Introduction to Internet and Web

1. Internet is a type of Wide Area Network spread over the entire glob.
 At present internet is the fastest mean of sending and exchanging information and data
among computers across the world.

History of Internet:-
 The internet was developed by U.S. Department of Defense under the project
named ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).
 To provide communication among the various bodies of Government.

Advantages of Internet:-
 Availability of Information
 Easy Communication
 Platform to Publish
 Valuable Resources
 Entertainment
Disadvantages of Internet
 Cyber Frauds
 Unsuitable Contents
 Computer Virus
 Depression, Loneliness and social isolation

2. Word Wide Web:-

 World Wide Web is collection of information that can be accessed by internet and other
tools.
 WWW was proposed between 1989-1991 by Tim Berners-Lee. WWW become reality
with the invention of HTML and web Browser in 1990.

3. Web Servers:
 Web Server is a computer that store information in web pages and send these web
pages to users when they request for an specific information
 A web server uses special software to receive requests from user and process to
provide required data.
 Server Web Server

Sever is a generic term used to specify a

A web server is special type of server that
computer that serves various types of
serves only requests related to web pages.
requests.

A request for web page is always made

Like print server, File server database through HTTP protocol. Theses HTTP
server and web server. based requests are made through web
browser only.

4. URL:-
 URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
 A URL is an address of a website on World Wide Web.
 Each URL points to a unique website on a web server.
(a) Elements of URL:-
(i) Type of server / Protocol:- This element of URL specifies that which protocol
is used by that website.
(ii) The name / address of server on internet:- This element of URL specifies the
unique name of website on world wide web.
(iii) Location of file on server:- This element of URL specifies the path of web
page on a particular web server.
Types of URL:- URL is of two types –

(a) Absolute URL:-

 Absolute URL is the part of URL which does not change.

 Absolute URL specifies the name of website along with the protocol used.
 Absolute URL is generally used to load the homepage of the website.
(b) Relative URL:-

 Relative URL is always used as an extension to the absolute URL.

 It generally specifies the path of different web pages linked to a website.

5. Website:-
 A website is a collection of web pages having one home page and other web pages.
 All these web pages are linked together through hyperlink.
 These web pages are written using HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language).
 All the web pages are stored on web server called web host.

Components of Website:-
(a) Webhost:Hosting is the storage space provided by web server owner to store web
pages written in HTML, program files required for that website, images, audio or video files.
(b) Address:- The address of the website is the unique (URL) through which user from any
part of the world can access that website.
(c) Homepage:- A homepage is the first page that appears when a user hit the address of
that website. A Homepage also provide the links for other web pages of that website.
6. Web Pages:-
A web page is a file written in HTML (hyper Text Markup Language). It can contain any
type of information such as text, graphics.
Components of Web Page (Content Wise)
(a) Hypertext:- Hypertext is a digital text that is used to present text as well as hypermedia
on a web page.
 Text
 Graphics
 Images
 Video
 Sound
 Hyperlink
(b) Hyperlink:- Hyperlink is the element of HTML which is used to link other web pages
from existing one or link other items of the same web page like a image, video etc.
Components of Web Page (Structure Wise):-
 Page Title
 Header
 Body of the web page
 Navigational links
 Footer

Types of Web Page:-

(a) Static Web Page:-
 A web page which contain only fixed content is called static web page.
 Here static or fixed content means a content once written and published will remain
unchanged for every user every time.
 To create a static web page simply HTML can be used no other special technology is
required.
 Advantages:-
 Static web pages are delivered faster as compare to Dynamic web pages.
 It require less resources to send a static web page from web server to a client.
 Static web pages are more secure than dynamic web pages.
Disadvantages:-
 Static web pages shows only fixed type of information, it such a data set is change it need
to republish again every time.
 Static web pages does not changes according to the user’s location, or login status and
other factors.

(b) Dynamic Web Page:-

 A dynamic web page is a web page which changes frequently and does not retain same
every time.
 The content of dynamic web page changes according to the location of user, time, and
many other criterion.
 Dynamic web page use HTML as well as some scripting language code which get executed
whenever a user request to access a web page.
Advantages:-
 Changes quickly and easily republished.
 Dynamic web page display viewer specific content.
 Dynamic web pages display conditionally.
 Dynamic Web pages are more user friendly, attractive and interactive.
Disadvantages:-
 Since dynamic web page require script code to execute first so it need more time to load
that page from server.
 Dynamic page require more security features to secure that web page.
 Special software is required to create design or develop a dynamic web page.

7. Internet Applications:

(i) Chat:-
 Chatting is a functionality which enable people to send and receive text messages by
typing through their devices.
 In other words we can say that communication using text messages is called chatting.
Commonly used Types of Chat:-
(a) Instant Messaging
(b) ICQ (“I Seek You”)
(c) IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
(d) Web Based Chat

(ii) Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

 Voice over internet protocol provide facility to make audio and video phone calls over
internet instead of traditional method (PSTN) Public switch telephone network.
 Example of VoIP based software are- Skype, Google Duo, Google meet, Whatsapp
etc.
 Advantages:-
 This technology is very cost effective.
 Quality of VoIP calls are better than quality of calls over analog signal.
 Easily available

Disadvantages:-
 VoIP require special hardware and software at both sender and receiver end.
 It may not work for emergency services.
 It require high speed internet connection otherwise the quality of voice or video will badly
affected.

(iii) Email

8. Web Browser
9. Cookies