TRS501 VOCABULARY LIST

PART 1:

THEME: LINGUISTICS

No. New words Wor Meaning Example

d
form

1. gesture (n) a movement that you make The handshake is a

with your hands, your head common gesture used to
or your face to show a greet people.
particular meaning

2. means (n) a method or way of doing Language is a means of

(plural: something. communication among
means) people.

3. facilitate (v) to make a process easier or The use of technology can

smoother. facilitate language
learning.
4. systematic (adj) done according to a The linguist conducted a
particular system in an systematic analysis of the
organized way language structure.
5. myth (n) a commonly believed but Statistics disprove the
false idea myth that women are
worse drivers than men.
6. inferior (to) (adj) not good, or not as good as These products are inferior
someone or something else to those we bought last
year.
7. comparative (adj) relating to the comparison Comparative linguistics
of one thing with another. studies similarities and
differences between
languages.
8. cognition (n) The study of cognition
the use of conscious mental explores how our minds
work when we think, learn,
processes and understand things.

9. distinction (n) a difference or contrast There is a clear distinction

 between similar things. between phonetics and
phonology in linguistics.
10. quip (v) to make a witty or clever It was Oscar Wilde who
remark. made the famous quip
about life mimicking art.
11. imply (v) to suggest or indicate His silence implied
without explicitly stating. disagreement with the
proposed linguistic theory.
12. classification (n) the action or process of Linguistic classification
categorizing things. helps organize languages
based on shared features.

13. evolve (v) to develop gradually over Languages evolve as

time. societies and cultures
change.
14. blur (v) to make or become unclear The distinction between
or less distinct. dialects can sometimes
blur over time.
15. complexity (n) the state of having many The complexity of syntax
parts and being difficult to varies across different
understand or find an languages.
answer to
16. stem from (v) to originate or arise from. Many English words stem
from Latin and Greek
roots.
17. grasp (n,v) to understand or -I managed to grasp the
comprehend; the main points of the lecture.
understanding of a concept. -Achieving a solid grasp of
phonetics is crucial for
language learners.

18. alternate (v) to cause two things to The children alternated

happen or exist one after the between being excited and
other being tired.
19. competence (n) the ability to do something Language competence
well or efficiently. involves both speaking and
 understanding.
20. convey (v) to communicate or express He always conveyed a
a message. sense of genuine interest in
his students.
21. fit in (with) (v) to feel you belong to a I think she will fit in with
particular group and are the rest of the staff.
accepted by the other
members
22. substandard (adj) below the usual or expected Using substandard
standard. grammar may hinder
effective communication.
23. taboo (n) a subject, word, or action Discussing certain
that is avoided for religious linguistic topics can be
or social reasons taboo in some cultures.

24. utterance (n) a spoken word, statement, She has one great fear to
or vocal expression. which she will never give
utterance.
25. concede (v) to admit as true or valid; to Linguists may concede
yield or acknowledge. that language change is a
natural phenomenon.
26. conduct (v) to carry out or organize; Linguistic research
also, behavior in a involves conducting
particular context. experiments to gather data.
27. diversity (n) a range of different things; Linguistic diversity is
the state of being diverse. evident in the multitude of
languages spoken globally.
28. empirical (adj) based on observation or Linguists often use
experience rather than empirical evidence to
theory. support their hypotheses.
29. intersection (n) a point or area where two or The intersection of syntax
more things intersect or and semantics is crucial in
cross. linguistic analysis.
30. measurable (adj) capable of being measured The impact of language
or quantified. policies on bilingualism is
measurable through
surveys.
31. perception (n) the way in which something Sociolinguistics explores
is regarded, understood, or how perception of
interpreted. language varies across
communities.
32. superiority (n) the state of being superior The belief in the
or higher in quality. superiority of one
language over another can
lead to linguistic biases.

THEME: BUSINESS ETHICS

No. New words Word Meaning Example

form

1. Defect (n) A flaw or imperfection; The car had a defect in the

something that is not perfect or paint, which the
has a fault. manufacturer fixed for free.
2. Executive (n) A person with a high-level The executive director of
position in an organization, the company announced a
typically responsible for making new strategic plan for the
important decisions. upcoming year.
3. Collapse (n) A sudden and complete failure The building's collapse was
or breakdown; the act of falling caused by structural issues
down or giving way. that had been overlooked.
4. Bring about Phra. To cause or make something The new law is expected to
happen; to be the reason for a bring about positive
particular situation. changes in the community.
5. Repercussion (n) An unintended consequence or The decision to cut costs
effect of an event or action. had negative repercussions
on the company's overall
performance.
6. Violation (n) The act of breaking or failing to Speeding is a violation of
comply with a law, rule, or traffic laws and can result
agreement. in fines.
7. Retirement (n) The period in a person's life After decades of hard
when they stop working, work, she looked forward
 typically after reaching a certain to enjoying her retirement
age. by traveling and spending
time with family.
8. Implication (n) Something suggested or The policy change had far-
indirectly conveyed as a result reaching implications for
or possible effect of an action or the company's future.
decision.
9. Primary (n) Of chief importance; main or The primary goal of the
most important. project is to increase
efficiency.
10. Promoted (a) Raised to a higher rank, After years of hard work,
position, or status. she was promoted to the
position of manager.
11. Single-minded (a) Focused on one aim or purpose; His single-minded
determined and unwavering. dedication to his studies
paid off when he graduated
with top honors.
12. Substantial (a) Of considerable importance, The company reported a
size, or worth; large or substantial increase in
significant. profits this quarter.
13. Initiatives (n) Actions or projects designed to The government launched
achieve a specific goal; new several initiatives to
plans or strategies. promote environmental
sustainability.
14. Targeted (a) Directed or designed for a The advertising campaign
specific purpose or group. was targeted at young
adults interested in
technology.
15. Inclusive (a) Including all; not excluding any The organization strives to
particular group or individual. create an inclusive
environment that welcomes
people from diverse
backgrounds.
16. Supplier (n) A person or company that The company has a reliable
provides goods or services to supplier for raw materials,
another business. ensuring a steady
production process.
17. Commitment (n) The state or quality of being His commitment to the
 dedicated to a cause or activity; team was evident through
a promise or pledge to do his hard work and
something. consistent effort.
18. Consumption (n) The act of using up a resource; The government aimed to
the process of using or ingesting reduce energy consumption
something. through more sustainable
practices.
19. Dedicated (a) Devoted to a particular task, She is a dedicated
purpose, or cause; committed. employee who always goes
the extra mile to meet
deadlines.
20. Turnover (n) The rate at which employees The company implemented
leave and are replaced within a new policies to reduce
company; also used to describe employee turnover and
the total sales of a business. improve job satisfaction.
21. Reputation (n) The overall opinion or The restaurant's excellent
estimation in which a person, service and quality food
organization, or product is held; have earned it a positive
the public's perception. reputation in the
community.
22. Ultimately (adv) Finally, in the end, or as a result Despite facing many
of a series of events. challenges, they ultimately
succeeded in achieving
their business goals.
23. Productivity (n) The efficiency and output of a The new software
person, machine, or system in significantly improved the
producing goods or services. team's productivity by
automating repetitive tasks.
24. Staggering (a) Extremely shocking, surprising, The company reported a
or impressive; overwhelming in staggering increase in
magnitude. profits, exceeding
everyone's expectations.
25. Loyalty (n) Faithfulness or allegiance to a The employee's loyalty to
person, group, cause, or the company was evident in
organization. their long years of
dedicated service.
26. Principle (n) A fundamental truth or Honesty is a principle that
proposition that serves as the guides her decisions and
foundation for a system of belief actions in both personal
 or behavior. and professional life.
27. Facilitate (v) To make a process or action The new software is
easier; to help or assist in the designed to facilitate
achievement of a goal. communication and
collaboration among team
members.
28. Prioritize (v) To arrange or deal with things in In order to meet the
order of importance; to give deadline, it's essential to
precedence to certain tasks or prioritize tasks and focus
goals. on the most critical ones
first.
29. Dilemma (n) A situation in which a difficult She faced a dilemma when
choice has to be made between she had to choose between
two or more alternatives, accepting a job offer in
especially equally undesirable another city or staying
ones. close to her family.
30. Be opposed to (v) To be against or in disagreement Many citizens were
with something; to have a opposed to the construction
negative stance or attitude of the new highway
toward a particular idea, because they were
proposal, or action. concerned about its
environmental impact.

THEME: EARTH SCIENCE

No. New words Word Meaning Example

form

1. shift (n) A change in something Light experiences a shift

of color when going
through water.

2. absorb (v) Take in (gas/heat) Trees can absorb carbon

dioxide.

3. drive (v) Force someone/something into People are being driven to

bad state violence by violent films.

4. emission (n) a substance, especially a gas, The emission from

that goes into the air vehicles causes pollution
 in cities.

5. emit (v) Send something into the air That old motorbike emits
a lot of smoke.

6. potential (adj) Possible or likely in the future The disease is a potential

killer

7. retain (v) Keep someone or something Trees can retain water to

avoid floods.

8. atmosphere (n) the air round the Earth or The burning of fossil fuel
another planet heavily pollutes the
atmosphere.

9. dramatically (adv) Impressively / very much The pollution in our city

has increased
dramatically.

10. factor (n) one of the things that influence One factor leading to his
whether an event happens or the success is his patience.
way that it happens

11. variability (n) The quality of being subject to Sydney is famous for its
change variability in temperature.
The temperature in
daytime may be so high
while it may be so cold at
night.

12. cycle (n) a series of events that happen The life cycle of products
again and again in the same seems to be getting
order or at the same times shorter and shorter day by
day.

13. anomaly (n) Something unusual The anomaly of the social

security system is that you
sometimes have more
money without a job.

14. vary (v) to be different in different The climate in Dalat is

situations usually cool, but it may
vary a little.

15. equator (n) an imaginary line that goes Indonesia is on the

round the Earth and divides it equator, so it is so hot.
into the northern and southern
hemispheres

16. humid (adj) hot and wet in a way that makes New York is very hot and
you feel uncomfortable humid in the summer.
17. reverse (v) to change the direction, The government hopes to
position, result, etc. of reverse the bad situation
something to its opposite of the country’s economy.

18. predictable (adj) Happening in a way or at a time Comics appear at

that you know about before it predictable times.
happens

19. characterize (v) to be a typical quality or feature Tropical rainforest climate

of someone or something is characterized by its
high rainfall and
humidity.

20. excess (n) An amount that is more than An excess of enthusiasm

acceptable is not always a good
thing.

21. Account for (v) Form the total of something CO2 accounts for the
majority of greenhouse
gases.

22. abundant (adj) More than enough There is abundant

evidence that cars pollute
the environment.

23. trap (v) Keep something in one place A greenhouse stays warm
because the glass traps the
heat of the sun

24. decay (v) Become damaged or worse Eating a lot of candy

makes your teeth decay.

25. potency (n) Strength or effectiveness The new drug’s potency is

not yet known.

THEME: MEDIEVAL CULTURE

No. New words Word Meaning Example

form

1. Elaborate adj very complicated and To celebrate her

detailed; carefully graduation, she had
prepared and organized prepared a very elaborate
meal.

2. Feast n a large, special meal, often The Era’s Tour was a real
 for many people, to feast for music lovers.
celebrate someone or
something

3. minstrel n an entertainer in the After dinner, at about four

Middle Ages, primarily a hours, the dance began
musician or singer with the high minstrels.

4. Carcass n the dead body of an She boiled up the chicken

animal carcass to make soup.

5. Gut v to remove the insides of She gutted the fish and

an animal cut off their heads.

6. spice n a substance made from a We will get more flavour

plant, used to give a from the spices if we
special flavour to food grind them into a powder.

7. merchant n a person whose job is to Most online merchants

buy and sell products in will email you an order
large amounts, especially confirmation with details
by trading with other of your purchase.
countries

8. covet v to want something very European citizens are

much proud of this policy of
solidarity and citizens of
the developing world
covet and need it.

9. commodities n a product or a raw Crude oil is the world's

material that can be most important
bought and sold commodity.

10. monopoly n the complete control, A good education should

possession, or use of not be the monopoly of
something; a thing that the rich.
belongs only to one person
or group and that other
people cannot share

11 ornate a covered with a lot of Then suddenly he saw a

decoration, especially church in front of him,
when this involves very with a great ornate silver
small or complicated door.
designs

12 Cuisine n a style of cooking The hotel restaurant is

noted for its excellent
cuisine.
13. spectate v to watch something Football is also a pastime
enjoyed by many, either
spectating or playing.

14. mythical a existing only in ancient I would like to see that

myths mythical girlfriend he has
imaginary or not real always talking about.

15. sustenance n the food and drink that There's not much
people, animals, and sustenance in a bowl of
plants need to live and soup.
stay healthy

16 conquest n the act of taking control of The military general led a

a country, city, etc., by successful conquest,
force expanding the empire's
borders and securing new
territories.

17 lyricism n the expression of strong The poet's lyricism

emotion in poetry, art, appealed to readers with
music, etc. its emotional depth and
vivid imagery, creating a
profound connection to
the themes of love and
loss.

18 prominent a important or well known The artist used bold colors

to make the mountain
range more prominent in
the painting, drawing the
viewer's attention to its
majestic beauty.

19 mystical a having spiritual powers or The ancient temple hidden

qualities that are difficult in the dense forest had an
to understand or to explain aura of mystical energy,
attracting spiritual seekers
from around the world.

20 reverence n a feeling of great respect The ceremony was

or admiration for someone conducted with great
or something reverence, as people
bowed their heads in
solemn respect for the
departed leader.

21 genre n a particular type or style The bookstore organized

of literature, art, film, or its shelves according to
music that you can different genres, making
recognize because of its it easy for customers to
 special features find their preferred
reading categories such as
mystery, science fiction,
and historical fiction.

22 critique n a piece of written criticism The film received a mixed

of a set of ideas, a work of critique from critics, with
art, etc. some praising its
innovative storytelling
while others criticized its
lack of character
development.

23 depiction n An act of describing The artist's depiction of

something or someone in the bustling cityscape
words, or give an captured the energy and
impression of something diversity of urban life in a
in words or with a picture way that resonated with
viewers.

24 immoral a not considered to be good The decision to exploit

or honest by most people vulnerable workers for
profit was considered
immoral by the
community, leading to
widespread protests and
calls for ethical business
practices.

25 clergy a the priests or ministers of The clergy members

a religion, especially of gathered to discuss
the Christian Church matters of faith and
community welfare,
providing spiritual
guidance to their
congregation.

26 laypeople n someone who is not an The workshop was

expert in or does not have designed to make
a detailed knowledge of a complex scientific
particular subject concepts accessible to
laypeople, allowing them
to understand and
appreciate the
advancements in
technology.

27 monasteries n a building in which monks The ancient monasteries

live together on the mountain provided
a serene retreat for monks
 seeking solitude and a
deeper connection to their
spiritual practice.

28 severely adv extremely bad or serious The drought severely

impacted the region,
leading to crop failures,
water shortages, and
economic hardship for the
local population.

29 extravagant a costing a lot more money The wedding celebration

than you can afford or was extravagant, with
than is necessary elaborate decorations,
gourmet cuisine, and a
live band, creating a
memorable and luxurious
experience for the guests.

THEME: MATERIAL ENGINEERING

No. New words Word Meaning Example

form

1. concur (v) to agree I concur with the decision

of the other judges.

2. durability (n) the quality of being able to last a This rope is renowned for
long time without becoming its high level of strength
damaged and durability.

3. fracture (v) to break or crack; to make Two of her ribs fractured

something break or crack when she was thrown from
her horse.

4. longevity (n) long life; the fact of lasting a long For longevity in car
time design, you really need to
keep it simple.

5. simulate (v) to create particular conditions The device simulates

that exist in real life using conditions in space quite
computers, models, etc., usually closely.
for study or training purposes
6. fluctuation (n) one of several changes in size, Scientists have concluded
amount, quality, etc. that happen that temperature
frequently, especially from one fluctuations may increase
extreme to another the spread of infectious
diseases.

7. non-renewable (adj) existing in limited quantities that Oil, natural gas, and coal
cannot be replaced after they are non-renewable fuels.
have all been used

8. legislate (v) to make a law about something The government will

legislate against
discrimination in the
workplace.

9. reduction (n) a decrease in the size, price, or Greater access to medical

amount of something care for older people will
result in reductions in
mortality.

10. advantageous (adj) good or useful in a particular A free trade agreement

situation would be advantageous to
both countries.

11. novel (adj) not like anything known before, It was an American who
and unusual or interesting came up with the novel
idea of drive-in
restaurants.

12. component (n) one of several parts of which This factory makes aircraft
something is made engine components.

13. comprehensive (adj) complete and including We offer you a

everything that is necessary comprehensive training in
all aspects of the business.

14. emission (n) gas, etc. that is sent out into the We must take action to cut
air vehicle emissions.

15. carry a risk (v.p.) might be dangerous or lead to bad Investing in just one stock
results carries a high risk.

16. contamination (n) the process of making a place or Environmental

substance dirty or harmful by contamination resulting
putting something such as from human activities is a
chemicals or poison in it major health concern.

17. viable (adj) able to work as intended or able It is only their investment
to succeed that makes the project
economically viable.

18. outlet (n) a pipe or hole through which The waste water outlet
 liquid or gas can flow out directs the used water
away from the building.

19. filter (n) something that you pass water, The water filter purifies
air through in order to remove the tap water, making it
unwanted substances and make it safe to drink.
clean or suitable to use

20. promising (adj) showing signs of being good or They won the award for
successful the most promising new
band of the year.

21. nourish (v) to give a person or other living The cream contains
thing the food and other vitamin A to nourish the
substances they need in order to skin.
live, grow, and stay healthy

22. noteworthy (adj) important or interesting enough It is noteworthy that only

to deserve your attention 15% of senior managers
are women.

23. aesthetic (adj) (adj) connected with beauty and the We want to build factories
study of beauty that are as functional as
they are aesthetic.

24. composed of (v.p.) to be formed from several parts, Water is composed of

things or people hydrogen and oxygen.

25. dentures (n, pl.) a set of artificial teeth worn by She wore a set of
someone who does not have their dentures to replace her
own teeth any longer missing teeth.

26. deterioration (n) the fact or process of becoming The program is intended to
worse prevent the significant
deterioration of air
quality.

27. filling (n) a small amount of metal or other The dentist used gold
material used to fill a hole in a fillings to restore the
tooth cavities in his teeth.

28. orthopedic (adj) relating to the medical treatment The orthopedic surgeon
of problems that affect people’s performed a successful
bones or muscles knee replacement surgery.

29. position (n) an opinion on or an attitude My parents always took

towards a particular subject the position that early
nights meant healthy
children.

30. versatility (n) the quality of having many The new smartphone's
different uses versatility enables it to be
 used for both work and
entertainment purposes.

PART 2:

THEME: LINGUISTICS

No. New words Word Meaning Example

form

1. cue (n) an action or event that is a His raised eyebrow served

signal for somebody to do as a cue for us to remain
something silent.

2. enable (v) to make it possible for Her mother’s guidance

somebody/something to do and support enabled her
something to achieve her goals.

3. ensure (v) to make sure that something Double-checking the

happens or is definite locks will ensure the
house is secure before we
leave.

4. input (n) time, knowledge, ideas, etc. Please provide your input
that you put into work, a during the meeting to
project, etc. in order to make it contribute to the
succeed; the act of putting discussion.
something in

5. nonsense (n) spoken or written words that His explanation was filled
have no meaning or make no with nonsense, making it
sense hard to follow his
argument.

6. prior to (prep) before He completed his

homework prior to the
deadline.

7. subtle (a) not very obvious or easy to Her subtle smile hinted at
notice a hidden understanding of
the situation.

8. adherent (n) a person who supports a He remained a devoted

particular set of ideas adherent of the
traditional methods
despite modern
 advancements.

9. arbitrary (a) not seeming to be based on a The decision seemed

reason, system or plan and arbitrary, lacking any
sometimes seeming unfair clear reasoning behind it.

10. draw (v) to attract or interest His engaging speaking

somebody style never fails to draw a
crowd to his
presentations.

11. innate (a) that you have when you are Her innate talent for
born music was evident from a
very young age.

12. mainstream (a) considered normal because it He chose an alternative

reflects what is done or lifestyle, avoiding
accepted by most people mainstream trends and
preferences.

13. sweeping (a) having an important effect on The company announced

a large part of something sweeping changes to its
policies affecting all
employees.

14. take it from (v.phr) to continue something that The initial research
there was begun by someone else findings opened doors for
further exploration,
prompting scientists to
take it from there and
conduct extensive studies
in the field.

15. universal (a) done by or involving all the The concept of human
people in the world or in a rights is considered
particular group universal, applicable to
all individuals regardless
of their background or
beliefs.

16. boundary (n) a dividing line The fence marked the

boundary between the
countries, ensuring a clear
division between the two.

17. cognitive (a) connected with mental Cognitive abilities

processes of understanding involves various mental
processes such as
reasoning, memory, and
problem-solving.
18. complemen- (a) two people or things that are Their personalities were
tary complementary are different remarkably
but together form a useful or complementary, each
attractive combination of compensating for the
skills, qualities or physical other's weaknesses.
features

19. constraint (n) a thing that limits something, Despite the time
or limits your freedom to do constraint, she managed
something to complete the task
efficiently.

20. empirical (a) based on experiments or In psychology, empirical

experience rather than ideas or studies often rely on
theories observable behaviors to
draw conclusions.

21. iffy (a) not certain She was iffy about

attending the event,
uncertain if it aligned with
her interests.

22. in isolation idiom separately; alone Ideas can appear distorted

when analyzed solely in
isolation from their
broader context.

23. presume (v) to assume She didn't want to

presume his intentions
without hearing his side of
the story.

24. cavity (n) a hole or empty space inside A cold can cause
something solid congestion in the nasal
cavity, making it difficult
to breathe through the
nose.

25. click (n) (phonetics) a speech sound Some languages, like

made by pressing the tongue Xhosa or Zulu,
against the top of the mouth or incorporate click sounds
the part of the mouth behind as part of their phonetic
the upper front teeth, then repertoire, using different
releasing it quickly, causing tongue and mouth
air to be taken in. placements.

26. constrict (v) to become tighter or narrower; Anxiety can constrict the
to make something tighter or chest, making it difficult
narrower to breathe freely.

27. manner (n) the way that something is She spoke in a polite
 done or happens manner, addressing
everyone with respect and
consideration.

28. physiologic- (a) connected with the way in Stress can have a
al which a particular living thing physiological impact on
functions the body, affecting
hormone levels and heart
rate.

29. restriction (n) the act of limiting or A diet to lose weight

controlling relies on calorie
somebody/something restriction to obtain
results.

30. string (phr.v) to link or connect things A skilled musician can

together sequentially or in a continuous effortlessly string
manner together different notes,
creating beautiful
melodies.

31. vibrate (v) to move or make something The phone started to

move from side to side very vibrate, signaling an
quickly and with small incoming call.
movements

THEME: BUSINESS ETHICS

No. New words Word Meaning Example

form

It was apparent from

1. easy to see or understand her face that she was
apparent (adj)
really upset.

We should also consider

an aspect, or way of looking at
2. the social dimension of
dimension (n) or thinking about something
unemployment.

a belief that something will The expectation is that

3. expectation (n) happen because it is likely property prices will rise.

These bacteria are

4. that cannot be seen invisible unless viewed
invisible (adj)
with a microscope.
 The exhibition provides
a particular attitude towards
us with a unique
5. something; a way of thinking
perspective (n) perspective on her
about something
work.

the fact of happening or doing Normally he was a

6. something at the agreed or stickler for punctuality
punctuality (n)
correct time and not being late but today he was late.

When treating any health

important in a situation but not
problem, it's always
7. always easily noticed or stated
underlying (adj) important to consider the
clearly
underlying causes.

Lindsay wears very

feminine clothes - pretty
8. relating to women or girls
feminine (adj) dresses with flowers on
and things like that.

Even today, men tend to

do such masculine tasks
9. relating to men or boys
masculine (adj) as car maintenance and
yard work.

a characteristic or quality of a Patience is one of his

10. trait (n) person best traits.

It's about time teachers

11. very strict or determined started to get tough with
tough (adj)
bullies.

My ex-husband was a
unfair or unequal treatment of
real sexist, who didn't
12. people based on their being
sexist (adj) think our daughters
male or female
should have jobs at all.

the chance that something will I have a tendency to talk

13. happen or that a person will too much when I'm
tendency (n)
behave in certain way nervous.
 He doesn't conform to
an often untrue and overly
the usual stereotype of
14. general belief about all
stereotype (n) the businessman with a
members of a group
dark suit and briefcase.

Many students derived

to get something from
15. enormous satisfaction
derive (v) something else
from the course.

the state of being difficult to

Write clear definitions in
understand or explain because
16. order to avoid
ambiguity (n) of involving many different
ambiguity.
aspects

a strong feeling of not liking She has a deep aversion

17. somebody or something to getting up in the
aversion (n)
morning.

the system of official rules and

We need to reduce
ways of doing things that a
paperwork and
18. government or an organization
bureaucracy (n) bureaucracy in the
has, especially when these
company.
seem to be too complicated

Big companies are

introducing or using new ideas, always looking for
19. innovative (adj) ways of doing something, etc. innovative products that
can't be easily copied.

A loving family
environment gives
the quality or state of being
children that sense of
20. steady and not changing or
stability (n) stability and
being upset in any way
permanence which they
need.

Life is full of
21. the state of being uncertain
uncertainty (n) uncertainties.

a complete range of something, A wide spectrum of

22. going from one extreme to the opinion was represented
spectrum (n)
opposite at the meeting.
 I don’t share his
a belief that good things will
23. optimism about our
optimism (n) happen
chances of success.

the things that will happen to

someone in the future, He wants to be in control
24. destiny (n) especially those that cannot be of his own destiny.
changed or controlled

expecting that bad things will The doctors are

25. happen in the future or that a pessimistic about his
pessimistic (adj)
situation will have a bad result chances of recovery.

to go or chase after something She plans to pursue a

26. pursue (v) that someone wants career in politics.

There are strict

used to describe a rule that
27. guidelines on how the
strict (adj) must be followed
work is to be carried out.

THEME: EARTH SCIENCE

No. New words Word Meaning Example

form

1. block (v) to prevent movement through A fallen tree is blocking

something the road.

2. concentration (n) a large number or amount of

something in the same place There is a heavy
concentration of troops
in the area

3 fluctuate (v)
to change or vary frequently Vegetable prices
between one level or thing fluctuate according to the
and another season
4 massive (adj)
very large in size, amount, or If the drought continues,
number deaths will occur on a
massive scale.

5 model (n) Climate models help

a simple representation of a scientists to understand
system or process that can be and predict climate
used in calculations or change
predictions of what might
happen

6 output (n)
an amount of something Last year manufacturing
produced by a person, output fell by 14 percent.
machine, factory, country,
etc.

7 tissue (n)
a group of connected cells in human tissue
an animal or plant that are
similar to each other, have the plant tissue
same purpose, and form the
stated part of the animal or
plant

8 accelerate (v)
to move more quickly, or to Inflation is likely to
make something happen accelerate this year,
faster or sooner adding further upward
pressure on interest rates.

9 displacement (n)
the situation in which people The recent famine in these
are forced to leave the place parts has caused the
where they normally live displacement of tens of
thousands of people.

10 expand (v)
to increase in size, number, or The air in the balloon
importance, or to make expands when heated.
something increase in this
way
11 relocate (v)
to move or move something The couple relocated to
or someone from one place to Florida.
another

12 thaw (v)
to cause something frozen Remove the meat from the
and hard to become warmer freezer and let it thaw.
and often softer or liquid.

13 thermal (adj) connected with heat

(n) Many passengers slept in
the airport overnight with
emergency thermal
blankets.

14 volume (n) the number or amount of One box may look bigger
something in general than the other, but in fact
they are roughly equal in
volume.

15 biodiversity (n) The existence of a large a new National Biological

number of different kinds of Survey to protect species
animals and plants which habitat and biodiversity
make a balanced environment

16 consequential (adj) happening as a result or an We need to act now to

effect of something avoid a recession and the
consequential damage
that would follow

17 decline (n) A continuous decrease in the A quarter of

number, value, quality, etc. of manufacturers reported a
something decline in production

18 extinction (n) A situation in which a plant, The extinction of the

an animal, a way of life, etc. dinosaurs occurred
stops existing millions of years ago.

19 intense (adj) Very great; very strong He suddenly felt an

intense pain in his back.

20 mammal (n) Any animal that gives birth to Humans, dogs, elephants,
live young, not eggs, and and dolphins are all
feeds its young on milk. mammals, but birds, fish,
Cows, humans and whales are and crocodiles are not
all mammals.

21 relevant (adj) The fact of being valuable Education should be

 and useful to people in their relevant to the child's
lives and work needs

22 uninhabitable (adj) Not fit to live in; impossible If there's no roof then the
to live in house is uninhabitable

23 adverse (adj) Negative and unpleasant; not The forecasters are

likely to produce a good expecting adverse
result weather for the next few
days.

24 capacity (n) The number of things or The stadium has a seating

people that a container or capacity of 50,000.
space can hold

25 evaporation (n) The process of a liquid Fruit juice is concentrated

changing or being changed through evaporation.
into a gas

26 exacerbate (v) To make something worse, This attack will

especially a disease or exacerbate the already
problem tense relations between
the two communities.

27 saturate (v) To fill something/somebody Contemporary U.S.

completely with something so culture is completely
that it is impossible or useless saturated with
to add any more technology.

28 trigger (v) To make something happen Some people find that

suddenly certain foods trigger their
headaches.

29 vulnerable (adj) Weak and easily hurt Tourists are more

physically or emotionally vulnerable to attack,
because they do not know
which areas of the city to
avoid.

THEME: MEDIAEVAL CULTURE

No. New words Word Meaning Example

form

1. faded (v) to lose color or The vivid colors in the

brightness pieces of clothing faded
 after having been frequently
left to dry outside in the sun.

2. vibrant (adj) bright and strong The shades of orange and

blue used to decorate the
interior of the cathedral
were exceptionally vibrant.

3. scarce (adj) not enough available Following many months

with little or no rainfall,
water became scarce in the
valley.

4. featured (v) to depict In the medieval painting, a

young boy was featured
wearing a modest outfit,
indicating that he was likely
the son of a farmer or a
craftsman.

5. garment (n) a piece of clothing It was customary for the

ruler of the kingdom to wear
fine garments made of silk,
satin, and other luxurious
materials.

6. exhaustively (adv) very thoroughly The artist exhaustively

evaluated a multitude of
options before determining
which materials he would
use in the multimedia work.

7. look down your (phrasal to consider a person Scholars have looked down
nose at v) or a group to have their noses at the role
less merit or to be less played by women in
deserving of respect medieval literary culture
than another person
or group

8. sponsor (n) a person, All the major theaters now

organization, or have sponsors, especially
country that supports for high-cost productions.
an activity and helps
it to succeed
9. recipient (n) someone who He was a recipient of the
receives or is given Civilian Service Award.
something

10. burden (n) something that is Buying a house often places

significantly a large financial burden on
troublesome or young couples.
problematic

11. beat the odds (v) to overcome A few female writers

expectations managed to beat the odds
and do just that.

12. arguably (adv) used to say that there He is arguably the world's
are good reasons why best football player.
something might be
true although some
people may disagree

13. targeted (v) to aim something at The advert for the energy
someone drink is targeted
specifically at young people.

14. dismissed (v) to refuse to consider I think he'd dismissed me as

something seriously an idiot within five minutes
because you think it of meeting me.
is silly or unimportant

15. frown upon (phrasal considered to be Smoking is frowned upon

verb) inappropriate in many societies.

16. exterior (n) the outside surface of In some of the villages the
something, especially exterior walls of the houses
a building are painted pink.

17. regarded as (phrasal thought of a certain Her parents always

verb) way regarded her as the
smartest of their children.

18. gigantic (adj) extremely large The cost has been gigantic.

19. characteristically (adv) typically associated She gave a

 with something characteristically skillful
performance.

20. rooted in (phrasal to have developed The problems were rooted

verb) from something or be in the area's history.
the result of
something

21. devotion (n) loyalty and love or He inspired respect and

care for someone or devotion from his pupils.
something

22. doctrine (n) a belief or set of The president said he would

beliefs, especially not go against sound
political or religious military doctrine.
ones, that are taught
and accepted by a
particular group

23. bizarre (adj) very strange and That party was too bizarre
unusual for me!

24. ordeals (n) a very unpleasant and The hostages' ordeal came
painful or difficult to an end when soldiers
experience stormed the building.

25. quest (n) a long search for She went to India on a

something that is spiritual quest.
difficult to find, or an
attempt to achieve
something difficult

26. dictated (v) to influence The party's change of policy

something or make it has been dictated by its
necessary need to win back younger
voters.

27. authenticity (n) the quality of being The authenticity of her

real or true story is beyond doubt.

28. floor plans (n) a drawing that shows An open floor plan allows
the design of a better placement of
building or room as marketing materials and
 seen from above other services.

29. invaders (n) an army or country The foreign invaders were

that uses force to finally defeated by allied
enter and take control forces.
of another country

30. humble (adj) not proud or not He's very humble about his
believing that you are success.
important

31. endured (v) to continue to exist The political system

for a long time established in 1400 endured
until about 1650

32. fortified (adj) having healthful Children should not eat

substances added highly fortified cereals.

33. evolved (adj) having developed Are humans just an evolved

through a gradual animal?
process

34. stunning (adj) extremely beautiful or It’s such a stunning view

attractive over the bay of Saint
Tropez.

35. wonder (n) a feeling of great The sight of the Grand

surprise and Canyon stretching out
admiration caused by before them filled them with
seeing or wonder.
experiencing
something that is
strange and new

36. mastery (n) great skill in a Louis Armstrong’s mastery

particular job or of the trumpet is legendary.
activity

37. iconic (adj) very famous or John Lennon gained iconic

popular, especially status following his death.
being considered to
represent particular
opinions or a
 particular time

38. undoubtedly (adv) used to emphasize She was undoubtedly the

that something is true best candidate.

39. phenomenal (adj) extremely successful Her rise to fame was quite
or special, especially phenomenal - in less than
in a surprising way two years she was a
household name.

40. extensively (adv) in a way that covers a The house was extensively
large area or has a rebuilt after the fire.
great range

41. exclusively (adv) limited to a specific Our employment agency

thing or group deals exclusively with the
advertising industry.

42. portrayed (v) to represent or The book portrayed him as

describe someone or somebody who was
something in a book, uncaring, even bigoted.
movie …

43. textile (n) a cloth made by hand Imports of textiles rose last
or machine year.

44. foreground (n) the people, objects, In the foreground of the

countryside, etc. in a painting is a horse and cart.
picture or photograph
that seem nearest to
you and form its main
part

45. engaged in (v) to take part in The two governments have

something agreed to engage in a
comprehensive dialogue to
resolve the problem.

46. gestures (n) an action that The government donated

expresses your £500,000 as a gesture of
feelings or intentions, goodwill.
although it might
have little practical
 effect

47. implies (v) to show that the Variable rate loans, as the
name, explanation, name implies, have a
etc. of something tells variable interest rate.
you something else
about it

48. coincidence (n) an occasion when two By some strange

or more similar things coincidence, he was passing
happen at the same the house just when it
time happened.

49. indicates (v) to show or signal a She did not move or

direction or warning, indicate that she had heard
or to make something him.
clear

50. disputed (adj) used to describe Fighting broke out along the
something that is the disputed border.
subject of
disagreement,
especially official or
legal disagreement

THEME: MATERIAL ENGINEERING

No. New words Word Meaning Example

form

1. fleece (n) the thick covering of wool The sheep had a thick,
on an animal, especially a warm fleece that provided
sheep, or this covering protection against the cold
used to make a piece of weather.
clothing

2. woven (v) to make cloth by This type of wool is

repeatedly crossing a woven into fabric which
single thread through two will make jackets.
sets of long threads on a
loom

3. in the works idiom in the process of being The project to

planned or done build a new
 community centre
is still in the
works and
expected to benefit
the younger
generation.

4. artery (n) one of the thick tubes that The coronary artery
carry blood from the heart supplies oxygen-rich
to other parts of the body blood to the heart muscle,
ensuring its proper
function.

5. generation (n) a group of products or My parents are first-

machines that are all at the generation immigrants
same stage of who worked hard to build
development a new life in a foreign
country.

6. refine (v) to make something pure or The chef aimed to refine

improve something, the recipe by
especially by removing experimenting with
unwanted material different ingredients and
cooking techniques.

7. vessel (n) a tube that carries liquids The surgeon expertly

such as blood through the navigated the catheter
body through the patient's
vascular vessel, ensuring a
precise and successful
intervention.

8 malfunctioning (adj) to fail to work correctly The malfunctioning

computer system
disrupted the entire
workflow, causing delays
and frustration among the
team members.

9 transplant (v) to take an organ, skin, etc. The skilled surgical team
from one person, animal, worked tirelessly to
part of the body, etc., and transplant the healthy
put it into or onto another kidney from the donor to
the recipient.

10 scab (n) a hard dry layer that forms After the wound began to
over and covers a wound heal, a small scab formed
on the skin as it gets better on the surface, protecting
the injured skin as it
continued its natural
process of recovery.
11 spontaneously (adv) in a way that is natural, The flowers
often sudden, and not spontaneously bloomed,
planned or forced adding bursts of vibrant
colour to the garden.

12 ambitious (adj) having a strong wish to be Despite facing numerous

successful, powerful, or challenges, Sarah
rich remained ambitious,
tirelessly pursuing her
goals with unwavering
determination and a clear
vision for success.

13 platform (n) a raised level surface, for She stood on the

example, one that platform, delivering a
equipment stands on or is compelling presentation to
operated from the attentive audience
below.

14 stimuli (n) something that produces a The participants' reactions

reaction in a human, an to stimuli provided
animal, or a plant valuable insights for the
researcher.

15 rejuvenate (v) to make A weekend retreat in

somebody/something look nature can help
or feel younger, more rejuvenate the mind and
lively, or more modern body.

16 heal (v) to become healthy again; Time and rest have the
to make something healthy power to heal even the
again deepest wounds.

17 trigger (v) to make something happen The unexpected sound of

suddenly thunder can trigger
anxiety in some people.

18 marketable (adj) easy to sell; attractive to Her diverse skill set

customers or employers makes her highly
marketable in today's
competitive job market.

19 fracture (n) a break in a bone or other The athlete suffered a

hard material minor fracture but is
expected to recover fully
with proper care.

20 composite (adj) made of different parts or The new material is a

materials composite blend,
combining strength and
flexibility for enhanced
 performance.

21 customize (v) to make or change I like to customize my

something to suit the computer desktop with
needs of the owner or user personalized wallpapers
and icons.

22 to date idiom until now She has read numerous

books on the subject, but
to date, none have
provided a satisfactory
answer to her question.

23 robust (adj) strong and not likely to The new software update
fail or become weak includes robust security
features to protect user
data from potential
threats.

24 combat (v) to stop something Regular exercise is an

unpleasant or harmful effective way to combat
from happening or from stress and promote overall
getting worse well-being.

25 chronic (adj) lasting for a long time; She manages her chronic
difficult to cure condition with medication
and regular medical
check-ups.

26 innovate (v) to introduce changes and The company

new ideas continuously seeks to
innovate its products,
staying ahead in a rapidly
evolving market.

27 alter (v) to make changes to a piece She decided to alter her

of clothing so that it will travel plans at the last
fit you better minute, choosing a
different destination for
her spontaneous
adventure.