BTE1423

MODUL 3
Circuit Theorem

Ts. Dr. Mohd Riduwan bin Ghazali

FTKEE UMPSA
Content of Modul 3

(Source Transformation)

(Superposition Principle)

(Thevenin's Theorem)

(Norton's Theorem)
2
(Source Transformation)

3
 SOURCE TRANSFORMATION

•basic to these tools is the concept of equivalence

vs = is R

vs
is =
R
Example 1;
Use source transformation to find Vo in the circuit below.

Ans : 3.2 V
Exercise 1
Find io in the circuit using source transformation

Ans=1.78 A
(Superposition Principle)

7
Superposition theorem

• For circuit network have more than one independent source

• voltage or current produced by a source acting in isolation can be
determined by assuming other sources do not work, where the
resources should be switched off in the following manner: -
• Independent voltage source – short circuit (0 V) or internal resistance if have
• Independent current source – open circuit (0 A)
Superposition theorem cont.
• Example for superposition theorem.

IB
Solution.
1. Current source IB work ( voltage source VB off- short circuit)

I’
Get the value of I’
Superposition theorem cont.
2. Voltage source VB work (current source IB off – open circuit)

I”
Get the value of I”

3. So get the value of current flowing at resistance R2 with I = I’ +I”

Record:- Various methods can be used to obtain the value of I 'and I “, such as current divider or mesh analysis or nodal
analysis or node.
Superposition theorem cont.
• Example 2
For the circuit in the figure below, find the value of I, the voltage across the resistor 2Ω and
the power absorbed by the resistor

0.5 Ω 0.5 Ω

I
5V 10 V

2Ω V2Ω
0.5 Ω
0.5 Ω
Superposition theorem cont.

Solution
1. Voltage source 5V work ( voltage source 10 V off – short circuit)

Find the value of I’ RT = 1 + ( 2 //1) = 1.67

 5 
IT =   = 3A
 1.67 
1
I'= xIT = 1A
2 +1
Superposition theorem cont.
2. Voltage source 10 V work ( voltage source 5 V off – short circuit)

Find the value of I” RT = 1 + ( 2 //1) = 1.67

 10 
IT =   = 6A
 1.67 
1
I"= xIT = 2 A
2 +1

3. So the value of current I (make sure the direction of I’ and I”)

I = I '+ (− I ") = −1A
V2 = IR = (−1)(2) = −2V
P2 = I 2 ( R) = (−1)2 (2) = 2W
Superposition theorem cont.
• Exercise 2:
Refer to the figure below, calculate current flowing and voltage across resistance 4Ω.

1Ω 8Ω

4Ω 2Ω 5A
1Ω
Superposition theorem cont.
• Exercise 3
Refer to the figure below, determine voltage across resistance 4 Ω.

5Ω 2Ω 4Ω

-
3Ω Vx 3A + 4 Vx
1Ω
(Thevenin's Theorem)

16
Thevenin theorem

• This theorem is in use to facilitate a complex circuit network to

a simple circuit called the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
• The equivalent circuit contains a voltage source Vth in series with a
resistor Rth

a
Complex
Circuit b
Thevenin theorem cont.
I=0 A
a a
Complex OFF
VTH RTH
Circuit b Circuit b

• The steps to get the Thevenin equivalent circuit:-

a. Remove section of the network where to find the thevenin equivalent circuit
and mark clearly the two terminals as a-b
b. Determine the Thevenin equivalent resistance seen from the terminal a-b
with independent sources is turn off
c. Get the values of Thevenin voltage on the voltage across the terminal a-b
when the terminal at open circuit. (various method can be used to obtain
Vth, whether to used loop analysis/nod analysis)
d. Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit and connect the back portion removed
from the (a) above
Thevenin theorem cont.
• Example 3
For circuit below, sketch the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminals a-b.

6Ω 2Ω
a

20 V
5A RL

4Ω
b
Thevenin theorem cont.
• Solution
a. Remove RL from circuit

b. Determine RTH seen from terminal a-b with all independent sources are turn off.
Thevenin theorem cont.
I=0 A
c. Get VTH at terminal a-b

VX − 20 VTH
=5
10
VX = 70V
VTH = V5 A = VX = 70

d. Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit and connect the back portion
removed from the (a) above RTH=12Ω
a

VTH=70 V RL

b
Thevenin theorem cont.
• Example 4
Refer to the circuit below, sketch Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminal
a-b, next calculate the current flowing, I3Ω and voltage across, V3Ω the resistor 3Ω,

5Ω 1Ω
a
I3Ω

4Ω V3Ω 3Ω
28 V

b
Thevenin theorem cont.
• Exercise 4
Refer to the circuit below, get the value of V1/3Ω

½Ω

3V
½Ω

2A ¼Ω 1/3 Ω V1/3Ω
(Norton's Theorem)

24
Norton theorem

• This theorem is in use to facilitate a complex circuit network to

a simple circuit called the Norton equivalent circuit.
• This equivalent circuit consists of a current source IN connected
in parallel with a resistor RN.

a
Complex
Circuit b
Norton theorem cont.

a a
Complex OFF
IN RN
Circuit Circuit
b b

• The steps to get the Norton equivalent circuit:-

a. Remove section of the network where to find the Norton equivalent circuit
and mark clearly the two terminals as a-b
b. Determine the Norton equivalent resistance seen from the terminal a-b with
independent sources is turn off
c. Get the Norton current value of current flowing through the terminals a-
b when a short circuit in the terminal. (various method can be used to obtain
IN, whether to used loop analysis/nod analysis)
d. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit and connect the back portion removed
from the (a) above
Norton theorem cont.
• Example 5
Determine Norton equivalent circuit at terminals a-b for circuit below. Next calculate current
flowing and voltage across resistance 3Ω

5Ω 1Ω
a
I3Ω
4Ω V3Ω 3Ω
28 V

b
Norton theorem cont.
• Solution.
a. Remove RL from circuit

b. Determine RN seen from terminal a-b with all independent sources are turn off.

RN=(1+(5//4))=3.22 Ω
Norton theorem cont.
IT
c. Get IN at terminal a-b (short a-b)

IN

4 28 4
I N = IT   =   = 3.86 A
 5  (5 + (4 //1))  5 

d. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit and connect the back portion
removed from the (a) above
Current flowing 3Ω,
3.22
I 3 = ( 3.86 ) = 2 A
(3 + (3.22))
IN=3.86 A RN=3.22Ω 3Ω
Voltage across 3Ω

V3 = I 3 ( 3) = 6V
Norton theorem cont.
• Exercise 5

Get the value of V1/3Ω

½Ω

3V
½Ω

2A ¼Ω 1/3 Ω V1/3Ω
Thevenin and Norton theorem with dependent sources

• To analyze circuits with independent sources, (IN) and (VTH) may be

obtained by using the analysis as before.
• However, the Thevenin and Norton resistance can not be obtained
directly from the network because of dependent sources can not
be turned off as an independent source.
• therefore, to solve the circuit dependent sources, two ways:
1. Determine the value of VTH and IN, so

VTH
RN = RTH =
IN
Thevenin and Norton theorem with dependent sources CONT.

2. Introduce an independent voltage source, VT or

an independent current source, IT at the root a-b. VT and IT value is
any value. However, free resources available on the network must
be turned off prior circuit.

I a a
Off VT Off Vab IT
Circuit b Circuit b

VT Vab
RTH = RN =  RTH = RN = 
I IT
Thevenin and Norton theorem with dependent sources CONT.

• Example 6
Sketch the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminal a-b, next calculate value Iab
Thevenin and Norton theorem with dependent sources CONT.

• Solution.
a) Remove resistance 3 Ω from circuit

-+
b) Get the value VTH

Write equation every loop

Thevenin and Norton theorem with dependent sources CONT.

Solve the equation above to get value I2, next find value VTH

c) Get resistance value of Thevenin equivalent, RTH

RTH can be solve in two way.

i) Get value IN
-+
Thevenin and Norton theorem with dependent sources CONT.

ii) Introduce an independent source.

1. introduce independent voltage source

-+
Thevenin and Norton theorem with dependent sources CONT.

II. introduce independent current source

Thevenin and Norton theorem with dependent sources CONT.

• So, sketch the Thevenin equivalent circuit

VTH=48.2 V