IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TRIBAL

LIVELIHOOD
A project submitted for partial fulfillment of

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY

By

MAHESWAR SADANGI

Enrolment No: BA21-041

Regd No: 44117/2021

Under the guidance of

Dr. Sagarika Mishra

P.G. DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

VIKRAM DEB (Autonomous) COLLEGE

JEYPORE, KORAPUT – 764001

SESSION 2021-2024
 P.G Department of Sociology

Vikram Dev (Autonomous) College

Jeypore, Koraput

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have completed my project work on “Impact of COVID-19 on Tribal
Livelihood” at Vikram Dev (Autonomous) college Jeypore, Koraput in the Academic Year

2022-2024. The information submitted here by me is the best of my knowledge.

Place – Koraput

Date-

Maheswar Sadangi
B.A. in Sociology

P.G. Department of Sociology

Vikram Dev Autonomous College, Jeypore
 P.G Department of Sociology

Vikram Dev (Autonomous) College

Jeypore, Koraput

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project entitled “IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TRIBAL
LIVELIHOOD ” is a bona fide record of independent work done by Maheswar
Sadangi under my supervision and submitted to P.G. Department of Sociology,
Vikram Deb (Autonomous) College, Jeypore in partial fulfillment of for the awards
of Bachelor of Arts in Sociology.

Signature of HOD Signature of Supervisor

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my profound and deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Sagarika Mishra, faculty of P.G
department of sociology, who played pivotal role in my research as estimated promoter and
guided to conduct it systematically and with sustained interest. I thank her for inspiring guidance,
thought provoking suggestion, elderly affection and all creative criticism.

It gives me immense express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere thanks to the HOD of the
department Dr. Sagarika Mishra co-promoter of my research, for her ever helpful attitude,
incessant encouragement, enthusiasm, valuable suggestions and meticulous care during my
study, without which I would have never destination.

I also thanks to Jalandhar Sahu, Dhanjaya Nayak, Sandhya Rani Patro and Gouri Rani
Takri & Dilip Kumar Gouda faculty of P.G department of sociology for their help and guidance
during this project work. I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to all the respondents for giving
me such attentionfrom their busy scheduled.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents and member of Vikarm Deb
(Autonomous) College for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in
completion of this research work.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my family members and friends for their constant support
and encouragement in developing the research work
 CONTENT
HEADINGS PAGE NO
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATE iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
LIST OF TABLES 54-61
LIST OF MAPS 47-52
CHAPTER 1 1-31
SECTION A 2-18
SECTION B 19-31
CHAPTER 2 32-45
CHAPTER 3 46-61
SECTIONA 46-53
SECTION B 54-61
CHAPTER 4 62-67
CHAPTER 5 & CONCLUSION 68-73
REFERENCES 74-75
PHOTOGRAPHS WHILE COLLECTING DATA 76
 LIST OF TABLE
TABLE PAGE
TABLE TITLE
NO NO
1.1 CATEGORY WISE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT 55
1.2 RELIGION WISE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT 55
1.3 SEX CATEGORY WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 56
RESPONDENT
1.4 AGE WISE DISTRIBUTION 56
1.5 QUALIFICATION 57
1.6 HOUSING PATTERN 57
1.7 FAMILY TYPE 58
1.8 SOCIAL SECURITY 58
1.9 SOURCE OF WATER 59
1.10 SOURCE OF FIRE 59
1.11 INCOME PER MONTH 60
1.12 MARITAL STATUS 60
1.13 OCCUPATION 61
1.14 LAND SIZE 61

LIST OF MAP
MAP PAGE
MAP TITLE
NO NO
3.1 MAP OF ODISHA 47
3.2 MAP OF KBK 49
3.3 MAP OF KORAPUT 50
CHAPTER-I
 CHAPTER I

Tribal Livelihood: A Sociological Study

Introduction

The term "tribe" is deeply embedded in human history and anthropology. It refers to a social
group existing before the development of, or outside of, states. Tribes are characterized by shared
ancestry, language, culture, and sometimes, territory. Over millennia, tribes have played crucial roles
in shaping human societies, cultures, and civilizations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had profound and multifaceted impacts on tribal livelihoods
worldwide, magnifying existing vulnerabilities and posing unprecedented challenges to indigenous
communities. From economic disruption to healthcare disparities and cultural upheaval, the pandemic
has underscored the complex interplay between public health crises and socio-economic inequalities.
This introduction will explore the multifaceted impact of COVID-19 on tribal livelihoods,
highlighting the unique challenges faced by indigenous peoples and the imperative for comprehensive
responses that prioritize their rights, resilience, and well-being.

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by a virus named SARS-CoV-2 and
was discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It is very contagious and has quickly spread
around the world. COVID-19 most often causes respiratory symptoms that can feel much like a cold, a
flu, or pneumonia. COVID-19 may attack more than your lungs and respiratory system. Other parts of
your body may also be affected by the disease.

Tribe

The concept of tribes dates back to the earliest human societies. Hunter-gatherer groups
formed the first tribes, based on kinship and survival needs. As humans began to settle and engage in
agriculture, tribes evolved, often developing into more complex societies.

A tribe is a social group made up of people who share common customs, traditions, language,
beliefs, and often kinship ties. Tribes have been a fundamental aspect of human society throughout
history, serving as the basic unit of social organization for many cultures around the
world. The concept of a tribe is deeply rooted in anthropology, sociology, and cultural studies, and it
has been studied extensively by scholars seeking to understand human social structures and dynamics.

One of the defining features of a tribe is its sense of community and solidarity. Members of a
tribe typically live in close proximity to one another, often in a specific geographical area such as a
village or settlement. They share a strong sense of identity and belonging, which is reinforced through
rituals, ceremonies, and other communal activities. This sense of belonging fosters cooperation and
mutual support among tribe members, helping to ensure the survival and well- being of the group as a
whole.

Tribes are also characterized by their egalitarian social structure. While there may be leaders
or elders who hold positions of authority within the tribe, decision-making is often decentralized, with
power distributed among various members of the community. This helps to prevent the concentration
of power in the hands of a few individuals and promotes a more democratic and inclusive form of
governance.

Another important aspect of tribal life is kinship. Tribes are typically organized around
extended family networks, with kinship ties forming the basis of social relationships and obligations.
These kinship networks serve as the primary means of social support and cooperation within the tribe,
providing a sense of security and belonging to its members.

In addition to kinship, tribes often have their own distinct language, culture, and traditions.
These cultural elements help to define the identity of the tribe and distinguish it from other groups.
Language, in particular, plays a crucial role in tribal identity, serving as a marker of membership and
facilitating communication and social cohesion within the community.

Religion and spirituality are also important aspects of tribal life. Many tribes have their own
belief systems, rituals, and ceremonies that are central to their cultural identity. These religious
practices often involve a deep connection to the natural world and the spiritual realm, with rituals and
ceremonies designed to honor ancestors, appease spirits, and ensure the well-being of the tribe.

Historically, tribes have played a vital role in human evolution and development. They have
served as the primary unit of social organization for much of human history, providing a framework
for cooperation, resource sharing, and collective decision-making. Tribes have also played a key role
in shaping the course of human history, with many indigenous tribes having made significant
contributions to art, science, technology, and culture.
 However, the concept of tribe is not without its complexities and challenges. In modern times,
many indigenous tribes have faced displacement, persecution, and cultural assimilation as a result of
colonization, globalization, and other external forces. This has led to the erosion of traditional tribal
customs and practices, as well as the loss of land, resources, and autonomy for many indigenous
communities.

Despite these challenges, tribes continue to play a vital role in many parts of the world,
particularly in areas with high levels of ethnic and cultural diversity. In recent years, there has been a
growing recognition of the importance of tribal rights and self-determination, with efforts underway to
protect and preserve indigenous cultures and promote greater respect for tribal sovereignty.

In conclusion, tribes are complex social groups characterized by common customs, traditions,
language, beliefs, and kinship ties. They serve as the basic unit of social organization for many
cultures around the world, fostering a strong sense of community, solidarity, and identity among their
members. While tribes face numerous challenges in the modern world, they continue to play a vital
role in human society, contributing to diversity, cultural heritage, and the richness of human
experience.

Types of Tribes

• Hunter-Gatherer Tribes: Nomadic groups that rely on hunting and gathering for sustenance.

• Pastoral Tribes: Herders who move with their livestock in search of grazing lands.

• Agricultural Tribes: Settled groups engaged in farming and cultivation.

• Indigenous Tribes: Native or aboriginal groups often marginalized by dominant societies.

Social Structure and Governance Tribes typically have a hierarchical structure, with elders or
chiefs playing significant roles in decision-making. Governance is often based on consensus, with
communal values and traditions guiding tribal laws and customs.

Tribes and Modernity

The relationship between tribes and modernity is complex and multifaceted, often varying
depending on the specific context and the tribe in question. Here are some key points to consider
Traditional vs. Modern Lifestyles Many tribes around the world have maintained traditional ways
of life for generations, often characterized by close-knit communities, subsistence economies, and
cultural practices deeply rooted in their history and environment. However, the forces of modernity,
such as globalization, urbanization, and technological advancement, have increasingly encroached
upon these traditional lifestyles, leading to significant changes and challenges for tribal communities.

Cultural Preservation vs. Adaptation: One of the central tensions for tribes in the face of
modernity is the balance between preserving their cultural heritage and adapting to the changing
world. Some tribes have actively resisted modern influences in order to protect their traditions,
languages, and way of life. Others have embraced aspects of modernity while seeking to maintain a
sense of cultural identity and autonomy.

Land Rights and Resource Extraction: Many tribal communities have faced challenges related
to land rights and resource extraction in the context of modern development projects, such as mining,
logging, and infrastructure construction. These projects often lead to displacement, environmental
degradation, and loss of traditional livelihoods for indigenous peoples, sparking conflicts over land
ownership, natural resource management, and indigenous rights.

Political and Legal Recognition: In many countries, tribal communities have fought for
recognition of their rights and autonomy within the framework of modern nation-states. This includes
demands for political representation, legal protections for indigenous land and resources, and
acknowledgment of indigenous legal systems and customary practices.

Education and Healthcare: Access to education and healthcare services is another key aspect
of the modernization process for tribal communities. While these services can improve quality of life
and socioeconomic opportunities, there are often barriers such as language and cultural differences, as
well as inadequate infrastructure in remote tribal areas.

Cultural Exchange and Revitalization: Despite the challenges posed by modernity, there are
also opportunities for cultural exchange and revitalization for tribal communities. Through initiatives
such as cultural festivals, language revitalization programs, and sustainable tourism, tribes can share
their cultural heritage with the wider world while also generating economic opportunities and
fostering pride and solidarity within their communities.

Overall, the relationship between tribes and modernity is characterized by a complex interplay
of continuity and change, as indigenous peoples navigate the opportunities and challenges of the
modern world while striving to preserve their cultural identities and way of life.As the world
Became more interconnected, many tribes faced challenges from colonialism, globalization, and
modernization. Some tribes managed to preserve their cultures and traditions, while others faced
assimilation or extinction.

Significance of Tribes in Anthropology

• Cultural Diversity: Tribes contribute to the rich tapestry of human cultures, languages, and
traditions.
• Social Cohesion: Tribal communities often exhibit strong bonds of solidarity and mutual
support.
• Historical Continuity: Tribes provide insights into human history, evolution, and social
organization.
The concept of "tribe" is complex and multifaceted, reflecting the diverse ways in which
human societies organize themselves. From the hunter-gatherer groups of prehistoric times to the
indigenous communities of today, tribes have played and continue to play a vital role in shaping
human history, culture, and identity.

Understanding Tribe

In general, a tribe is a group of people who live together and share a common language,
culture, or history. Tribes often have a common ancestor and live in their own closed society. They
also have similar rules of living or a specific purpose. Tribes can also be referred to as “ethnic
groups”, “clans”, or a “nation” in some cases. Tribes have existed since the earliest years of
humanity and exemplify some of the earliest forms of community and settlement.

The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social
group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of
anthropology. Its definition is contested, in part due to conflicting theoretical understandings of
social and kinship structures, and also reflecting the problematic application of this concept to
extremely diverse human societies. The concept is often contrasted by anthropologists with other
social and kinship groups, being hierarchically larger than a lineage or clan, but smaller than a
chiefdom, nation or state. These terms are equally disputed. In some cases tribes have legal
recognition and some degree of political autonomy from national or federal government, but this
legalistic usage of the term may conflict with anthropological definitions.
Definition of a tribe

A common definition for a tribe is a group of people that all have common ancestry, or a
common ancestor, a common culture, and live in their own enclosed society. Other names for a
tribe are a clan, which is used in some European countries, and family. The idea of a tribe goes back
to ancient times when Rome would create divisions within society due to class, family, and money.
These divisions were tribes. This term has evolved while the people it describes may not have.
Many tribes and tribal communities are in areas that lack industry. They live and create homes that
do not accept the conveniences and behaviors of the present day, like the Aborigines in Australia
who live in the wilderness of the Outback. They choose to be close to the land and follow the rules
and lifestyle of their ancestors.

The concept of a tribe is deeply rooted in human history, serving as a fundamental unit of
social organization across diverse cultures and societies. From ancient civilizations to modern
communities, tribes have played a crucial role in shaping human relationships, identities, and
cultural practices. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the multifaceted nature of tribes,
examining their historical origins, evolutionary dynamics, and significance in contemporary society.
At its core, a tribe can be defined as a social group comprising individuals who share common
ancestry, culture, language, and territory. Tribes are characterized by strong kinship ties and a sense
of collective identity, often governed by informal systems of leadership and decision-making. While
the specific characteristics of tribes may vary across different contexts and cultures, they typically
exhibit cohesion, solidarity, and mutual support among their members.

The concept of tribe traces its origins to early human societies, where small groups of
hunter-gatherers organized themselves into kin-based communities for survival and cooperation.
These early tribes relied on shared resources, collective labor, and reciprocal relationships to thrive
in their natural environments. Over time, as human societies evolved and settled into agricultural
communities, tribes continued to play a central role in social organization, providing a sense of
belonging and security for their members.

In many ancient civilizations, tribes formed the basis of political, economic, and religious
structures, serving as the building blocks of larger societies. From the tribes of ancient
Mesopotamia and Egypt to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and Africa, tribal societies
exhibited a remarkable diversity of cultural practices, beliefs, and social norms, shaped by their
unique environments and histories.
Evolution of the Concept:

The concept of tribe has evolved significantly over time, adapting to changing social,
economic, and political contexts. While traditional tribes were often defined by kinship and
territorial boundaries, modern tribes encompass a broader range of affiliations and identities. In
contemporary society, tribes can be based on shared interests, ideologies, professions, or hobbies,
transcending geographical limitations and forming virtual communities in the digital age.

One notable example of modern tribes is found in online communities, where individuals
connect and interact with like-minded peers across the globe. These virtual tribes, facilitated by
social media platforms and digital technologies, provide individuals with a sense of belonging and
community in an increasingly interconnected world. Whether it's a gaming community, a subculture
on social media, or a professional network, these online tribes offer members a platform for
collaboration, communication, and cultural exchange.

Significance in Contemporary Society:

In the modern world, tribes continue to hold significance as a source of social identity,
belonging, and support for individuals and communities. Tribes provide a sense of community and
solidarity in an increasingly fragmented and individualistic society, offering individuals a place to
connect, share experiences, and seek validation.

Moreover, tribes play a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior, cultural trends, and
social movements. Marketers and advertisers often target specific tribes with tailored messages and
products, recognizing the influence of tribal affiliations on consumer preferences and purchasing
decisions. Similarly, cultural movements and subcultures, from hip-hop to environmental activism,
often emerge from within tribes, reflecting shared values, beliefs, and aspirations.

However, the concept of tribe also raises questions about inclusivity, diversity, and social
cohesion. While tribes can foster a sense of belonging and solidarity among their members, they
may also contribute to social division, exclusion, and prejudice towards outsiders. In an increasingly
diverse and interconnected world, bridging the gap between different tribes and promoting
understanding and empathy across tribal boundaries are essential for building a more inclusive and
harmonious society.
 In conclusion, the concept of tribe is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that has evolved
over millennia, shaping human societies and identities in profound ways. From ancient kin-based
communities to modern virtual tribes, the essence of tribe lies in its ability to provide individuals
with a sense of belonging, identity, and community. While tribes continue to play a significant role
in contemporary society, it is essential to recognize the diversity of tribal identities and the
importance of fostering inclusivity, empathy, and cooperation across tribal boundaries. Only by
embracing the richness of tribal diversity can we truly harness the potential of tribes to create a
more cohesive and interconnected world.

Majumdar defines tribe as “a social group with territorial affiliation, endogamous

with no specialization of functions ruled by tribal officers hereditary or otherwise, united in
language or dialect recognizing social distance with other tribes or castes”.

Characteristics

Characteristics of tribes are as diverse as the tribes themselves, each shaped by unique
historical, cultural, and environmental contexts. Despite this diversity, several common
characteristics are often associated with tribal societies around the world. In this essay, we will
explore these key characteristics within the framework of tribal social organization, economy,
culture, and relationship with the environment.

Tribal societies are typically small-scale, close-knit communities characterized by kinship

ties and shared cultural identity. Kinship forms the foundation of social organization, with family
and extended family networks playing central roles in defining individual identity, social roles, and
obligations within the tribe. These kinship ties often extend beyond biological relationships to
include fictive kinship bonds forged through marriage, adoption, and other social practices. As a
result, tribes exhibit strong communal bonds and a sense of collective identity that shapes their
social interactions and governance structures. Economically, many tribes rely on subsistence
livelihoods, where the primary means of survival is through hunting, gathering, fishing, herding, or
small-scale agriculture.

These subsistence activities are intimately connected to the natural environment and often
follow seasonal cycles, with tribes adapting their movements and resource utilization patterns
accordingly. Some tribes are nomadic or semi-nomadic, migrating seasonally in search of resources
such as water, pastureland, or wild game. Nomadism allows tribes to exploit diverse ecological
niches and respond flexibly to environmental changes.
 Tribal governance is typically based on traditional systems of authority and decision-
making, often grounded in customary laws, oral traditions, and consensus-based processes.
Leadership roles may be inherited, achieved, or based on specific skills or achievements within the
community. Tribal leaders, such as chiefs, elders, or shamans, play important roles in mediating
disputes, maintaining social order, and representing the interests of the tribe to external authorities.

Culturally, tribes exhibit distinct identities characterized by shared language, beliefs,

customs, rituals, and artistic expressions. Cultural practices serve to reinforce tribal cohesion,
transmit intergenerational knowledge, and establish connections with the spiritual world.
Ceremonies, storytelling, music, dance, and artistic creations are integral to tribal life, providing
avenues for collective celebration, expression, and identity formation. These cultural traditions
often reflect a deep connection to the land, ancestors, and natural forces, imbuing tribal societies
with a profound sense of place and belonging.

Territoriality is another important characteristic of tribes, with many groups maintaining

strong attachments to specific territories or ancestral lands. Land holds immense cultural, spiritual,
and economic significance for tribes, serving as the foundation of their livelihoods, identity, and
worldview. Land tenure systems may be communal, with collective ownership and use rights
governed by customary laws and traditions. The defense of ancestral lands against external
encroachment is often a central concern for tribes, leading to conflicts over land rights, resource
extraction, and environmental conservation.

Despite their traditional lifestyles, tribes have demonstrated remarkable adaptability in

response to changing social, economic, and environmental conditions. Many tribes have
incorporated elements of modernity while maintaining core aspects of their cultural identity and
social organization. This adaptability is evident in the adoption of new technologies, shifts in
economic activities, and adaptations to external pressures such as colonization, globalization, and
climate change. Tribal resilience stems from a combination of cultural continuity, social cohesion,
and adaptive strategies that enable tribes to navigate complex and dynamic environments.

In conclusion, the characteristics of tribes are shaped by a complex interplay of historical,

cultural, economic, and environmental factors. While each tribe is unique, common characteristics
such as kinship-based social organization, subsistence livelihoods, traditional governance, cultural
identity, territoriality, and adaptability serve to define tribal societies around
 the world. Despite the challenges they face, tribes continue to preserve their cultural heritage,
maintain their connection to the land, and assert their rights to self-determination and autonomy in
an ever-changing world.

Tribes possess general similarities but recall that each tribe may have a unique way of
carrying out their practices. The characteristics of tribes include similar beliefs and methods of
living, including:

i. Tribes have a common language that is unique from different tribes. These are often not
written, but rather passed down from generation to generation.
ii. Tribes value mutual unity and equality between members, with one recognized chief or
tribal leader.
iii. The leader may choose to be assisted by a council, especially in times of dealing with other
tribes or outside governments. Therefore, authority and decision-making do not rest in only
one person’s hands.
iv. Each tribe has a unique political structure of government.

v. Marriage may only take place within the tribe. Many tribes believe in a common ancestor
and therefore will only marry other descendants of that ancestor. Tribal communities do not
share spouses.
vi. Society and politics are both influenced by religion. Ceremonies and rituals often take place
for religious reasons, which impact how society is run.
vii. Tribes may contain more than one group of people. So long as they are related, a tribe made
of many clans can exist.

The Major Tribes of India

The most commonly known tribes of India are Gonds, Bhils (or Bheels), Santhal, Munda, Khasi,
Garo, Angami bhumia, Chenchu, Kodaba, and the Great Andamanese Tribes.

⮚ The Bhils tribe

Of all these tribes, the Bhil tribal group, as per the 2011 census, is the largest tribe in India. It
constitutes a staggering 38% of the country’s total scheduled tribal population. The Bhils have their
own language named after them, but most members also speak Marathi and Gujarati, and the official
state language where they are based. The tribe has its roots in Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, parts of
Gujarat, Rajasthan, and even some parts of Tripura, making itthe biggest tribe in India
 ⮚ The Gond Tribe

The Gond tribe is second only to the Bhils in terms of population size. Called the second-
largest tribe of India, the tribe of Gond is spread across states like Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
Maharashtra, Bihar, and Orissa. Standing at a massive population of over four million tribal
members, the Gond constitutes a major percentage (35.6%) of the country’s total tribal population.

⮚ Santhal Tribe

Santhals are the third largest scheduled tribe community in India after Gonds and Bhils.The
Santhali population is mostly distributed in Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. The BJP’s
presidential election candidate Droupadi Murmu The BJP’s presidential election candidate
Droupadi Murmur’s home district, Mayurbhanj, is one of the districts having dense concentration of
the Santali people.

Munda Tribe

The Munda tribe is one of the largest tribal communities in India, mainly found in the states
of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal, and parts of Bihar. They are recognized as one of
the Adivasi (indigenous) groups of India. The Munda people have their distinct language, culture,
and traditions.

Here are some key points about the Munda tribe:

Language: The Munda people speak various languages belonging to the Austroasiatic language
family. Mundari is one of the major languages spoken by the Munda community.

Society and Culture: Traditionally, the Munda society was organized around the clan system. Each
clan had its own social structure and governance mechanisms. They have a rich oral tradition, with
folklore, myths, and rituals playing significant roles in their cultural expression.

Livelihood: Historically, the Munda people were primarily engaged in agriculture, practicing
shifting cultivation (also known as slash-and-burn agriculture) in forested areas. However, with the
shrinking availability of forest land and changing socio-economic conditions, many Munda people
have diversified their livelihoods, engaging in activities like wage labor, animal husbandry, and
small-scale businesses.
Religion: The Munda people traditionally followed animistic beliefs, worshipping spirits of nature
and ancestors. However, due to influences from other religious traditions such as Hinduism,
Christianity, and Islam, there has been some degree of religious syncretism among the Munda
people, with many integrating elements of these religions into their belief systems.

Challenges: Like many indigenous communities around the world, the Munda tribe faces various
challenges, including land rights issues, socio-economic marginalization, lack of access to
education and healthcare, and cultural assimilation. Efforts have been made by both governmental
and non-governmental organizations to address these challenges and promote the rights and well-
being of the Munda community.

Overall, the Munda tribe has a rich cultural heritage and plays a significant role in the
cultural diversity of India. However, like many indigenous communities, they continue to strive for
recognition, empowerment, and preservation of their unique identity in the face of modernization
and socio-economic changes.

Mundas are the central Indian tribe and recognized as an immigrant tribe in Tripura.
Original homeland of Mundas was at Chota Nagpur. Mundas are Proto-Australoid tribe. Mundari is
their language, which is belongs to Austro-Asiatic family.

Every Munda village there would be three important features (1) SARANA, (2) AKHRA and (3)
SASAN. Besides PAHAN (Priest) have an important role in the life of Mundas.

Tribes of Odisha

For some people, Odisha means the diversity it embodies which is cent percent true. This
tourist destination which is known for many a reason is also known for sharing its land with 62
tribes thatare 24% of the total population. These tribes serve as the soul of the state and are the ones
who have till date their culture and tradition intact. Taking over the Eastern Ghats, these tribes are
mostly tagged to the districts namely Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Jaipur, Balasore,

⮚ KONDH

Kondh is one of the largest tribe in Odisha who worship hills, nature, and streams. The
people of Kondh tribe have an essential knowledge of the mountains, trees, forest, and plants
 ⮚ SAURAS

Sauras is one of the ancient tribes in India that also find their mention in the Hindu epics of
Mahabharata and Ramayana. The tribe has a unique shamanic culture and its people are the great
craftsman of Saura paintings

⮚ BONDA

One of the countries’ primitive tribes living in the quaint hills in Malkangiri district, Odisha. The
unique culture, enthralling customs, and typical attire make Bonda the most popular tribal
community in the state.

⮚ KOYAS

Amongst the more than 60 Odisha`s tribes, Koyas is one of the top tribes with rich ancient tradition,
culture, art, and customs. Apart from Malkangiri, Odisha, the chivalrous people of Koya tribes also
resides in some parts of Andhra Pradesh and Chattisgarh.

⮚ PARAJAS

Devotees of numerous gods and goddess, the Prajas are the inhabitants of forests and hills. The
people of this beautiful community have a different passion and love for music and dance and are
mainly agriculturists.

⮚ GADAVA

Said to be the oldest and ancient tribe in Odisha that traces its history from Ramayana era is
Gadava. It is also the most colourful tribe that sustain their livelihood through agriculture, hunting,
and fishing.

Major Tribes of Koraput district

Nestled in the eastern state of Odisha, Koraput district is renowned for its vibrant cultural
landscape, largely shaped by the indigenous tribes that have inhabited the region for centuries. These
tribes, with their distinct languages, customs, and traditions, form the backbone of Koraput's cultural
heritage. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the major tribes of Koraput district,
shedding light on their unique identities, socio-cultural , and contributions to the region.
 ⮚ GADABA

Gadabas belong to the Munda group of tribes found largely in Lamataput, Similiguda and
Pottangi block of the district. The name Gadaba seems to have been derived from the word “Gada”
which is a name of the river in the region and the final syllable “ba” means belonging to. They
speak Gutab and Desia dialect of the Austro-Asiatic language family. The Gadaba extensively
practice shifting cultivation and they cultivate a mix variety of millets, pulses and niger. The
Gadabas are fond of dance and music. They are famous for their typical Dhemsa dance which is
performed bythe women wearing saree called Kereng. (Made of Kerenga Fiber).

⮚ OMANATYA

Omanatya are a tribal group who possibly derive their name from the word ‘Amatya’ which
means Minister of State Affairs in the ancient Indian princely provinces. Omanatyas are largely
present in Borigumma, jeypore, Kotpad and Kundra block of the district. This group of tribes
mostly depends on agriculture for their livelihoods. While the men folks are clad in simple clothes
while the women folks are adorned with traditional jewelry and distinctly adorn a black bead of
necklace worn around the neck. Their popular dances include Junia Nach and Chera Chera Nach.

⮚ PAROJA

Parojas are one of the largely populated tribes of this region. The word Paroja is derived from
a local Odia term ‘Praja’ which literally refers to the common citizens of the kingdom. Paroja tribes
are mostly found in Koraput, Semiliguda, Pottangi, Laxmipur, Lamataput, Nandapur, Dashmantpur,
Jeypore, Boipariguda, Kundra and Borigumma block of the district. Their artistic talents find
expression in Dhemsa, Dungdunga dances and in laga songs.The Paraja have many socio cultural
features in common with the neighbouring major tribes namely the Gond,the Kondh and the
Gadaba.In Koraput,The Paraja live with other communities like the Rana,the Paika,the Mali,the
Domb,the Gadaba and the Kondh.

⮚ DURUA

Duruas are a smaller group of tribes differentiated from other by their physical appearance.
Their physique is very similar to the African Negroes, medium stature having well developed chests
andmassive shoulders with broad nose. Their hair is black, coarse and curly and has scanty growth
ofbeard and moustache. Duruas are mostly found in Jeypore, Boipariguda, Kundra and
 Kotpad blocks of the district. They are divided into various different clans like Soma, Surya, Yadu,
Kadamb, Gangu, Garg etc. Traditionally Duruas were engaged by the native kings as quasi- military
servicemen. However later on they shifted to agriculture and with changing time they have migrated
to other forms of livelihoods. Duruas mostly worship Hindu gods.

⮚ BHUMIA

Widely known for their agricultural skills, Bhumia tribes are largely found in Jeypore,
Boipariguda and Kundra block of the district. The female members of this tribal group are found with
a number of ornaments such as bead necklaces, armlets, bangles, ear rings and nose rings. Bhumias
being mostly agriculturists, synchronize their cultural tradition with agricultural practices. They
worshipSun god,Sing Bonga and Dharau-both are considered their supreme deities.As they are
agriculturist most of their festivals are connected directly or indirectly with agriculture. They worship
God Siva; observe Dhulla Puja, Asharhi Puja, Vadhan Parab and Nuakhia etc. There is an overtone of
the cultural process in the traditional production practices of this agriculturist tribe.

These are some of the major tribes of Koraput district, each contributing to the cultural
tapestry and heritage of the region. While these tribes have distinct identities and traditions, they also
share common challenges, including issues related to land rights, livelihoods, and access to education
and healthcare. Efforts to preserve and promote their cultural heritage while addressing socio-
economic disparities are essential for the sustainable development of these tribal communities.

Challenges in Tribal Education

Education is one of the primary agents of transformation towards development Education is in

fact, an input not only for economic development of tribes but also for inner strength of the tribal
communities which helps them in meeting the new challenges of life.

⮚ Medium of Instruction: Language has been the biggest constraints in tribal education. All
the curriculum and teacher’s module are designed in official/regional language which is
alien for tribal student.
⮚ Economic Condition: The economic condition of tribal people is so poor that they do not
desire to spare their children or their labor power and allow them to attend schools.
⮚ Teacher Absenteeism: In the remote tribal areas the teacher absenteeism is a regular
phenomenon and this affects largely the quality of education.
 ⮚ Attitude of the Parents: As education does not yield any immediate economic return, the
tribal parents prefer to engage their children in remunerative employment which
supplements the family income.
⮚ Infrastructural Challenges: Most of the schools located in tribal areas have minimal
infrastructural facilities. These schools are not equipped with teaching learning materials,
study materials, even minimum sanitary provisions are not maintained.
Research methodology
This chapter containing detail procedure of conducting social research, where
research method means explanatory description and justification of method used in the process of
investigation. Method is a tool or technique used to collect data. Thus, research methodology is
procedure of empirical investigation. Methodology refers to philosophy on which research based. A
more detail discussion of major steps can be followed for the research. They are followed:
Statement of the problem
Odisha, one of the front runners among the states in India has been fighting COVID-19
pandemic. To curb the pandemic, many state governments including Odisha have been implementing
lockdown and different restrictions at different times. This pandemic is heavily impacted the
precious lives and livelihood of human beings across the globe. But this impact is pronounced for the
people who live in forests and hill areas mainly- Tribal because of remoteness, ineffective planning
and execution from government bodies. So, the lives of tribal are getting worse in passing days in
terms of livelihood and health care issues. In addition, the restrictions and lockdown imposition to
curb the infection has deteriorated the livelihood of the tribal further. This state mint outlines in
detail about the impact of COVID-19 in terms of health care issues and livelihood of tribal in Odisha
since the outset of the pandemic in early 2020 till date. One new solution is proposed to improve the
supply chain system so that the tribal products; agriculture, artefacts, minor forest products (MFPs)
can be sold without much hurdle and waiting to improve the livelihood of Tribal. Few steps are also
proposed to improve the health of Tribal.

Objectives of study

➢ To understand the socio-economic profile of the respondents and study area

➢ To analyze the livelihood pattern of the tribal in the study area

➢ To examine the Impact of COVID- 19 pandemic on tribal livelihood in the study area
Research Design
A research design is a broad plan that states objectives of research project and provides
the guidelines what is to be done to realize those objectives. It is, in other words, a master plan for
executing a research project. Or we can say it is the Blueprint of study.

Descriptive Research
Descriptive research is a type of analysis that outlines the features of the population or
issues under study. This descriptive methodology focuses on the “what” of the research problem
more than the “why.” Since the researcher cannot influence the variables in this research design,
they can only report the facts precisely as they occurred or are occurring. The primary methods
used in descriptive research include observations, surveys, and case studies. One can use many
variables in descriptive research to explain the facts.

THE CHALLENGE OF TRIBALS ON LIVELIHOODS

The biggest player in livelihoods today is the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM).
It has a direct and indirect impact, In shaping tribal economy. Whereas NRLM has laudable plans
and goals, its construct and focus are primarily on women communities: to help them participate,
borrow, serve and benefit from emerging Market opportunities. However, if implemented, without
understanding ‘power’ and ‘equations’, it will lead to an Impact opposite to what is intended for the
Tribal community. At present, markets play a limited role in the livelihoods of tribal
people.Theactivist must seek a larger framework and approach, to deal with NRLM livelihoods
platforms.

Old development theories and livelihoods approach will not work because the tribals are angry
and helpless at what is unfolding for them. Development investments whatever, their origin—
government, donor or corporate social responsibility—are driven by the consumer self- interest of
the rest of India. The interests of the tribal people, are Incidental, whereas, for activists, the interests
of the tribal communities must be intrinsic. The activist must understand how to build the
competitive advantage of tribals, shape the people’s understanding Of enterprise and deliver a
roadmap where their produce emerges as the key economic player rather than being driven by the
market. The task is to help navigate and influence the evolving economic development Model and
the market dynamics trajectory for the tribal people, to take advantage of the opportunity while
keeping away from the attendant threats and risks. One must maximize
the potential of their productive resources—human, physical and natural.

Livelihoods development for the tribal people must start with giving tribals access to all
social protection and welfare schemes. This will provide them with their basic necessities; currently,
the people’s despicable situation should be a matter of shame for us. The key and challenging task
for activists vis-à-vis welfare schemes and NRLM investments is to ensure the delivery of funds
with regularity and predictability. This Will instill confidence in the people. Otherwise, they will
have to go to government offices repeatedly for their payments, which may beA task so
overwhelming that they may not Follow up at all.

The next step would be to help tailor the schemes to suit the requirements of the tribal areas.
Key central ministries must have an advisory group to ensure that implementation guidelines take
into Consideration the specificities and needs of the tribal community and of the personnel serving
them. This committee must not comprise academics and bureaucrats alone, but must include
activists, field implementation officials, elected representatives, tribal leaders, etc.

Understanding livelihood

Livelihood is a broader sociological term rooted in the concept of social justice, where
culture and identity form its basis and it is dependent upon the landscape and ecology. It is
connected with community and property rights indicating dignity, control, empowerment, and
sustainability apart from income generation.

Livelihood is defined as a set of activities essential to everyday life that are conducted
over one’s life span. Such activities could include securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter,
clothing. An individual’s livelihood involves the capacity to acquire aforementioned necessities in
order to satisfy the basic needs of themselves and their household. The activities are usually carried
out repeatedly and in a manner that is sustainable and providing of dignity.

Livelihood refers to the means by which individuals or households secure the

necessities of life, including food, water, shelter, and other essential resources. It encompasses the
capabilities, assets, and activities required for a sustainable and fulfilling existence. Livelihoods are
shaped by various factors, including economic, social, cultural, and environmental conditions.

Components of Livelihood:

Assets: These are the resources individuals or households possess, including human, financial,
natural, physical, and social capital. Human capital refers to skills, knowledge, and labor; financial
capital includes savings, investments, and access to credit; natural capital comprises land, water,
forests, and biodiversity; physical capital involves infrastructure, tools, and equipment; social
capital involves networks, relationships, and community support.

Activities: Livelihood activities are the means through which assets are utilized to generate income
and meet basic needs. These activities may include agriculture, fishing, trading, manufacturing,
services, wage labor, entrepreneurship, and more.

Capabilities: Livelihood capabilities are the abilities and opportunities individuals have to engage in
productive activities and improve their well-being. This includes access to education, healthcare,
technology, markets, information, and institutions.

Importance of Livelihood:

Poverty Alleviation: Livelihoods are crucial for lifting people out of poverty by providing them
with the means to earn income and improve their living standards.
Food Security: Livelihoods play a central role in ensuring access to adequate and nutritious food for
individuals and communities.
Economic Development: Livelihoods contribute to economic growth and development by
generating employment, income, and opportunities for entrepreneurship and investment.
Social Stability: Secure livelihoods promote social cohesion, reduce inequality, and enhance
resilience to shocks and crises, thus fostering stability and well-being within communities.
Unemployment and Underemployment: Lack of job opportunities or the presence of low- paying
and precarious work can hinder individuals' ability to secure sustainable livelihoods. Inequality and
Marginalization: Socioeconomic disparities, discrimination, and exclusion can limit access to
resources, opportunities, and decision-making power, impeding livelihood development,
particularly for marginalized groups.
Environmental Degradation: Degradation of natural resources, climate change, and
environmental hazards can threaten livelihoods dependent on agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and
other natural resource-based activities.
Conflict and Instability: Conflict, violence, and political instability disrupt livelihoods, displace
populations, and undermine social and economic infrastructure, exacerbating poverty an
insecurity
Strategies for Sustainable Livelihood Development: Diversification: Encouraging diversification
of livelihood activities helps reduce vulnerability to risks and shocks by spreading income sources
across multiple sectors. Investment in Human Capital: Improving access to education, skills training,
healthcare, and social services enhances individuals' capacity to participate in productive activities
and adapt to changing economic conditions.

Promotion of Smallholder Agriculture: Supporting small-scale farmers with access to land,

credit, technology, markets, and extension services strengthens agricultural livelihoods and
contributes to food security and rural development. Strengthening Social Protection: Establishing
social safety nets, such as cash transfers, insurance schemes, and public works programs, provides
vulnerable populations with a buffer against economic hardship and enhances resilience.

Natural Resource Management: Implementing sustainable natural resource management

practices, including conservation, restoration, and equitable governance, helps safeguard
ecosystems and livelihoods dependent on them.

Empowerment and Inclusion: Promoting gender equality, social inclusion, and participatory
decision-making empowers marginalized groups to actively engage in livelihood activities and
access resources and opportunities equitably.

Conclusion:

In summary, livelihood encompasses the assets, activities, and capabilities individuals

or households employ to secure a sustainable and fulfilling existence. It is essential for poverty
alleviation, food security, economic development, and social stability. However, livelihoods face
challenges such as unemployment, inequality, environmental degradation, and conflict. By adopting
strategies for sustainable livelihood development, including diversification, investment in human
capital, and strengthening social protection, societies can promote inclusive and resilient livelihoods
that enhance well-being and prosperity for all.

Tribal livelihood

Specifying the Context of the tribal livelihood it was emphasized that the Tribals depend for
their livelihood on their surrounding natural resources, the main source of livelihood of
Tribals is Agriculture, Minor Forest Produce (Sal, Mahua, Amla, Harra, Behera, Char, Imli Tendu
leaves, Mehul leave, Honey, forest roots)

Indian tribes’ also known as aboriginal communities or adivasi are residing in forests since
time immemorial. There are nearly 10.40 million tribal people residing on 15 percent of total Indian
geography and constitutes 8.60 percent of the total population. Forest and tribals are culturally and
traditionally linked to each other. Most of them live in close proximity of forest depending on
theforest for livelihood and substances.

Tribal livelihoods encompass the diverse economic activities, cultural practices, and social
relationships that sustain indigenous communities around the world. Rooted in deep connections to
land, natural resources, and traditional knowledge, these livelihoods are integral to indigenous
identity, resilience, and well-being. Understanding tribal livelihoods requires an appreciation of
their unique contexts, challenges, and contributions to sustainable development.

At the heart of tribal livelihoods lies a profound relationship with the environment.
Indigenous peoples have developed intricate systems of resource management, passed down
through generations, that reflect profound respect for nature's cycles and rhythms. These systems
often prioritize sustainability, biodiversity conservation, and community resilience over short- term
gains. Practices such as agro forestry, rotational farming, and traditional hunting and fishing
methods not only provide sustenance but also contribute to ecosystem health and resilience.

Central to tribal livelihoods are traditional knowledge systems that guide decision-making,
resource use, and adaptation to environmental changes. Indigenous elders possess a wealth of
knowledge about local ecosystems, weather patterns, medicinal plants, and sustainable harvesting
practices, honed over centuries of observation and experimentation. This traditional ecological
knowledge is a valuable asset for addressing contemporary challenges such as climate change,
deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.

However, tribal livelihoods face numerous threats and challenges in the modern world.
Historical injustices such as colonization, forced displacement, and land dispossession continue to
impact indigenous communities, disrupting traditional ways of life and undermining cultural
integrity. Encroachment by external actors, including governments, corporations, and settlers, poses
significant risks to indigenous territories, natural resources, and cultural heritage. Extractive
industries, large-scale agriculture, infrastructure development, and conservation projects often
prioritize economic interests over indigenous rights, leading to environmental
degradation, loss of land, and social dislocation.

Moreover, globalization and market integration have introduced new pressures and
vulnerabilities to tribal livelihoods. Changes in consumer preferences, land tenure systems, and
labor markets can marginalize traditional economic activities and erode cultural practices.
Indigenous communities may face challenges accessing markets, credit, technology, and other
resources necessary for livelihood diversification and economic development. Additionally, social
and political marginalization can exacerbate poverty, inequality, and social exclusion within
indigenous populations.

Despite these challenges, indigenous communities continue to demonstrate resilience,

innovation, and collective action in defending their livelihoods and asserting their rights. Grassroots
movements, legal advocacy, cultural revitalization efforts, and community-led development
initiatives are empowering indigenous peoples to reclaim control over their lands, resources, and
futures. Indigenous-led conservation initiatives, sustainable tourism ventures, and fair trade
cooperatives are examples of initiatives that combine economic development with environmental
stewardship and cultural preservation.

Efforts to support tribal livelihoods must be guided by principles of indigenous self-

determination, cultural autonomy, and environmental justice. This requires meaningful engagement
with indigenous communities as partners and rights-holders, respecting their knowledge, values,
and decision-making processes. Governments, policymakers, development agencies, and non-
governmental organizations have a crucial role to play in creating enabling environments for
indigenous empowerment, including legal recognition of land rights, consultation and consent
mechanisms, and equitable resource-sharing agreements.

Furthermore, there is a need to bridge the gap between indigenous knowledge and Western
science, recognizing the complementary strengths of both systems in addressing complex socio-
environmental challenges. Collaboration between indigenous peoples, scientists, policymakers, and
practitioners can generate innovative solutions that integrate traditional and modern approaches to
sustainable development.

In conclusion, tribal livelihoods are not only a means of survival but also a source of
resilience, cultural continuity, and environmental stewardship for indigenous communities
worldwide. Upholding indigenous rights, promoting cultural diversity, and fostering equitable
 partnerships are essential for ensuring the vitality and sustainability of tribal livelihoods in the face
of ongoing challenges and opportunities. By respecting indigenous knowledge, sovereignty, and
agency, we can work towards building a more just, inclusive, and sustainable world for all

Conclusion :

The impact of COVID-19 on tribal livelihoods has been profound and multifaceted, posing
significant challenges to indigenous communities worldwide. From economic disruptions to
healthcare inequalities and cultural upheaval, the pandemic has underscored the complex interplay
between public health crises and socio-economic disparities. The pandemic has exacerbated existing
vulnerabilities and exposed systemic inequalities, disproportionately affecting tribal populations who
often face limited access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities.

The disruption of traditional livelihood activities such as agriculture, hunting, and handicrafts
has threatened food security, economic stability, and cultural preservation within tribal communities.
Access to healthcare services and information has been limited, exacerbating health disparities and
increasing the risk of COVID-19 transmission. Additionally, restrictions on social gatherings and
cultural practices have had profound psychological and emotional impacts, contributing to stress,
isolation, and loss of cultural identity.

Addressing the impact of COVID-19 on tribal livelihoods requires comprehensive and

culturally sensitive responses that prioritize the rights, resilience, and well-being of indigenous
peoples. Efforts to support tribal communities must be grounded in principles of equity, self-
determination, and sustainable development, ensuring that interventions are tailored to the specific
needs and priorities of each community. This includes strengthening healthcare infrastructure,
expanding access to essential services, promoting food security and economic empowerment, and
safeguarding cultural heritage and traditional knowledge.

As the world continues to grapple with the ongoing effects of the pandemic, it is imperative
to center the voices and experiences of indigenous peoples in recovery and rebuilding efforts. By
recognizing and addressing the unique challenges faced by tribal communities, we can work towards
building more inclusive, resilient, and equitable societies for all.

The conclusion of the concept of 'tribe' is multifaceted and dynamic. While historically
associated with traditional societies and kinship structures, the notion of tribe persists in various
forms in contemporary contexts. It embodies a sense of community, belonging, and shared identity,
often transcending geographical boundaries and encompassing diverse cultural, social, or interest-
based affiliations.

In modern times, tribes can be seen as virtual communities formed around shared interests,
ideologies, professions, or hobbies, facilitated by digital platforms and globalization. These virtual
tribes provide individuals with a sense of belonging and support, fostering connections and
collaboration across distances. However, the concept of tribe also raises questions about inclusivity
and exclusivity, as well as the potential for tribalism to foster division and conflict. It underscores the
importance of understanding and respecting diverse perspectives within and across tribes while
fostering empathy and cooperation.

In conclusion, while the traditional notion of tribe has evolved, its essence community,
identity, and solid arityre mains relevant in shaping human relationships and societal dynamics in the
modern world. The conclusion of tribal livelihoods underscores the importance of recognizing the
unique challenges and opportunities faced by indigenous communities in securing sustainable
livelihoods. Tribal livelihoods are deeply intertwined with cultural, social, and environmental
factors, making them distinct from mainstream livelihood systems.

Understanding tribal livelihoods requires acknowledging the intricate relationship between

indigenous peoples and their land, natural resources, and traditional knowledge systems. For many
tribal communities, livelihood activities such as hunting, gathering, fishing, agriculture, and
handicrafts are not just economic endeavors but also expressions of cultural identity and connection
to ancestral lands.

However, tribal livelihoods often face significant threats, including land dispossession,
environmental degradation, marginalization, and loss of traditional practices. Encroachments on
indigenous territories, extractive industries, large-scale development projects, and discriminatory
policies pose grave challenges to the continuity and sustainability of tribal livelihoods.

Efforts to support tribal livelihoods must be guided by principles of indigenous rights, self-
determination, and community-led development. Empowering indigenous communities to exercise
control over their land, resources, and decision-making processes is essential for safeguarding their
livelihoods and preserving cultural heritage.

Moreover, initiatives aimed at enhancing tribal livelihoods should prioritize the protection of
biodiversity, ecosystems, and traditional knowledge, recognizing the inherent value of
 indigenous stewardship practices in promoting environmental sustainability. In conclusion,
sustainable development strategies for tribal livelihoods should be holistic, inclusive, and respectful
of indigenous rights and perspectives. By fostering partnerships based on mutual respect and
collaboration, we can work towards building resilient and thriving livelihood systems that honor the
rich cultural heritage and ecological wisdom of indigenous peoples.

Research methodology

This chapter containing detail procedure pf conducting social research, where research method
means explanatory description and justification of method used in the process of investigation.
Method is a tool or technique used to collect data. Thus, research methodology is procedure of
empirical investigation. Methodology refers to philosophy on which research based. A more detail
discussion of major steps can be followed for the research. They are followed:

3.1 Statement of the problem

Odisha, one of the front runners among the states in India has been fighting COVID-19 pandemic. To
curb the pandemic, many state governments including Odisha have been implementing lockdown and
different restrictions at different times. This pandemic is heavily impacted the precious lives and
livelihood of human beings across the globe. But this impact is pronounced for the people who live in
forests and hill areas mainly- Tribal because of remoteness, ineffective planning and execution from
government bodies. So, the lives of tribal are getting worse in passing days in terms of livelihood and
health care issues. In addition, the restrictions and lockdown imposition to curb the infection has
deteriorated the livelihood of the tribal further. This statement outlines in detail about the impact of
COVID-19 in terms of health care issues and livelihood of tribal in Odisha since the outset of the
pandemic in early 2020 till date. One new solution is proposed to improve the supply chain system so
that the tribal products; agriculture, artefacts, minor forest products (MFPs) can be sold without much
hurdle and waiting to improve the livelihood of Tribal. Few steps are also proposed to improve the
health of Tribal.

3.2 Objectives of study

➢ To understand the socio-economic profile of the respondents and study area

➢ To analyze the livelihood pattern of the tribal in the study area

➢ To examine the Impact of COVID- 19 pandemic on tribal livelihood in the study area

3.3 Research Design

A research design is a broad plan that states objectives of research project and provides the
guidelines what is to be done to realize those objectives. It is, in other words, a master plan for
executing a research project. Or we can say it is the Blueprint of study.

Descriptive Research

Descriptive research is a type of analysis that outlines the features of the population or issues under
study. This descriptive methodology focuses on the “what” of the research problem more than the
“why.” Since the researcher cannot influence the variables in this research design, they can only
report the facts precisely as they occurred or are occurring. The primary methods used in descriptive
research include observations, surveys, and case studies. One can use many

variables in descriptive research to explain the facts

literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. The literature review
surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of research. The
review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify this previous
research. It should give a theoretical base for the research and help you (the author) determine the
nature of your research. The literature review acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in
so doing, assures the reader that your work has been well conceived. It is assumed that by mentioning
a previous work in the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimilated that work
into the work at hand. A literature review creates a "landscape" for the reader, giving her or him a full
understanding of the developments in the field. This landscape informs the reader that the author has
indeed assimilated all (or the vast majority of) previous, significant works in the field into her or his
Research
2.1 Behera, M. in her article ‘‘The extension of public health services in tribal areas has worsened
during the pandemic’’ explained that currently, even the existing personnel are reassigned duties in
COVID-19 hotspot regions causing a delay in regular medical treatment. Low immunity and the
absence of healthcare facilities has severely limited their capacity to deal with the COVID-19
outbreak posing a serious threat to this population. This could be reflected in the case of a woman
from the nomadic community, who was pregnant during the time of COVID-19 and decided to abort
the pregnancy without informing her husband and family members. As most of the hospitals were
converted into COVID-19 care centers and there already were restrictions on abortion due to sex
determination tests, she was struggling for getting the abortion process done. Further, she had to sell
the only gold ring that she had for the high treatment cost in a private hospital. She was worried about
how she would explain the situation to her family members. She was more concerned about her gold
ring than her health because nobody would be asking her about her health, and be concerned about
her pregnancy and abortion, but one day they would ask her about the ring and she would have to lie.

Despite this,2h7er problems would not end. She had to go back to

her household duties without getting any rest or healthcare after the abortion.

2.2 Dasani (2021) in her article Livelihood vulnerabilities of tribals during COVID-19 has
mentioned the imposition of lockdown and COVID-19 has disturbed the life of tribals and forest
dwellers by destroying their livelihood and health. The article argues that there is an urgent need to
focus on food security and strong social protection mechanisms to help tribal communities to
minimize the impact of the pandemic on their social and economic life.

Kesar S, …. Basole,A(2021) in their article ‘‘Pandemic, informality, and vulnerability: impact of

COVID-19 on livelihoods in India ‘mentioned the findings from a large-scale survey of around
5000Respondents across 12 states of India, conducted during the Months of April and May 2020, to
study the impact of COVID-19Pandemic containment measures (lockdown) on employment,
Livelihoods, and food security. Given the predominantly informal Nature of employment and

critically low investment in State-

Funded social security nets, the impact, albeit unprecedented in Its scale, was not entirely unexpected
in its nature. We find that around two-thirds of respondents reported losing employment During the
lockdown, and those that continued to be employed Witness a sharp decline in earning. Further, with
critically low Levels of social security net, the loss in employment quickly Translated into food and
livelihoods insecurity. Almost 80 percent of households experienced a reduction in food intake, more
than60 per cent did not have enough money for a week’s worth of Essentials, and a third took a loan
to cover expenses during the Lockdown. We also use a set of logistic regressions to identify How
employment loss and reduction in food intake varied with Individual and household-level
characteristics. Based on our Analysis, we argue that while there is an urgent need to Undertake
effective measures to support livelihoods and facilitate An economic recovery, we also highlight the
necessity to critically Evaluate the current development trajectory, whereby decades-Long high
economic growth has failed to translate into more Secure livelihoods for a vast majority of the
workforce.

2.4 Kumar,A. and Kumar,S. in his website material ‘‘Impact of Covid-19 on Tribal” states that
Indigenous peoples in many regions have a long history of devastation from epidemics brought by
colonizers, from the arrival of the first Europeans in the Americas who brought smallpox and
influenza to a measles outbreak among the Yanomamo of Brazil and Southern Venezuela in the
1950s/60s that nearly decimated the tribe (Pringle, 2015). COVID-19 presents a new threat to the
health and survival of indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples in nearly all countries fall into the most
“vulnerable” health category. They have significantly higher rates of communicable and non-
communicable diseases than their non-indigenous counterparts, high mortality rates and lower life
expectancies. Contributing factors that increase the potential for high mortality rates caused by
COVID-19 in indigenous communities include mal – and undernutrition, poor access to sanitation,
lack of clean water, and inadequate medical services. Additionally, indigenous peoples often

experience widespread stigma and discrimination in healthcare settings such as stereotyping and a
lack of quality in the care provided, thus compromising standards ofcare and discouraging them from
accessing health care, if and when available.

Although data indicate a rising number of COVID-19 infections and high mortality rates among
vulnerable groups such as older persons and those with underlying health conditions, in many cases,
data on rates of infections among indigenous peoples are often not available (even when testing and
reporting for the general population is underway), with infections not being recorded by ethnicity
Indigenous peoples largely fall outside any formal social protection systems and few have access to
medical and financial support in times of crisis. As lockdowns continue to expand with no timeline in
sight, indigenous peoples who already face food insecurity as a result of the ongoing dispossession
and loss of their traditional lands and territories also now face loss of their livelihoods, which form
the main base for their subsistence. As a result of the national lockdown in India, the substantial
migrant worker population, a large number of whom are indigenous, has seen mass closure of
workplaces with incomes and related accommodations abruptly cut off. Many have been unable to
return to their communities due to a lack of transportation and those who do return may possibly
bring COVID-19 with them.

2.5 Mohanty, A. (2020) in his article India’s tribal people and COVID-19 stated that In India’s tribal
areas, basic healthcare facilities are extremely poor. Besides, a lack of key information and awareness
to effectively deal with outbreaks further add fuel to the fire. Against this backdrop, the COVID-19
pandemic in tribal areas poses a serious threat to the tribal population. The Union Ministry of Home
Affairs has categorized 75 indigenous groups as the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTGs),
the highest number of which are found in Odisha. Experts believe PVTGs are the most vulnerable
groups within the indigenous communities amid the pandemic crisis. To make the situation worse, no
baseline surveys have been conducted among more than half of such PVTGs in the state. Without
adequate data, it would be difficult to precisely identify indigenous families and their habitats. In this
crisis, we need data on the demographic and socioeconomic profile of the indigenous group.

The conclusion of tribal livelihoods encapsulates the multifaceted nature of indigenous

communities' economic activities, emphasizing the importance of recognizing their distinct cultural,
social, and environmental contexts. Across the globe, indigenous peoples have developed intricate
systems of survival and sustenance deeply rooted in their connection to land, resources, and
traditional knowledge. Understanding and supporting tribal livelihoods require a nuanced approach
that acknowledges both their resilience and vulnerability in the face of contemporary challenges.

Tribal livelihoods are not solely about economic activities; they are intertwined with cultural
practices, spiritual beliefs, and social structures. For many indigenous communities, land is not
merely a commodity but the very foundation of their existence. Traditional livelihood activities such
as hunting, fishing, gathering, and agriculture are not only means of subsistence but also expressions
of identity, heritage, and reciprocity with the natural world. Moreover, indigenous knowledge systems
embedded within these livelihood practices hold valuable insights into sustainable resource
management, biodiversity conservation, and climate resilience.

However, tribal livelihoods are increasingly under threat due to various factors, including land
dispossession, environmental degradation, globalization, and socio-political marginalization.
Historical injustices such as colonization, forced displacement, and assimilation policies have
disrupted indigenous ways of life, eroded cultural traditions, and undermined community cohesion.
Today, indigenous peoples continue to face systemic barriers to the exercise of their rights, including
limited access to land, resources, education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.

One of the primary challenges confronting tribal livelihoods is the encroachment of external
forces on indigenous territories and resources. Extractive industries, agribusiness expansion,
infrastructure development, and conservation projects often disregard indigenous land rights,
leading to displacement, environmental destruction, and loss of livelihood opportunities.
Furthermore, the commondification of nature and the imposition of market-driven economic
models can undermine indigenous values of reciprocity, sustainability, and collective well-being.

In response to these challenges, indigenous communities have demonstrated remarkable

resilience and agency in defending their livelihoods, asserting their rights, and revitalizing
traditional practices.

Grassroots movements, legal advocacy, cultural revitalization initiatives, and community-

led development projects have emerged as powerful tools for reclaiming indigenous sovereignty,
promoting self-determination, and fostering sustainable livelihoods. Moreover, indigenous peoples'
networks, alliances, and solidarity movements have strengthened their collective voice
and advocacy efforts on local, national, and international platforms.

Efforts to support tribal livelihoods must be guided by principles of indigenous self-

determination, cultural autonomy, and environmental justice. This requires meaningful engagement
with indigenous communities as partners and rights-holders, respecting their knowledge, priorities,
and decision-making processes.

Governments, policymakers, development agencies, and non-governmental organizations

have a crucial role to play in creating enabling environments for indigenous empowerment,
including legal recognition of land rights, consultation and consent mechanisms, and equitable
resource-sharing agreements.

Furthermore, sustainable development initiatives should prioritize the integration of

indigenous knowledge systems, practices, and innovations into mainstream policy frameworks and
practices. Indigenous traditional ecological knowledge offers valuable insights into ecosystem
management, agro forestry, water harvesting, biodiversity conservation, and climate adaptation
strategies. By acknowledging and incorporating indigenous perspectives, we can enhance the
resilience and sustainability of livelihood systems for both indigenous and non- indigenous
communities.

In conclusion, tribal livelihoods are integral to the survival, resilience, and cultural vitality
of indigenous peoples around the world. Upholding indigenous rights, promoting cultural diversity,
and fostering equitable partnerships are essential for ensuring the continuity and flourishing of
tribal livelihoods. By recognizing the intrinsic value of indigenous knowledge, stewardship, and
sovereignty, we can work towards building a more just, inclusive, and sustainable world for present
and future generations.
 CHAPTER-II

COVID 19 IMPACT OF TRIBAL LIVELIHOODS

 IMPACT OF COVID -19 IN TRIBAL LIVELIHOODS

COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. COVID-19 can cause mild to

severe respiratory illness, including death. The best preventive measures include getting vaccinated,
wearing a mask during times of high transmission, staying 6 feet apart, washing hands often and
avoiding sick people. Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that can cause respiratory illness in
humans. They are called “corona” because of crown-like spikes on the surface of the virus. Severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the common
cold are examples of coronaviruses that cause illness in humans.
Origin of COVID 19
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), originated at Wuhan city of China in early December
2019 has rapidly widespread with confirmed cases in almost every country across the world and has
become a new global public health crisis. The etiological agent was designated as severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was originated in bats and human
transmission primarily occurs through direct, indirect, or close contact with infected people through
infected secretions such as respiratory secretions, saliva or through respiratory droplets that are
expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. The World Health Organization
coined the term COVID-19 and declared this novel coronavirus disease as a pandemic on March 11,
2020. The virus is highly contagious and the incubation period ranges between 2-14 days. The virus
infects the human respiratory epithelial cells by binding through Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
(ACE2) receptors. Many infected people are either asymptomatic or develop a mild respiratory
illness.
The major clinical symptoms of the disease are fever, non-productive cough, fatigue, malaise,
and breathlessness. Severe illness such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),
and death occurs in the elderly and patients with comorbid conditions. The case fatality rate is
estimated to be 2-3%. The rapid surge was observed in new cases and COVID-19 related deaths
outside of China since the beginning of March-2020. As of June 8, 2020 more than 7 million
confirmed cases and > 400 thousand deaths were reported from 213 countries and territories. The
disease is mainly diagnosed by the detection of viral RNA in nasopharyngeal swab or Broncho-
alveolar lavage (BAL) by polymerase chain reaction reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR). Treatment is basically symptomatic and supportive. Several vaccines are still
under various stages of clinical trials. Remdesivir was the first antiviral drug approved for treatment
but its efficacy is yet to be determined. At present preventive measures such as contact, droplet, and
airborne precautions are the main strata control the spread of the disease.
Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it Official names have been
announced for the virus responsible for COVID-19 (previously known as “2019 novel coronavirus”)
and the disease it causes. The official names are:

⮚ Disease

⮚ Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

⮚ Virus

⮚ Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)

⮚ Origin and Spread of COVID-19

A cluster of patients presented with pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan city of China was
reported to the Chinese Center for Disease Control (CDC) on 31, December 2019. Initial
investigations identified a novel coronavirus designated as SARS-CoV-2 (previously known as
2019-nCoV) as the etiological agent. The infection was originated in Human seafood and animal
market in Wuhan city of Hubei province and it provided some link to an animal to human
transmission through the sale of seafood and live animals. Subsequently, the infection was noticed
in increasing number of patients inside as well as outside the Wuhan city, who did not have
exposure to animal markets and this suggested person to person transmission. The novel
coronavirus was found to be highly contagious and has rapidly spread across the world within a
span of 2-3 months. The number of COVID-19 related cases and deaths increased exponentially
outside of China since the beginning of March 2020. So far around 213 countries and territories
have reported novel coronavirus cases. On January 30, 2020, the International Health Regulations

Emergency Committee of the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a public
health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). Further, on February 19, 2020, WHO coined
the term COVID-19 and declared this novel coronavirus disease as a pandemic on March 11, 2020
(Figure 2: Timeline in the key events of SARS-CoV-2). As of June 8, 2020, more than 7 million
cases and 400 thousand deaths were reported globally. The COVID-19 has resulted in
unprecedented human and health crisis and the measures undertaken to contain the frightening
pandemic has resulted in the global financial crisis.
Why it is called a pandemic?

The WHO declared Covid-19 a pandemic in March, but this refers to the extent of the spread of the
disease and not necessarily its severity.

So far, more than 550 000 people have died and more than 12 million cases have been recorded.
This is why Covid-19 has been described as a pandemic and why it is not like the typical flu.

Terms related to covid 19

⮚ Proper hygiene:

Wear disposable gloves if available, disinfect the surfaces of all machines you use and don’t
touch your face. For indoor laundry facilities, wait outside for your laundry to finish if you
can. Fold your laundry at home. Wash your hands with soap and water, or use an alcohol-
based hand rub, immediately afterwards.

⮚ Asymptomatic:

Someone who has an infection without ever showing symptoms.

⮚ PR symptomatic:

Someone who has been infected with a virus but isn’t yet showing symptoms.

⮚ Community spread:

When a contagious illness spreads throughout a community of people who haven’t traveled
to a place where the virus began, or who haven’t knowingly been in contact with anyone
who has had the virus.

⮚ Incubation period:

The time it takes between catching a virus and feeling sick from it.

⮚ Ventilator:
 A machine that pushes air into a person’s lungs to help them breathe.

⮚ Pathogen:

Any microorganism (including bacteria and viruses) that causes infection.

⮚ PPE:

An acronym for personal protective equipment. It describes the special masks, clothing and
gloves worn by care providers to shield them from contagious illnesses. Social distancing:
The act of increasing physical space between people to decrease the spread of an illness. (In
the case of COVID-19, social distancing of at least six feet is recommended.) Self- isolation:
Separating oneself from others because you are sick.

⮚ Self-quarantine:

Separating oneself from others because you have been exposed to a sick person.

⮚ Shelter-in-place:

Used as a safety measure after an emergency, this is an order from the government for
citizens to stay at home, leaving only to get necessities like food and medicine.

⮚ Surgical mask:

⮚ A disposable face mask worn by health professionals to prevent saliva or mucus from
coming out or going in.

Symptoms of covid 19

Once a person has contracted coronavirus, it can take 2–14 daysTrusted Source for
symptoms to appear. The average incubation period appears to be roughly 5–6 daysTrusted Source.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) : Trusted Source, symptoms of corona
virus can be mild and come on gradually. According to The Lancet, when hospital admission is
necessary, this typically occurs from 7 days onwards.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source state that a person with
COVID-19 can experience a wide range of symptoms, often including a dry cough and shortness of
breath.
They may also have a combination of at least two of the following symptoms:

⮚ Fever

⮚ Chills

⮚ Repeated shaking with chills

⮚ Muscle pain

⮚ Headache

⮚ Sore throat

⮚ New loss of taste or smell

According to 2020 research Trusted Source, the prevalence of some of these symptoms appears to
be:

Symptom Prevalence (%)

❖ Dry cough 60.4

❖ Shortness of breath or breathing difficulties 41.1

❖ Fever 55.5

❖ Muscle pain 44.6

❖ Headache 42.6

❖ Sore throat 31.2

❖ Smell and taste disturbance 64.4

❖ Fatigue 68

⮚ Fever

Doctors consider a temperature of 100.4°F or higher Trusted Source to be a fever. A person

with a fever will feel hot to touch on their back or chest.

⮚ Dry cough

A dry cough does not produce mucus. According to the United Kingdom’s National Health
Service (NHS), if a person notices they are coughing a lot for over an hour, or they have
three or more coughing episodes in a day, they may have coronavirus.

⮚ Fatigue

Fatigue is a feeling of tiredness and an overall lack of energy. A person with fatigue may
feel drained, weak, or sluggish.
 ⮚ Shortness of breath

Shortness of breath is a subjective Trusted Source feeling. However, those experiencing

shortness of breath may describe it feeling as if they are suffocating, or unable to catch their
breath.

What are the other symptoms?

Other symptoms of COVID-19 may include Trusted Source:

⮚ Blocked nose ⮚ Nausea

⮚ Diarrhea ⮚ Vomiting

⮚ Sputum, or coughed up mucus and saliva

What are the early symptoms in children?

Symptoms of COVID-19 in children and young adults are more likely Trusted Source to be mild.
Early symptoms of coronavirus infection in children are similar to those in adults.

According to the CDC Trusted Source, early symptoms in children with a coronavirus infection
occur in the following percentages:

Symptom Prevalence (%)

⮚ Fever 56 %

⮚ Dry cough 54 %

⮚ Shortness of breath 13 %

Fever and cough appear to be the common Trusted Source symptoms of COVID-19 that people
report in children.

Children may also develop additional symptoms, such as:

⮚ Blocked nose

⮚ Muscle pain

⮚ Runny nose

⮚ Vomiting

⮚ Diarrhea

⮚ Abdominal pain

Children with COVID-19 are likely to recover in 1–2 weeks with no additional issues.

Parents and careers with children who are showing signs of a coronavirus infection should contact
their health service provider and keep the child at home.

The child should also stay away from other people, especially those at higher risk of developing
severe illness from coronavirus.
 Treatment and Prevention

Currently, there is neither specific anti-viral therapy nor vaccine is available.

Therefore, treatment is entirely symptomatic and supportive therapy including advanced life support
if necessary. However, several antiviral drugs and vaccines are under stages of clinical trials.
Recently clinical trials of SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine mRNA-1273 have shown
promising signs. In all trial participants, the vaccine candidate led to seroconverting with binding
antibody levels either at or above levels seen in convalescent sera. Remdesivir was the first antiviral
drug that was approved for human use recently. A study has shown faster recovery of hospital
admitted COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir compared with placebo treatment. Other
antiviral drugs such as familiars, and nitazoxanide, nafamostat, and interferon beta-1a have shown a
promising effect on SARS-CoV-2 in-vitro studies. Hydroxychloroquine, an antimalarial drug is
reported to be effective in treating COVID-19 associated respiratory complications. However,
several scientists expressed ambiguity about benefits in the use of hydroxychloroquine in treating
COVID-19 and it requires further large-scale studies before it is encouraged for use. Some pilot
studies have shown the benefits of using corticosteroids, cilium (an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody) and
etoposide in selected COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm.

At this time prevention is crucial since there is no approved highly effective treatment for
COVID- 19. The current strategy to limit the spread of the disease is by implementing effective
control measures. It focuses on patient isolation and adhering to strict infection control practices
during the diagnosis and patient care. The prime strategy is a droplet, contact, and airborne
precautions. Certain chemicals such as 70% ethanol and 0.1% sodium hypochlorite solutions were
found to reduce viral infectivity significantly by 1-minute exposure. Hence, they are helpful in early
containment and further spreading of the virus. WHO and national health regulatory bodies strongly
recommend all individuals to frequently wash their hands with soap and water and use of portable
hand sanitizer. Maintenance of social distancing of more than 2 meters, avoiding contact with
confirmed cases, avoiding needless travel, covering mouth with an elbow while coughing and
sneezing and use of face mask as per the local guidelines are the other recommended measures for
reducing transmission and flattening the curve. Patients with acute respiratory infection should wear
the mask and keep a distance from the contacts, cover coughs or sneeze with disposable tissues or
clothes, and wash their hands. Elderly and people with underlying serious comorbidities should avoid
public gatherings. Healthcare workers caring for infected people need to adhere strictly to contact and
airborne precautions including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as N95 mask,
gowns, gloves, goggles, and others.
Everyone Included: Social Impact of COVID-19

We are facing a global health crisis unlike any in the 75-year history of the United
Nations — one that is killing people, spreading human suffering, and upending people’s lives. But
this is much more than a health crisis. It is a human, economic and social crisis. The coronavirus
disease (COVID-19), which has been characterized as a pandemic by the World Health
Organization (WHO), is attacking societies at their core.

The UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) is a pioneer of sustainable
development and the home of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), where each goal finds
its space and where all stakeholders can do their part to leave no one behind. UN DESA through the
Division for Inclusive Social Development (DISD), monitors national and global socio- economic
trends, identifies emerging issues, and assesses their implications for social policy at the national
and international levels. To this end, we are a leading analytical voice for promoting social
inclusion, reducing inequalities and eradicating poverty.

The COVID-19 outbreak affects all segments of the population and is particularly detrimental
to members of those social groups in the most vulnerable situations, continues to affect populations,
including people living in poverty situations, older persons, persons with disabilities, youth, and
indigenous peoples. Early evidence indicates that that the health and economic impacts of the virus
are being borne disproportionately by poor people. For example, homeless people, because they
may be unable to safely shelter in place, are highly exposed to the danger of the virus. People
without access to running water, refugees, migrants, or displaced persons also stand to suffer
disproportionately both from the pandemic and its aftermath – whether due to limited movement,
fewer employment opportunities, increased xenophobia etc.

If not properly addressed through policy the social crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic
may also increase inequality, exclusion, discrimination and global unemployment in the medium
and long term. Comprehensive, universal social protection systems, when in place, play a much
durable role in protecting workers and in reducing the prevalence of poverty, since they act as
automatic stabilizers. That is, they provide basic income security at all times, thereby enhancing
people’s capacity to manage and overcome shocks.
 Impact of COVID-19 on Education System

In the world, most countries have temporarily closed child-cares, nursery, primary
and secondary schools, colleges, and universities to control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic
(TUAC Secretariat Briefing, 2020). COVID-19 impacts not only students but also it affects teachers
and parents across the world. UNESCO reported that over 1.5 billion students in 195 countries are
out of school in the world due to the school closures (UNESCO, 2020b). As (Pujari, 2020) COVID-
19 affects all over the education system, examinations, and evaluation, starting of new semester or
term and it may extend the school year.

Mental and Physical Health

The closures schools and higher education negatively affect the mental and physical
health of children, students, parents, and teachers in the world, especially in developing countries.
Since during school closures, both boy and girl students in most rural areas may be forced to fully
support their families in cattle herding and farming. Girl students from low-income families and
rural areas can be at a higher risk of sexual abuse, and forced labor, and early marriage. The
infected cases rapid increase has created a sense of anxiety and uncertainty about what will happen.
The lockdown due to coronavirus may people are feeling stress, fear, and anxiety, such as a fright of
dying, a fear of their relatives dying . This stress may affect the students, mental, and physical
health of students. The pandemic may have a serious influence on the careers or may have not to
graduate of this years’ higher education undergraduate students. All students may not have good
interaction with online learning applications and platforms because some of the students are active
and some may take a longer time to familiarize themselves with the system.

Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

The political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is the influence that the COVID-
19 pandemic has had on politics around the world. The pandemic has affected the governing and
political systems of multiple countries, reflected in states of emergency, suspensions of legislative
activities, isolation or deaths of multiple politicians and reschedulings of elections due to fears of
spreading the virus. The pandemic has triggered broader debates about political issues such as the
relative advantages of democracy and autocracy, how states respond to crises, politicization of
beliefs about the virus, and the adequacy of existing frameworks of international cooperation.
Additionally, the pandemic has, in some cases, posed several challenges to democracy, leading to it
being undermined and damaged.

The global pandemic has generated a range of International and domestic political problems. The
COVID-19 health crisis constitutes an exogenous shock to the broader international system,
disrupting international politics and creating new tensions between adversaries and allies alike. It
will undoubtedly have profound implications for and lasting effects on geopolitics for years to
come. Political leaders from major powers like the US and China may seek to use the crisis to find
advantage in an ongoing contest for hegemony in the global political order. In many contexts, states
have been left scrambling to secure sufficient supplies and resources to effectively contend with the
virus, prioritizing national interest and the well-being of their own citizens. The US, for example,
requested that the firm 3M refrain from selling protective masks to Canada and countries in Latin
America to keep them for domestic use. A form of ‘vaccine nationalism’ took hold in a race to
develop a vaccine for the virus that created barriers to

The effects on political participation also extend to electoral politics. For example, in some
countries local and national political authorities decided to postpone elections or reimagine electoral
procedures and practices. Governments have taken steps like increasing the use of postal voting or
introducing measures to guarantee social distancing, health, and safety during the voting process.
There has also been an impact on campaign practices due to the need to restrict traditional rituals
and habits like shaking hands. Furthermore, political rallies constitute extreme health risks for the
spread of the virus. This point became especially prominent after former US President Donald
Trump resumed large political campaign events shortly after his hospitalisation from COVID-19
treatment. Other politicians experimented with virtual rallies and events to mark important
milestones in campaigns like the Democratic Party’s announcement of a presidential candidate in
August 2020.The content of political campaigns and party politics has also evolved as a result of
COVID-19. Issues such as public health and socio-economic and racial inequality, for example,
have become more salient, and parties traditionally divided over fiscal responsibility and public
spending have sometimes converged on more similar positions
State response

India experienced a rapid rise in COVID-19 infections from March 2021. States
imposed varying levels of lockdowns and curfews to curb the spread of the disease. These
restrictions severely affected the functioning of food systems. The objective of this study was to
analyze how COVID-19 continues to affect agricultural production, food security and household
diets of vegetable farmers. A phone-based survey was conducted with 595 vegetable farmers in the
states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Jharkhand, Karnataka and Odisha, 60% of whom had been
interviewed a year earlier. Overall, 60% of farmers experienced decreased vegetable production;
over 80% reported a reduction in consumption of at least one food group; and 45% reported some
level of food insecurity between May 2020 and May 2021.

Farmers who reported decreased staples production, difficulty accessing

seeds/seedlings, or reduced their household spending were more likely to report decreased vegetable
production. Vegetable consumption was positively associated with receipt of COVID-
19 relief benefits, borrowing money, or having home gardens. Farmers who received public
agricultural assistance, or had reduced expenses, were more likely to have lower vegetable
consumption. Greater severity of food insecurity was associated with farmers belonging to
underprivileged social groups, non-Hindus, or those who experienced decrease in livestock
production, weather related disruptions or received COVID-19 assistance. This is one of few studies
that have conducted a longitudinal assessment of the impacts across multiple waves of COVID-19.
COVID-19 is seen to be one among several shocks experienced by farm households, and
exacerbated existing issues within agriculture and food security. There is a need for public policy
support to strengthen both production and consumption of vegetable.
 CHAPTER- III

Socio Economic Profile of Respondent in Study Area

 Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming and modeling data with the goal of
discovering useful information, informing conclusion and supporting conclusion and supporting decision
making.

In this chapter IV mainly discuss about the socio-economic profile of the study area, the
respondent to understand the tribal livelihood in the study area. The present chapter mainly discuss about
the brief explanation about the state Odisha district Koraput Block Jeypore and more specifically about the
Deoguda village is to be defined because it is the area of study to understand livelihood of tribal we have to
go thoroughly.

Socio economic profile of the study area

SEC –A
M
a
p

4
.
1

O
d
i
s
h
a
 Brief data about Odisha

As per the Census 2011, the total Population of Odisha is 4.2 Cr. Thus, the population of
Odisha forms 3.47 percent of India in 2011. Odisha has total population of 41,974,218 in which males
were 21,212,136 while females were 20,762,082. Total area of Odisha is 155,707 square km. Thus, the
population Density of Odisha is 270 per square km which is lower than national average 382 per square
km.

The total literacy rate of Odisha is 72.87% which is less than average literacy rate 72.98% of India.
Also, the male literacy rate is 81.59% and the female literacy rate is 64.01% in Odisha. The average sex
ration is the number of females per 1000 males. As per the Census 2011, the Average Sex Ration of
Odisha is 979 which is above than national average of 943 females per 1000 males. Also, the child sex
ration (age less than 6 years) of Odisha is at 941 which is higher than 918 of India.

In Odisha out of total population, 17,541,589 were engaged in work activities. 61% of workers
describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 39% were
involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 17,541,589 workers
engaged in Main Work, 3,279,769 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 2,420,540 were
Agricultural laborer. As per the Census 2011 out of total population of Odisha, 16.69% people lived in
urban regions while 83.31% in rural areas. The total figure of population of urban population was
7,003,656 out of which 3,625,933 were males while remaining 3,377,723 were females. In rural areas of
Odisha, male population was 17,586,203 while female population was 17,384,359.

Chilika Lake, located on the east coast of the state is one of the world’s largest brackish water
lagoons. Besides that, there are several other lakes in the state such as Anshupa, Tamara, and Kanji. The
state of Odisha extends from 17.31N latitude to 22.31N latitude and from 81.31E longitude to87.29E
longitude.
 Map
4.2

KBK

One of the salient features of chronic poverty in Odisha is regional disparities. The negative effects
of growing regional disparities is particularly high in backward states, where more than 60 percent of the
population lives in rural areas with agriculture as the main form of livelihood (Ravalli on and Data, 1996).
A considerable variation exists in incidence of poverty within Odisha, with the coastal areas characterized
by more development and lower poverty rate as against the interior parts being less developed and
incidence of poverty is very high. Analyzing the income poverty data of NSS (1999-2000) and on the basis
of that dividing Odisha into three regions it was observed that rural poverty in coastal Odisha was 32
percent, in North Odisha 50 percent and 87 percent in south Odisha which covers most of the “KBK”
districts (Han and Dubey, 2005:2322). The three undivided districts such as Kalahandi, Bolangir and
Koraput are called “KBK” districts and the area covered by these districts is called “KBK” region of
Odisha.
This paper tries to explore the key reasons behind persistence of chronic poverty in “KBK” region of
Odisha with respect to spatial disadvantages, social identity and policy approach. As planned development
in India has been based on the notion of ensuring balanced regional development the special area
development programme launched by the government for the overall development of this region has been
discussed in detail.

Map 4.3
Koraput
District

Brief Data about Koraput district

Koraput District located in the backdrop of green valley’s contemplating immaculate freshness, was
established on 1st April, 1936. Decorated by forests, waterfalls, terraced valleys and darting springs, the
district draws the nature loving people. The Koraput District lies at 17.4 degree to 20.7-degree North
latitude and 81.24 degree to 84.2-degree east longitude. The district is bounded by Rayagada in the east,
Bastar District of Chhattisgarh in the west and Malkangiri District in the south. As far as the history of
the district is concerned, the region of Koraput existed far back in
the 3rd century BC when it belonged to the valiant and dreaded Atavika people. The region was ruled by
several dynasties, like Satavahans, Ikshvakus, Nalas, Ganga kings and kings of Suryavanshi, who
nominated the Koraput region before the arrival of British. Finally, the Koraput became a District in the
year 1936.

⮚ Population of Koraput

Koraput is one of districts of Odisha in India, Koraput District population in 2023 is 1,917,710
(estimates as per Aadhar uidai.gov.in Dec 2023 data). As per 2011 census of India, Koraput District has
a population of 1,379,647 in 2011 out of which 678,809 are male and 700,838 are female. Population of
Koraput in 2022 is estimated to be 1,821,135 inhabitants. Literate people are 568,090 out of 340,843 are
male and 227,247 are female. People living in Koraput District depend on multiple skills, total workers
are 693,406 out of which men are 384,053 and women are 309,353. Total 160,768 Cultivators are
depended on agriculture farming out of 124,222 are cultivated by men and 36,546 are women. 89,164
people works in agricultural land as labor, men are 49,965 and 39,199 women. Koraput District sex ratio
is 1,032 females per 1000 of males. Next Koraput District Census will be in 2022-2023.
 Map 4.4
Jeypore
Block

❖ Brief data about Jeypore block

Jeypore is one of the largest towns and a place of historical significance in Koraput district in the Indian
state of Odisha. It was established by Vir Vikram Dev in the mid 17 th century. The kingdom was
defeated by the East India Company in 1777 who declared it a Zamindari or Feudatory of the British
Crown and much later got acknowledged as a Princely state until its dissolution in the Dominion of India
in 1947.

Before getting the name ‘Jeypore’ by the Suryavanshi kings this land was ruled by various s dynasties
like the Satavahans, Ikshvakus, Nalos, Ganges and Shiv-Vani’s. In 1443, Vinay Dev the prince of
Northern Kashmir married the only daughter of the Shiv-Vani king and inherited the kingdom of
Nandapur.[citation needed] He extended his territory while ruling as a vassal ruler under the Gajapati
empire. However, after the decline of the Gajapati dynasty, the then
Nandapur ruler Vishwanath Dev claimed sovereignty and began ruling as an independent chief in
the South Odisha and North Andhra Pradesh region under the title of “Nauna-Gajapati”.

According to some sources, Vishwanath was able to extend his kingdom from the boundaries of Bengal
in North to the coast of Godavari in South. By doing so he rightfully adopted the title of “Gajapati”.

⮚ Population of Jeypore

Jeypore is a Municipality city in district of Koraput, Orissa. The Jeypur city is divided into 28 wards for
which elections are held every 5 years. The Jeypur Municipality has population of 84,830 of which
42,602 are males while 42,228 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 9378 which is 11.06 % of total population of Jeypore (M). In
Jeypore Municipality, Female Sex Ratio is of 991 against state average of 979. Moreover, Child Sex
Ratio in Jeypore is around 953 compared to Orissa state average of 941. Literacy rate of Jeypore city is
82.38 % higher than state average of 72.87 %. In Jeypore, Male literacy is around
88.32 % while female literacy rate is 76.41 %.
SEC -B
About Nuaguda

According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Nuaguda village is 764056.
Nuaguda village is located in Jeypore tehsil of Koraput district in Odisha, India. It is situated 15km
away from sub-district headquarter Jeypore (tehsildar office) and 30km away from district headquarter
Koraput. As per 2009 stats, Pujariput is the gram panchayat of Nuaguda village.

Nuaguda has a total population of 148 peoples, out of which male population is 70 while female
population is 78. Literacy rate of Nuaguda village is 29.05% out of which 41.43% males and 17.95%
females are literate. There are about 40 houses in deoguda village. Pincode of Nuaguda village locality
is 764056.

Borigumma is nearest town to Nuaguda for all major economic activities, which is approximately 7km
away.

Population of Nuaguda According to Census 2011

Particulars Total Male Female

Total
148 70 78
Population

Literate
43 29 14
Population

Illiterate
105 41 64
Population
 Table 1.1

CATEGORY WISE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT

Sl. No CATEGORY NO OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

1 ST 60 100%

2 SC NIL NIL

3 Obc NIL NIL

Total 60 100%

The above table 4.1 indicate that the social category of the respondent. Out of total 60 respondents
or among 100% there is 100% are ST category and the NIL are SC category the number of SC NIL
the number of obc NIL and So it is concluded that in the study area there is the majority is ST
category people.

Table 1.2

RELIGION WISE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT

Sl. No RELIGION NO OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

1 Hindu 60 100%

2 Muslim NIL NIL

3 Christian NIL NIL

Total 60 100%

The above table 4.2 indicates that in the study area only one religion group is found that is

Hindu. All the 60 respondents or 100% respondent are belonging to Hindu religion .
 Table 1.3

SEX CATEGORY WISE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT

Sl. No SEX CATEGORY NO OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

1 Male 28 47%

2 Female 32 53%

Total 60 100%

1. The above table 4.3 indicates that out of total 60 respondents the numbers of male are 28 and rest
32 belongs to female categories and percentage of female is more than male. There is 47%of
male and 53% of female. So it is conclude that in the study area the number of female is more
than male.

Table 1.4

Age wise distribution

Sl. No Age limit No of respondent Percentage

1 15-25 14 24%

2 25-35 12 20%

3 35-45 14 24%

4 45-55 13 21%

5 55-65 7 11%

Total 60 100%

The above table no 4.4 mainly describe about the age limit of the respondent in the study area. Out of
the 60 respondent 14 (24%) respondent are between 15-25 age group. 12 (20%) respondents are
between 25-35age group. 14 (24%) respondents are between 35-45 age group. 13 (21%)
Respondents between 45-55 age group. 7(11%) respondents are between 55-65 age group.
 Table 1.5
Qualificatio
n
Sl. No Qualification No of respondent Percentage

1 Illiteracy 26 43%

2 Primary 20 33%

3 Secondary 12 20%

4 Higher 2 4%

Total 60 100%

The above table no 4.5mainly describe about qualification of the respondent in the study area. Out of 60
respondent 26(43%) are an Illiteracy people and 20(33%) are primary education. 12 (20%) of respondent
are secondary education. 2(4%) of respondent are higher education in the research study areas.

Table
1.
6 Housing
pattern
Sl. No Housing pattern No of respondent Percentage

1 Kacha 33 55%

2 Paka 10 17%

3 Semi paka 17 28%

Total 60 100%

The above table 4.6 mainly describe about types of housing pattern of the respondent in the study areas.
Out of 60 respondent 33 (55%) are leaving in kaccha House. 10(17%) are respondent are leaving in
pakka House and 17(28%) are respondent are leaving in semi pakka housing pattern of the research
study areas.
 Table 1.7
Family
type
Sl. No Family type No of respondents Total% of respondents

1 Joint family 22 36%

2 Nuclear family 38 64%

Total 60 100%

The above table 4.7 Mainly describe about types of family pattern of the respondent in the study areas.
Out of 60 respondent 22(36%) are belongs to joint family and 38(64%) are belongs to nuclear family in
the research study areas.

Table

1.

8 Social

security

Sl. No Social security No of respondents Total % of

respondent
s
1 APL 15 25%

2 BPL 40 67%

3 Other 5 8%

Total 60 100%

The above table 4.8 mainly describe about social security of the respondent in the study areas. Out of 60
respondent 15 (25%) APL. 40 (67%) are BPL and 5(8%) are respondent in their others social security in
the research study areas.
 Table
1.
9 Source of
water

Sl. No Source of water No of respondents Total %of respondents

1 Tube well 60 100%

2 Pipe NIL NIL

3 Other NIL NIL

Total 60 100%

The above Table 4.9 mainly describe about what is the source of water of the respondent in the study
areas. Out of 60 respondent nil are use the source pipe. 60(100%) use the source of tube well. nil is used
the other sources in water consuming of the respondent in the study areas.

Table

1.1
Sl.No Source Noofrespondents
0 Source of Total%ofrespondents

1 Gas 45Fire 75%

2 Wood 15 25%

3 Other NIL NIL

Total 60 100%

The above table 4.10 mainly describe about which source are use by the respondent in the study areas in
fire. Out of 60 respondent 45(75%) are used to gas. 15(25%) are used wood. And nil are used others
source to fire of the respondent in the study areas.
 Table 1.11
Income per
month
Sl. No Income No of respondents Total % of respondents

1 00-10000 42 70%

2 10001-20000 16 27%

3 20001-30000 2 3%

Total 60 100%

The above table 4.11 mainly describe about monthly come of the respondent in the study areas. Out of
60 respondent 42(70%) are income below 00-10000 are income 10001- 20000 16(27%) and
2(3%)income in 20001-30000 per month of the respondent in the research study area.

Table 1.12

Marital
Sl.No Maritalstatus Noofrespondents
status Total%ofrespondents

1 Married 50 83%

2 Unmarried 10 17%

Total 60 100%

The above table 4.12 describe the marital status of the respondents in the areas. Out of 60 respondent
50(83%) are married and 10(17%) are unmarried.
 TABLE 1.13
Occupation
Sl. No Occupation No of respondents Total % of respondents

1 Labor 25 42%

2 Farmer 17 29%

3 Driver 5 8%

4 Private jobs 4 6%

5 Housewife 5 8%

6 Students 4 6%

Total 60 100%

The above table 4.13mainly describe about the occupation of the respondent in the study areas. Out of
60 respondent 25(42%) are occupied in labour. 17(29%) are occupied farmer. 5(8%) are occupied the
driver.4(6%) are occupied the private jobs. 5(8%) are occupied the housewife 4(6%) are occupied the
students. In the respondent of the research study areas.

Table 1.14

Land size
Sl. No Land No of respondents Total % of respondent

1 0-10 acre 54 90%

2 10-20acre 3 5%

3 20-30acre 3 5%

Total 60 100%

The above table 4.13mainly describe about the land size of the respondent in the study areas. Out of 60
respondent 54(90%) of lend under the 0-10 acre. And 3(5%) of land under the 10-20 acre. And 3(5%) of
land under 20-30 acre. In the respondent of the research study areas.
 CHAPTER -IV
DATA ANALYSE
 The present study is based on Impact of COVID 19 in Tribal livelihood
This is mainly focus on how people are suffered in the serious pandemic situation called as COVID.
The concept on Impact of covid 19 in tribal livelihood consist of Nuaguda Village which is coming
under Pujariput Gram Panchayat ,Jeypore block and Koraput district. The 1st objective is discussed
in the previous chapter and remaining 3 objectives will be covered in this chapter

2nd objective is the COVID 19 impact of tribal livelihood

• Covid -19 effect the traditional occupation of tribal community

Effect of occupation No of respondents Total % of respondent

Yes 60 100%
No Nil Nil
Total Respondent 60 100%

• Impact of agriculture in tribal Community

Impact of agriculture No of respondents Total % of respondent

Yes 17 29%

No 13 71%

Total Respondent 60 100%

• Impact of Education

Impact of education No of respondents Total % of respondent

Yes 04 6%

No 56 94%

Total Respondent 60 100%

 • COVID 19 positive of respondent in study area

Positive of covid 19 No of respondents Total % of respondent

Yes 22 37%
No 38 63%
Total Respondent 60 100%

Odisha, one of the front runners among the states in India has been fighting COVID-19
pandemic. To curb the pandemic, many state governments including Odisha have been implementing
lockdown and different restrictions at different times. This pandemic is heavily impacting the
precious lives and livelihood of human beings across the globe. But this impact is pronounced for the
people who live in forests and hill areas mainly- Tribal because of remoteness, ineffective planning
and execution from government bodies. So, the lives of tribal argetting worse in passing days in terms
of livelihood and health care issues. In addition, the restrictions and lockdown imposition to curb the
infection has deteriorated the livelihood of the tribal further.

3rd objective is the challenges of respondent in study area

• The tribal community has been effected by healthcare facilities

& medical

Resource No of respondents Total % of respondent

Yes 30 50%
No 30 50%
Total Respondent 60 100%
• The pandemic effected the mental health & physical well being of Tribal
people in Rural area

Positive of COVID 19 No of respondents Total % of respondent

Yes 35 58%
No 25 42%
Total Respondent 60 100%

• The challenges faced by Tribal communities in Rural terms

of transplantation and mobility during the COVID-19

Positive of COVI 19 No of respondents Total % of respondent

Yes 60 100%
No nil nil
Total Respondent 60 100%

• The loss of livelihood and income by respondent

Positive of COVI 19 No of respondents Total % of respondent

Yes 60 100%
No nil nil
Total Respondent 60 100%

Poor access of tribal and forest dwellers to Public Distribution System (PDS) is reported
from across the states. Provisions under the PDS are not adequately provided or are provided only
to card holders. Tribal migrants have particularly faced problems to access PDS. Ensuring food
and nutrition security during the lockdown in tribal/ OTFD (Other Tribal Forest Dwellers) areas
 needs to be the highest priority. There is an acute need to universalize PDS and nutrition support.
At this time PDS should be provided to all needy families and migrant workers including those
who don't have any identity cards on humanitarian grounds.

Insistence on Aadhar cards must be suspended during this period. Provision of ration,
vegetables, cooking oil and otheressentials should be made available at the door step. Ministry of
Rural Development has already written to state governments on direct cash transfers, additional

pensions etc. as relief during the lock down period.

There are also reports that tribals and forest dwellers are not able to get direct cash
benefits as either they don't have bank accounts at all or banks are located far away from their
villages.

4th OBJECTIVE IS THE STEPS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT TO BOOST THE RURAL

ECONOMYDURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

• The challenges faced in developing effective vaccines for COVID-19

Positive of covid 19 No of respondents Total % of respondent

Yes 60 100%
No nil nil
Total Respondent 60 100%

• The vaccine 1st ,2nd &3rd Doze is complete by respond

Positive of covid 19 No of respondents Total % of respondent

Yes 40 66%
No 20 34%
Total Respondent 60 100%
• The COVID-19 Guidelines followed by the respondent in study area

Positive of covid 19 No of respondents Total % of respondent

Yes 45 75%
No 15 25%
Total Respondent 60 100%

• COVID-19 preventive measure such as weaving mask maintaining

social distancing following by respondent

Positive of covid 19 No of respondents Total % of respondent

Yes 60 100%
No nil nil
Total Respondent 60 100%

RECOMMENDATION
COVID-19 spreads primarily from person to person in several different ways:

It can spread through small liquid particles. These particles range from larger respiratory
droplets to smaller aerosols released when an infected person coughs, Sneezes, speaks, sings or
breathes. It spreads mainly between people who are in close contact with each other, typically
Within 1 meter. It can also spread in poorly ventilated and/or crowded indoor settings where
aerosols remain suspended in the air or travel farther than 1 meter. It can also spread if a person
touches surfaces that have been contaminated by the virus.

Protect yourself and others from COVID-19 by following these precautions:

 Get vaccinated as soon as it’s your turn

 Keep a distance of at least 1 meter from others
 Open windows when possible
 Wear a mask
 Clean hands
 Cover coughs and sneezes
 Stay home when sick
 CHAPTER - V

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

 THE CHAPTER – 1 INTRDUCED BY

Specifying the Context of the tribal livelihood it was emphasized that the Tribals depend
for their livelihood on their surrounding natural resources, the main source of livelihood of
Tribals is Agriculture, Minor Forest Produce (Sal, mahu, Amla, Harra, Behera, Char, Imli Tendu
leaves, Mehul leave, Honey, forest roots, fruits, leaves and vegetables etc), Fishing, and Hunting.
Earlier Tribals never used to bother about their livelihood security because during the season
they use to cultivate multiple grains and store it for odd season and since most of the Tribals
population habitats was in forest or within the vicinity of forest, they mostly depended on forest
for their livelihood. Unfortunately, wherever Tribal population habitations are there-there are
abundance of mineral resources, which eyed by the government and corporations of industrial
mining to boost the economic growth of the country.

The biggest player in livelihoods today is the National Rural Livelihoods Mission
(NRLM). It has a direct and indirect impact, In shaping tribal economy. Whereas NRLM has
laudable plans and goals, its construct and focus are primarily on women communities: to help
them participate, borrow, serve and benefit from emerging Market opportunities. However, if
implemented, without understanding ‘power’ and ‘equations’, it will lead to an Impact opposite to
what is intended for the Tribal community. At present, markets play a limited role in the
livelihoods of tribal people. The activist must seek a larger framework and approach, to deal with
NRLM livelihoods platforms.

THE CHAPTER – 2 INTRODUCED BY

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), originated at Wuhan city of China in early

December 2019 has rapidly widespread with confirmed cases in almost every country across the
world and has become a new global public health crisis. The etiological agent was designated as
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was originated in bats
and human transmission primarily occurs through direct, indirect, or close contact with infected
people through infected secretions such as respiratory secretions, saliva or through respiratory
droplets that are expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. The World Health
Organization coined the term COVID-19 and declared this novel coronavirus disease as a
pandemic on March 11, 2020. The virus is highly contagious and the incubation period ranges
between 2-14 days. The virus infects the human respiratory epithelial cells by binding through
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors.
 In the world, most countries have temporarily closed child-cares, nursery,
primary and secondary schools, colleges, and universities to control the spread of the COVID-
19 pandemic(TUAC Secretariat Briefing, 2020). COVID-19 impacts not only students but also
it affects teachers and parents across the world. UNESCO reported that over 1.5 billion
students in 195 countries are out of school in the world due to the school closures (UNESCO,
2020b). As (Pujari, 2020) COVID-19 affects all over the education system, examinations, and
evaluation, starting of new semester or term and it may extend the school year.

THE CHAPTER – 3 INTRODUCED BY

mainly discuss about the socio-economic profile of the study area, the respondent
understand the tribal livelihood in the study area. The present chapter mainly discuss about the
brief explanation about the state Odisha district Koraput Block Jeypore and more specifically
about the Deoguda village is to be defined because it is the area of study to understand livelihood
of tribal we have to go thoroughly.

Odisha
As per the Census 2011, the total Population of Odisha is 4.2 Cr. Thus, the population
of Odisha forms 3.47 percent of India in 2011. Odisha has total population of 41,974,218 in
which males were 21,212,136 while females were 20,762,082. Total area of Odisha is 155,707
square km. Thus, the population Density of Odisha is 270 per square km which is lower than
national average 382 per square km.

KBK

One of the salient features of chronic poverty in Odisha is regional disparities. The
negative effects of growing regional disparities is particularly high in backward states,
where more than 60 percent of the population lives in rural areas with agriculture as the
main form of livelihood (Ravalli on and Date, 1996). A considerable variation exists in
incidence of poverty within Odisha, with the coastal areas characterized by more
development and lower poverty rate as against the interior parts being less developed and
incidence of poverty is very high.
 Koraput
Koraput District located in the backdrop of green valley’s contemplating immaculate freshness,
was established on 1st April, 1936. Decorated by forests, waterfalls, terraced valleys and darting
springs, the district draws the nature loving people. The Koraput District lies at 17.4 degree to
20.7-degree North latitude and 81.24 degree to 84.2-degree east longitude. The district is
bounded by Rayagada in the east, Bastar District of Chhattisgarh in the west and Malkangiri
District in the south. As far as the history of the district is concerned, the region of Koraput
existed far back in the 3rd century BC when it belonged to the valiant and dreaded Atavika
people. The region was ruled by several dynasties, like Satavahans, Ikshvakus, Nalos, Ganga
kings and kings of Suryavanshi, who nominated the Koraput region before the arrival of British.
Finally, the Koraputbecame a District in the year 1936.

Jeypore

Jeypore is one of the largest towns and a place of historical significance in Koraput
district in the Indian state of Odisha. It was established by Vikram Dev in the mid 17 th century.
The kingdom was defeated by the East India Company in 1777 who declared it a Zamindari or
Feudatory of the British Crown and much later got acknowledged as a Princely state until its
dissolution in the Dominion of India in 1947..

Nuaguda has a total population of 148 peoples, out of which male population is 70 while
female population is 78. Literacy rate of Nuaguda village is 29.05% out of which 41.43% males
and 17.95% females are literate. There are about 40 houses village. Pincode of Nuaguda village
locality is 764056.

The Chapter 4 Introduced by Data Analyze & Tool Technics the Respondent
of study area

The above table 4.1 indicate that the social category of the respondent. Out of total 60 respondents
or among 100% there is 100% are ST category and the NIL are SC category the number of SC
NIL the number of obc NIL and So it is concluded that in the study area there is the majority is ST
category people.
The above table no 4.5mainly describe about qualification of the respondent in the study area. Out
of 60 respondent 26(43%) are an Illiteracy people and 20(33%) are primary education. 12
 (20%) of respondent are secondary education. 2(4%) of respondent are higher education in the
research study areas.

STEPS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT TO BOOST THE RURAL

ECONOMYDURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

• Ministry of Finance, Government of India, on 26th March 2020, announced

relief package.

i. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY) for the poor to help them fight the
battle against Corona Virus. The relief package announced includes, inter-alia:
Respondent in yojana 37.

ii. One-time ex-gratia payment of Rs 500 per month for 3 months (April, May and June
2020) to women Jan Dhan Account holders respondent in yojana 14.

iii. In pursuance of this, Ministry of Rural Development (Mod)facilitated transfer of Rs.

30944.9 crore benefiting 20.64 crore women Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
(PMJDY) account holders under PMGKY. respondent in yojana 09.
The Chapter 5 introduced by Conclusion of the impact of COVID-19
in Tribal Livelihood

Conclusion

The conclusion regarding tribal livelihoods should highlight several key points. First, it's
essential to recognize the diverse range of indigenous communities worldwide, each with unique
cultural practices, traditions, and livelihood strategies. These communities often possess rich
ecological knowledge and have sustained themselves for generations through sustainable
practices deeply rooted in their local environments. Secondly, it's important to acknowledge the
significant challenges faced by tribal communities, including land dispossession, environmental
degradation, loss of cultural identity, and limited access to basic services and resources. These
challenges are often exacerbated by factors such as rapid urbanization, industrialization, and
climate change.

Furthermore, any discussion on tribal livelihoods must emphasize the importance of

respecting indigenous rights, promoting inclusive development policies, and fostering
partnerships that empower indigenous peoples to participate in decision-making processes that
affect their lives and livelihoods. In conclusion, supporting tribal livelihoods requires a holistic
approach that integrates social, economic, cultural, and environmental considerations. By
recognizing and valuing indigenous knowledge systems, promoting land rights, and fostering
sustainable development initiatives that are sensitive to the needs and aspirations of tribal
communities, we can contribute to the preservation of cultural diversity and the protection of our
planet's biodiversity for future generations.

Tribal livelihoods represent a tapestry of diverse cultural practices and sustainable living
strategies honed over centuries. These communities, often nestled in remote regions, have forged
intimate connections with their environments, relying on traditional knowledge to meet their
needs while nurturing ecosystems. However, in the face of modernization, globalization, and
environmental challenges, these livelihoods are under threat. This essay delves into the
intricacies of tribal livelihoods, their challenges, and offers pathways to sustain them for
generations to come.
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