyne C8H14

1-Nonyne C9H16

1-Decyne C10H18

How to name organic compounds using the IUPAC rules

In order to name organic compounds you must first memorize a few basic names.
These names are listed within the discussion of naming alkanes. In general, the
base part of the name reflects the number of carbons in what you have assigned
to be the parent chain. The suffix of the name reflects the type(s) of functional
group(s) present on (or within) the parent chain. Other groups which are attached
to the parent chain are called substituents.

Alkanes - saturated hydrocarbons

The names of the straight chain saturated hydrocarbons for up to a 12 carbon
chain are shown below. The names of the substituents formed by the removal of
one hydrogen from the end of the chain is obtained by changing the suffix -
ane to -yl.
Number of Carbons Name
1 methane
2 ethane
3 propane
4 butane
5 pentane
6 hexane
7 heptane
8 octane
9 nonane
10 decane
11 undecane
12 dodecane

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE
The IUPAC acronym stands for the International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, and one responsibility of this organisation is the development and
maintenance of a systematic method of naming compounds that is recognised by
chemists from all around the world - a truly international nomenclature.

Here is a simple list of rules to follow. Some examples are given at the end of
the list.
✓ Identify the longest carbon chain. This chain is called the parent chain.
Identify all of the substituents (groups appending from the parent chain).
Number the carbons of the parent chain from the end that gives the substituents
the lowest numbers. When compairing a series of numbers, the series that is the
"lowest" is the one which contains the lowest number at the occasion of the first
difference.
✓ If two or more side chains are in equivalent positions, assign the lowest
number to the one which will come first in the name.
✓ If the same substituent occurs more than once, the location of each point
on which the substituent occurs is given. In addition, the number of times
the substituent group occurs is indicated by a prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.).
✓ If there are two or more different substituents they are listed in
alphabetical order using the base name (ignore the prefixes). T
If chains of equal length are competing for selection as the parent chain, then the
choice goes in series to:
a) the chain which has the greatest number of side chains.
b) the chain whose substituents have the lowest- numbers.
c) the chain having the greatest number of carbon atoms in the smaller side chain.
d)the chain having the least branched side chains.
A cyclic (ring) hydrocarbon is designated by the prefix cyclo- which appears
directly in front of the base name.
In summary, the name of the compound is written out with the substituents in
alphabetical order followed by the base name (derived from the number of
carbons in the parent chain). Commas are used between numbers and dashes are
used between letters and numbers. There are no spaces in the name.
Here are some

examples:

Alkylhalides
The halogen is treated as a substituent on an alkane chain. The halo- substituent
is considered of equal rank with an alkyl substituent in the numbering of the
parent chain. The halogens are represented as follows:
F fluoro-
Cl chloro-
Br bromo-
I iodo-
Here are some examples:

Alkenes and Alkynes - unsaturated hydrocarbons

Double bonds in hydrocarbons are indicated by replacing the suffix -ane with -
ene. If there is more than one double bond, the suffix is expanded to include a
prefix that indicates the number of double bonds present (-adiene, -atriene, etc.).
Triple bonds are named in a similar way using the suffix -yne. The position of
the multiple bond(s) within the parent chain is(are) indicated by placing the
number(s) of the first carbon of the multiple bond(s) directly in front of the base
name.
Here is an important list of rules to follow:
✓ The parent chain is numbered so that the multiple bonds have the lowest
numbers (double and triple bonds have priority over alkyl and halo
substituents).
✓ When both double and triple bonds are present, numbers as low as
possible are given to double and triple bonds even though this may at
times give "-yne" a lower number than "-ene". When there is a choice in
numbering, the double bonds are given the lowest numbers.
✓ When both double and triple bonds are present, the -en suffix follows the
parent chain directly and the -yne suffix follows the -en suffix (notice that
the e is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double bond(s)
is(are) indicated before the parent name as before, and the location of the
triple bond(s) is(are) indicated between the -en and -yne suffixes. See
below for examples.
✓ For a branched unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbon, the parent chain is the
longest carbon chain that contains the maximum number of double and
triple bonds. If there are two or more chains competing for selection as
the parent chain (chain with the most multiple bonds), the choice goes to
(1) the chain with the greatest number of carbon atoms, (2) the # of carbon
atoms being equal, the chain containing the maximum number of double
bonds.
If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain is
numbered to give the substituents the lowest number at the first point of
difference.
Here are some examples:

Alcohols
Alcohols are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anol. If there is more than
one hydroxyl group (-OH), the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that
indicates the number of hydroxyl groups present (-anediol, -anetriol, etc.). The
position of the hydroxyl group(s) on the parent chain is(are) indicated by placing
the number(s) corresponding to the location(s) on the parent chain directly in
front of the base name (same as alkenes).
Here is an important list of rules to follow:
✓ The hydroxyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen
substituents, as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent
chain.
✓ When both double bonds and hydroxyl groups are present, the -en suffix
follows the parent chain directly and the -ol suffix follows the -en suffix
(notice that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double
bond(s) is(are) indicated before the parent name as before, and the
location of the hydroxyl group(s) is(are) indicated between the -en and -
ol suffixes. See below for examples. Again, the hydroxyl gets priority in
the numbering of the parent chain.
✓ If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain
is numbered to give the substituents the lowest number at the first point
of difference.
Here are some examples:

Ethers
You are only expected to know how to name ethers by their commmon names.
The two alkyl groups attached to the oxygen are put in alphabetical order with
spaces between the names and they are followed by the word ether. The prefix
di- is used if both alkyl groups are the same.
Here are some examples:

Aldehydes
Aldehydes are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anal. If there is more
than one -CHO group, the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates
the number of -CHO groups present (-anedial - there should not be more than 2
of these groups on the parent chain as they must occur at the ends). It is not
necessary to indicate the position of the -CHO group because this group will be
at the end of the parent chain and its carbon is automatically assigned as C-1.
Here is an important list of rules to follow:
✓ The carbonyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen
substituents, as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent
chain.
✓ When both double bonds and carbonyl groups are present, the -en suffix
follows the parent chain directly and the -al suffix follows the -en suffix
(notice that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double
bond(s) is(are) indicated before the parent name as before, and the -al
suffix follows the -en suffix directly. Remember it is not necessary to
specify the location of the carbonyl group because it will automatically be
carbon #1. See below for examples. Again, the carbonyl gets priority in
the numbering of the parent chain.
There are a couple of common names which are acceptable as IUPAC names.
Here are some examples:

Ketones
Ketones are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anone. If there is more
than one carbonyl group (C=O), . The position of the carbonyl group(s) on the
parent chain is(are) indicated by placing the number(s) corresponding to the
location(s) on the parent chain directly in front of the base name (same as
alkenes).
Here is an important list of rules to follow:
✓ The carbonyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen
substituents, as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent
chain.
✓ When both double bonds and carbonyl groups are present, the -en suffix
follows the parent chain directly and the -one suffix follows the -en suffix
(notice that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double
bond(s) is(are) indicated before the parent name as before, and the
location of the carbonyl group(s) is(are) indicated between the -en and -
one suffixes. See below for examples. Again, the carbonyl gets priority in
the numbering of the parent chain.
If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain is
numbered to give the substituents the lowest number at the first point of
difference.
Here are some examples:

CarboxylicAcids
Carboxylic acids are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest
continuous chain including the carboxyl group and by replacing the suffix -
ane of the corresponding alkane with -oic acid. If there are two -COOH groups,
the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of -COOH
groups present (-dioic acid - there should not be more than 2 of these groups on
the parent chain as they must occur at the ends). It is not necessary to indicate
the position of the -COOH group because this group will be at the end of the
parent chain and its carbon is automatically assigned as C-1.
Here is an important list of rules to follow:
✓ The carboxyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen
substituents, as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent
chain.
✓ If the carboxyl group is attached to a ring the parent ring is named and the
suffix -carboxylic acid is added.
✓ When both double bonds and carboxyl groups are present, the -en suffix
follows the parent chain directly and the -oic acid suffix follows the -en
suffix (notice that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the
double bond(s) is(are) indicated before the parent name as before, and the
-oic acid suffix follows the -en suffix directly. Remember it is not
necessary to specify the location of the carboxyl group because it will
automatically be carbon #1. See below for examples. Again, the carboxyl
gets priority in the numbering of the parent chain.
Here are some examples:

Esters
Systematic names of esters are based on the name of the corresponding
carboxylic acid. Remember esters look like this:

The alkyl group is named like a substituent using the -yl ending. This is followed
by a space. The acyl portion of the name (what is left over) is named by replacing
the -ic acid suffix of the corresponding carboxylic acid with -ate.
Here are some examples:
Amines
You are only expected to know how to name amines by their common names .
They are named like ethers, the alkyl (R) groups attached to the nitrogen are put
in alphabetical order with no spaces between the names and these are followed
by the word amine. The prefixes di- and tri- are used if two or three of the alkyl
groups are the same.
NOTE: Some books put spaces between the parts of the name, but we will not.
Follow the examples.
Here are some examples:

Summary of functional groups

Functional group Prefix Suffix
carboxylic acids none -oic acid
aldehydes none -al
ketones none -one
alchols hydroxy- -ol
amines amino- -amine
ethers alkoxy- -ether
fluorine fluoro- none
chlorine chloro- none
bromine bromo- none
iodine iodo- none