Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For

loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE

PL/SQL
 Procedural language extension to sql with design feature
of programing language
 Data manipulation and query statements of sql are
included with in procedural units of code.
 It is mainly used to reduce the network traffic
 It groups the set of logical statement in to block
 pl/sql statement is used to group the set of sql
statement into single block and send the entire block to
the server in a single call (here set of sql statement
can execute at a single time)
PL/SQL BLOCK STRUCTURE

DECLARE --> OPTIONAL

--VARIABLE DECLARATION
--CURSOR DECLARATION
--USER DEFINE EXCEPTION
BEGIN --> MANDATORY
--SQL STATEMENNTS
--PLSQL STATEMENTS (APPLICATION AND BUSINESS LOGIC)
EXCEPTION --> OPTIONAL
--ERROR HANDLING
END; --> MANDATORY
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> BEGIN
2 dbms_output.put_line('Welcome to Oracle');
3 END;
4 /
Welcome to Oracle

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE

VARIABLES IN PLSQL
 TEMPORARY STORAGE OF DATA
 MANIPULATION OF STORED VALUE
 REUSABILITY
 EASY OF MAINTENANCE

TYPES OF VARIABLE
 PL/SQL VARIABLES
 NON-PL/SQL VARIABLES

PL/SQL VARIABLES
 SCALAR
 COMPOSITE
 REFERENCE
 LOB (LARGE OBJECT)
NON PL/SQL VARIABLES
 BIND VARIABLE

GUIDELINES FOR DECLARING PL/SQL VARIABLES

 FOLLOW NAMING RULE
 INITILIZE NOT NULL | CONSTANT
 DECLARE ONE IDENTIFIER PER LINE
 INITILIZE IDENTIFIERS BY USING ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR (:=)
EXAMPLE
identifier := expression
DECLARE
I NUMBER := 10;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (I);
END;
/

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
DECLARE
I NUMBER := 10;
J DATE := SYSDATE;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (I ||' '|| J);
END;
/

DECLARE
PI NUMBER(3,2):=3.14;
BEGIN
PI:=2.50;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE VALUE OF PI IS '||PI);
END;
/

DECLARE
i NUMBER(2) := 10;
Dt DATE := SYSDATE;
name VARCHAR2(30) := 'Raj';
BEGIN
Dbms_output.put_line('The value of i is : ' || i);
Dbms_output.put_line(q'[Today's date : ]'|| dt);
Dbms_output.put_line('Name : ' || name);
END;

DECLARE
x NUMBER(2) := 10 ;
y NUMBER(2) := 15;

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
z NUMBER(3);
BEGIN
z := x+y;
Dbms_output.put_line(z);
END;
/

DECLARE
x NUMBER(2) := 10 ;
y NUMBER(2) := 15;
z NUMBER(3);
BEGIN
z := x+y;
Dbms_output.put_line( 'The sum of ' || x ||' + '|| y || '
= ' || z );
END;
/

CREATE TABLE test_insert( name varchar2(20) );

BEGIN
INSERT INTO test_insert VALUES('Name1');
INSERT INTO test_insert VALUES(' Name2');
INSERT INTO test_insert VALUES(' Name3');
INSERT INTO test_insert VALUES(' Name4');

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
Commit;
END;

Select * from test_insert;

NESTED BLOCK

<<outer>>
DECLARE
i NUMBER :=10;
BEGIN
Dbms_output.put_line(i);
DECLARE
i NUMBER :=20;
BEGIN
Dbms_output.put_line(outer.i);
END;
END;
/

BEGIN
SELECT max(salary) FROM Employees;
END;
/

ORA-06550: line 2, column 4:

PLS-00428: an INTO clause is expected in this SELECT statement

DECLARE
v_max_salary NUMBER(7);

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
BEGIN
SELECT max(salary)
INTO v_max_salary
FROM Employees;
Dbms_output.put_line('Maximum Salary : ' || v_max_salary);
END;
/

DECLARE
v_First_name Varchar2(20);
v_last_name Varchar2(20);
v_salary NUMBER(8);
BEGIN
SELECT First_name , Last_name , Salary
INTO v_First_name , v_Last_name , v_Salary
FROM Employees
WHERE Employee_id = 100;
Dbms_output.put_line('First name : ' || v_First_name);
Dbms_output.put_line('Last name : ' || v_Last_name);
Dbms_output.put_line('Salary : ' || v_salary);
END;
/

DECLARE
v_First_name Varchar2(20);
v_last_name Varchar2(20);
v_salary NUMBER(8);
BEGIN
SELECT First_name , Last_name , Salary

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
INTO v_First_name , v_Last_name , v_Salary
FROM Employees
--WHERE Employee_id = 100;
Dbms_output.put_line('First name : ' || v_First_name);
Dbms_output.put_line('Last name : ' || v_Last_name);
Dbms_output.put_line('Salary : ' || v_salary);
END;
/

DECLARE
v_hire_date DATE;
v_dept_no NUMBER NOT NULL := 10;
v_location VARCHAR2(15) := 'INDIA';
v_comm CONSTANT NUMBER := 1400;
......
....

END;

DECLARE
Department_id NUMBER(3) := 90;
BEGIN
-- don't execute this block
-- DELETE FROM Employees
-- WHERE Department_id = Department_id;
END;
/

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
DECLARE
v_Department_id NUMBER(3) := 90;
BEGIN
DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE Department_id = v_Department_id;
END;
/

SQL> variable r number;

SQL>
SQL> begin
2 select max(salary) into :r
3 from employees
4 ;
5 end;
6 /

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL> print r;

R
----------
24000

CONDITION AND CONTROL STATEMENTS

PL/SQL HAS THREE CATEGORIES OF CONTROL STATEMENTS

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
CONDITIONAL SELECTION STATEMENTS
 Which run different statements for different data values.
 The conditional selection statements are IF and CASE.
LOOP STATEMENTS
 Which run the same statements with a series of different
data values.
 The loop statements are the basic LOOP, FOR LOOP, and
WHILE LOOP.
 The EXIT statement transfers control to the end of a
loop.
 The CONTINUE statement exits the current iteration of a
loop and transfers control to the next iteration.
 Both EXIT and CONTINUE have an optional WHEN clause,
where you can specify a condition.
SEQUENTIAL CONTROL STATEMENTS
 Which are not crucial to PL/SQL programming.
 The sequential control statements are GOTO, which goes to
a specified statement, and NULL, which does nothing.
LOOPS
 In this loop structure, sequence of statements is
enclosed between the LOOP and END LOOP statements.
 At each iteration, the sequence of statements is executed
and then control resumes at the top of the loop.
 PL/SQL loops can be labelled.
 The label should be enclosed by double angle brackets (<<
and >>) and appear at the beginning of the LOOP
statement.
 The label name can also appear at the end of the LOOP
statement.
 You may use the label in the EXIT statement to exit from
the loop.
EXIT
 The Exit statement completes the loop and control passes
to the statement immediately after END LOOP
CONTINUE
 Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and
immediately retest its condition prior to reiterating.

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
GOTO STATEMENT
 Transfers control to the labelled statement.
 Though it is not advised to use GOTO statement in your
program.
THE STATEMENTS THAT EXIT A LOOP ARE
 EXIT
 EXIT WHEN
THE STATEMENTS THAT EXIT THE CURRENT ITERATION OF A LOOP ARE
 CONTINUE
 CONTINUE WHEN

IF | IF...ELSE | MULTIPLE IF...ELSE |

LOOP | FOR | WHILE |
CASE
WHEN...THEN...
WHEN...THEN...
WHEN...THEN...
WHEN...THEN...
ELSE
END CASE
IF STATEMENT
DECLARE
I NUMBER (2):=10;
BEGIN
IF I=10 THEN
dbms_output.put_line ('THE VALUE OF I IS TEN');
END IF;
END;
/
THE VALUE OF I IS TEN

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
IF ELSE STATEMENT
DECLARE
I NUMBER (2):=10;
BEGIN
IF I=10 THEN
dbms_output.put_line ('THE VALUE OF I IS TEN');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line ('THE VALUE OF I IS NOT TEN');
END IF;
END;

THE VALUE OF I IS TEN

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

MULTIPLE IF ELSE
DECLARE
I NUMBER (2):=60;
BEGIN
IF I=10 THEN
dbms_output.put_line ('THE VALUE OF I IS 10');
ELSIF I=20 THEN
dbms_output.put_line ('THE VALUE OF I IS 20');
ELSIF I=30 THEN
dbms_output.put_line ('THE VALUE OF I IS 30');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line ('THE VALUE OF I IS NOT 10 20 30');
END IF;
END;
THE VALUE OF I IS NOT 10 20 30

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
LOOP
DECLARE
I NUMBER :=10;
BEGIN
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (I);
I := I+1;
EXIT WHEN I>20;
END LOOP;
END;
/
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

FOR LOOP
DECLARE
I number;
BEGIN
For I in 1..5 loop
Dbms_output.put_line(I);

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
End loop;
END;
/
1
2
3
4
5

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

WHILE
DECLARE
I NUMBER :=1;
BEGIN
WHILE (I<=5) LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (I);
I := I + 1;
END LOOP;
END;
/
1
2
3
4
5

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

create table test_udt(id NUMBER, salary NUMBER);

BEGIN

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE

INSERT INTO test_udt VALUES(001,23000);

INSERT INTO test_udt VALUES(002,43000);
INSERT INTO test_udt VALUES(003,78000);
INSERT INTO test_udt VALUES(004,25000);
INSERT INTO test_udt VALUES(005,26000);
INSERT INTO test_udt VALUES(006,90000);
Commit;
END;

select * from test_udt;

IF

DECLARE
v_salary NUMBER;
v_id NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT id,salary
INTO v_id,v_salary
FROM test_udt
WHERE id = 1;

IF v_salary > 20000 THEN

UPDATE test_udt t
SET t.salary = v_salary+10005
WHERE t.id = v_id ;
END IF;

commit;
END;
/

IF ELSE

DECLARE
v_salary NUMBER;
v_id NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT id,salary
INTO v_id,v_salary
FROM test_udt
WHERE id = 2;

IF v_salary < 20000 THEN

UPDATE test_udt t

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE

SET t.salary = v_salary+10005

WHERE t.id = v_id ;
ELSE
UPDATE test_udt t
SET t.salary = v_salary+20007
WHERE t.id = v_id ;
END IF;
commit;
END;
/

--same example with less number of lines

DECLARE
v_salary NUMBER;
v_id NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT id,salary
INTO v_id,v_salary
FROM test_udt
WHERE id = 2;

IF v_salary < 20000 THEN

v_salary := v_salary+10005;
ELSE
v_salary := v_salary+20007;
END IF;

UPDATE test_udt t
SET t.salary = v_salary
WHERE t.id = v_id ;
commit;
END;
/

select * from test_udt;

Multiple IF ELSIF

DECLARE
v_salary NUMBER;
v_id NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT id,salary
INTO v_id,v_salary

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE

FROM test_udt
WHERE id = 3;

IF v_id = 1 THEN
v_salary := 1000;
dbms_output.put_line('1 inside');
ELSIF v_id = 2 THEN
v_salary := 2000;
dbms_output.put_line('2 inside');
ELSIF v_id = 3 THEN
v_salary := 3000;
dbms_output.put_line('3 inside');
ELSIF v_id = 4 THEN
v_salary := 4000;
dbms_output.put_line('4 inside');
END IF;

UPDATE test_udt t
SET t.salary = v_salary
WHERE t.id = v_id ;
commit;
END;
/

select * from test_udt;

LOOP

--syntax

LOOP
--statements
--increment
--exit statement
END LOOP;

CREATE TABLE prod_details (pid VARCHAR2(3), pname VARCHAR2(30));

DECLARE
i NUMBER := 1;
x VARCHAR2(3);
BEGIN
LOOP
x := lpad(i,3,'0');
dbms_output.put_line('x value : '|| x);

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE

INSERT INTO prod_details VALUES(i, 'Product '||i);

EXIT WHEN i >900;
i := i+1;

IF MOD(i,100) = 0 THEN
commit;
dbms_output.put_line('commit executed');
END IF;

END LOOP;
END;

SELECT * FROM prod_details ORDER BY 1;

DROP TABLE prod_details;

FOR LOOP

BEGIN
FOR I in 1..5
LOOP
Dbms_output.put_line('The value of i : '||i);
END LOOP;
END;
/

FOR LOOP - Reverse

BEGIN
FOR I in REVERSE 14..50
LOOP
Dbms_output.put_line('The value of i : '||i);
END LOOP;
END;
/

WHILE LOOP

DECLARE
i_val NUMBER:=0;
BEGIN
WHILE (i_val < 11)
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('The value of I is '||i_val);
i_val := i_val + 1;
END LOOP;
END;

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE

sample output:

The value of I is 0
The value of I is 1
The value of I is 2
The value of I is 3
The value of I is 4
The value of I is 5
The value of I is 6
The value of I is 7
The value of I is 8
The value of I is 9
The value of I is 10

%TYPE AND %ROWTYPE

--%type is used to fetch the data type of the particular column

create table product_details

(
p_id NUMBER(3),
p_nm VARCHAR2(30),
p_qty NUMBER(8),
order_dt DATE
);

BEGIN
INSERT INTO product_details VALUES(100,'Name0',400,'23-Mar-
13');
INSERT INTO product_details VALUES(101,'Name1',600,'26-Apr-
13');
INSERT INTO product_details VALUES(102,'Name2',800,'27-Jan-
12');
INSERT INTO product_details VALUES(103,'Name3',300,'23-Jul-
11');
INSERT INTO product_details VALUES(104,'Name4',200,'22-Aug-
11');
INSERT INTO product_details VALUES(105,'Name5',500,'25-Oct-
12');
commit;
END;
/

SELECT * FROM product_details;

------------------------------------

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
P_ID P_NM P_QTY ORDER_DT
------------------------------------
100 Name0 400 03/23/2013
101 Name1 600 04/26/2013
102 Name2 800 01/27/2012
103 Name3 300 07/23/2011
104 Name4 200 08/22/2011
105 Name5 500 10/25/2012
------------------------------------

DECLARE
v_name VARCHAR2(4);
BEGIN
SELECT p_nm
INTO v_name
FROM product_details
WHERE p_id = 100;
dbms_output.put_line('Product Name : ' || v_name);
--error numeric or value error
END;

DECLARE
v_name VARCHAR2(5);
BEGIN
SELECT p_nm
INTO v_name
FROM product_details
WHERE p_id = 100;
dbms_output.put_line('Product Name : ' || v_name);
END;
/

ALTER TABLE product_details

MODIFY p_nm VARCHAR2(15);

INSERT INTO product_details

VALUES
(106,
'name6',
700,
'26-Dec-12');

commit;

106 name6 700 12/26/2012

DECLARE

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
v_name VARCHAR2(5);
BEGIN
SELECT p_nm INTO v_name
FROM product_details
WHERE p_id = 106;
dbms_output.put_line('Product Name : ' || v_name);
--error
END;
/

DECLARE
v_name product_details.p_nm%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT p_nm
INTO v_name
FROM product_details
WHERE p_id = 106;
dbms_output.put_line('Product Name : ' || v_name);
END;
/

DROP TABLE product_details;

DECLARE
dep_id departments.department_id%TYPE;
dep_name departments.department_name%TYPE;
dep_man_id departments.manager_id%TYPE;
dep_loc_id departments.location_id%TYPE;
BEGIN

SELECT department_id,
department_name,
manager_id,
location_id
INTO dep_id,
dep_name,
dep_man_id,
dep_loc_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = 10;

dbms_output.put_line('Department_id : ' || dep_id);

dbms_output.put_line('Department_name : ' || dep_name);
dbms_output.put_line('Manager_id : ' || dep_man_id);
dbms_output.put_line('Location_id : ' || dep_loc_id);

END;

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
/

--%rowtype is used to fetch the data type of all the column

--Insted of using %type if we use %rowtype means we can reduce the no
of variables that we declare

DECLARE
dep_detail departments%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN

SELECT *
INTO dep_detail
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = 10;

dbms_output.put_line('Department_id : ' ||
dep_detail.department_id);
dbms_output.put_line('Department_name : ' ||
dep_detail.department_name);
dbms_output.put_line('Manager_id : ' || dep_detail.manager_id);
dbms_output.put_line('Location_id : ' ||
dep_detail.location_id);

END;
/

DROP TABLE dept_details;

CREATE TABLE dept_details

(
dept_id number(3) ,
dept_name varchar2(30),
dept_manager_name varchar2(30)
);

insert into dept_details values(10,'dept1','manager_name1');

insert into dept_details values(20,'dept2','manager_name2');

SELECT * FROM dept_details;

-------------------------------------------------------
| DEPT_ID | DEPT_NAME | DEPT_MANAGER_NAME |
+------------+-----------------------+-----------------
| 10 | dept1 | manager_name1 |
| 20 | dept2 | manager_name2 |
------------+-----------------------+------------------

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Oracle PL/SQL Introduction with Conditional statements AND For
loop condition & %TYPE AND %ROWTYPE
DECLARE
all_data dept_details%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN

all_data.dept_id := 100;
all_data.dept_name := 'Admin';
all_data.dept_manager_name := 'John';

UPDATE dept_details
SET ROW = all_data
WHERE dept_id = 10;

dbms_output.put_line(SQL%ROWCOUNT || ' Row(s) get updated');

END;
/

1 Row(s) get updated

select * from dept_details;

---------------------------------------------------
| DEPT_ID | DEPT_NAME | DEPT_MANAGER_NAME|
---------------------------------------------------
| 100 | Admin | John |
| 20 | dept2 | manager_name2 |
---------------------------------------------------

Interview Question

1. What is the use of %TYPE?

2. What is the use of %ROWTYPE?
3. Difference between %TYPE and %ROWTYPE?

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