Universal Universal Universal
Declaration of Declaration of Declaration of
UNITED UNITED UNITED
Preamble Human Rights NATIONS NATIONS Human Rights Human Rights NATIONS
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and Whereas it is essential to promote the develop- Now, therefore,
of the equal and inalienable rights of all members ment of friendly relations between nations, The General Assembly
of the human family is the foundation of freedom,
justice and peace in the world, Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in proclaims
the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental
Whereas disregard and contempt for human human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human this Universal Declaration of Human Rights
rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have person and in the equal rights of men and women
outraged the conscience of mankind, and the and have determined to promote social progress and as a common standard of achievement for all
advent of a world in which human beings shall better standards of life in larger freedom, peoples and all nations, to the end that every
enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom individual and every organ of society, keeping
from fear and want has been proclaimed as the Whereas Member States have pledged themselves this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive
highest aspiration of the common people, to achieve, in cooperation with the United Nations, by teaching and education to promote respect
the promotion of universal respect for and obser- for these rights and freedoms and by progressive
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled vance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, measures, national and international, to secure
to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against their universal and effective recognition and
tyranny and oppression, that human rights should Whereas a common understanding of these rights observance, both among the peoples of Member
be protected by the rule of law, and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the States themselves and among the peoples of
full realization of this pledge, territories under their jurisdiction.
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Article All human beings are born free and Article Everyone is entitled to all the rights and
equal in dignity and rights. They are
endowed with reason and conscience
and should act towards one another in a
02 freedoms set forth in this Declaration,
without distinction of any kind, such as
race, colour, sex, language, religion, poli-
spirit of brotherhood. tical or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be
made on the basis of the political, juris-
dictional or international status of the
country or territory to which a person
belongs, whether it be independent,
trust, non-self-governing or under any
other limitation of sovereignty.
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Article Everyone has the right to life, Article No one shall be held in slavery or
03 liberty and security of person.
04 servitude; slavery and the slave trade
shall be prohibited in all their forms.
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Article No one shall be subjected to torture or to Article Everyone has the right to recognition
05 cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
or punishment. 06 everywhere as a person before the law.
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Article All are equal before the law and are Article Everyone has the right to an effective
entitled without any discrimination
to equal protection of the law. All are
entitled to equal protection against
08 remedy by the competent national tribu-
nals for acts violating the fundamental
rights granted him by the constitution
any discrimination in violation of this or by law.
Declaration and against any incitement
to such discrimination.
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Article No one shall be subjected to Article Everyone is entitled in full equality to
arbitrary arrest, d
etention or exile. a fair and public hearing by an indepen-
dent and i mpartial t ribunal, in the deter-
mination of his rights and obligations
and of any criminal charge against him.
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Article (1) Everyone charged with a penal Article No one shall be subjected to arbitrary
offence has the right to be presumed interference with his privacy, family,
innocent until proved guilty according home or correspondence, nor to attacks
to law in a public trial at which he has upon his honour and reputation. Every-
had all the guarantees necessary for his one has the right to the protection of the
defence. law against such interference or attacks.
(2) No one shall be held guilty of any
penal offence on account of any act or
omission which did not constitute a penal
offence, under national or international
law, at the time when it was committed.
Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed
than the one that was applicable at the
time the penal offence was committed.
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Article (1) Everyone has the right to freedom Article (1) Everyone has the right to seek and
of movement and residence within the to enjoy in other countries asylum from
borders of each State. persecution.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any (2) This right may not be invoked in the
country, including his own, and to case of prosecutions genuinely arising
return to his country. from non-political crimes or from acts
contrary to the purposes and principles
of the United Nations.
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Article (1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. Article (1) Men and women of full age, without
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived any limitation due to race, nationality
of his nationality nor denied the right to or religion, have the right to marry and
change his nationality. to found a family. They are entitled to
equal rights as to marriage, during
marriage and at its dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into only
with the free and full consent of the
intending spouses.
(3) The family is the natural and funda-
mental group unit of society and is enti-
tled to protection by society and the State.
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Article (1) Everyone has the right to own Article Everyone has the right to freedom of
property alone as well as in associa-
tion with others. 8 thought, conscience and religion; this
right includes freedom to change his
religion or belief, and freedom, either
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived
of his property. alone or in community with others and
in public or private, to manifest his
religion or belief in teaching, practice,
worship and observance.
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Article Everyone has the right to freedom Article (1) Everyone has the right to freedom
of opinion and expression; this right
includes freedom to hold opinions with-
out interference and to seek, receive and
20 of peaceful assembly and association.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong
to an association.
impart information and ideas through
any media and regardless of frontiers.
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Article (1) Everyone has the right to take part in Article Everyone, as a member of society, has
the government of his country, directly
or through freely chosen representatives. 22 the right to social security and is enti-
tled to realization, through national
effort and international cooperation and
(2) Everyone has the right to equal access
to public service in his country. in accordance with the organization and
resources of each State, of the economic,
(3) The will of the people shall be the social and cultural rights indispensable
basis of the authority of government; for his dignity and the free development
this will shall be expressed in periodic of his personality.
and genuine elections which shall be by
universal and equal suffrage and shall be
held by secret vote or by equivalent free
voting procedures.
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Article (1) Everyone has the right to work, to Article Everyone has the right to rest and
23 free choice of employment, to just and
favourable conditions of work and to
protection against unemployment.
24 leisure, including reasonable limitation
of working hours and periodic holidays
with pay.
(2) Everyone, without any discrimi-
nation, has the right to equal pay for
equal work.
(3) Everyone who works has the right
to just and favourable remuneration
ensuring for himself and his family an
existence worthy of human dignity, and
supplemented, if necessary, by other
means of social protection.
(4) Everyone has the right to form and
to join trade unions for the protection of
his interests.
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Article (1) Everyone has the right to a standard Article (1) Everyone has the right to education.
25 of living adequate for the health and
well-being of himself and of his family,
including food, clothing, housing and
26 Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and funda mental stages.
Elementary education shall be compul-
medical care and necessary social sory. Technical and professional educa-
services, and the right to security in tion shall be made generally available
the event of unemployment, sickness, and higher education shall be equally
disability, widowhood, old age or other accessible to all on the basis of merit.
lack of livelihood in circumstances (2) Education shall be directed to the
beyond his control. full development of the human person-
(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled ality and to the strengthening of respect
to special care and assistance. All chil- for human rights and fundamental free-
dren, whether born in or out of wedlock, doms. It shall promote u nderstanding,
shall enjoy the same social protection. tolerance and friendship among all
nations, racial or religious groups, and
shall f urther the activities of the United
Nations for the maintenance of peace.
(3) Parents have a prior right to choose
the kind of education that shall be given
to their children.
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Article (1) Everyone has the right freely to Article Everyone is entitled to a social and
participate in the cultural life of the
community, to enjoy the arts and to
share in scientific advancement and its
28 international order in which the rights
and freedoms set forth in this Declara-
tion can be fully realized.
benefits.
(2) Everyone has the right to the
protection of the moral and material
interests resulting from any scientific,
literary or artistic production of which
he is the author.
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Article (1) Everyone has duties to the community Article Nothing in this Declaration may be
in which alone the free and full develop-
ment of his personality is possible. 30 interpreted as implying for any State,
group or person any right to engage in
any activity or to perform any act aimed
(2) In the exercise of his rights and free-
doms, everyone shall be subject only to at the destruction of any of the rights
such limitations as are determined by and freedoms set forth herein.
law solely for the purpose of securing
due recognition and respect for the
rights and freedoms of others and of
meeting the just requirements of moral-
ity, public order and the general welfare
in a democratic society.
(3) These rights and freedoms may in no
case be exercised contrary to the purposes
and principles of the United Nations.
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