ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

12(05), 659-666

Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com

Article DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/18768
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/18768

RESEARCH ARTICLE
ROLE OF HOLISTIC EDUCATION PRACTICES TO ENRICH THE INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
IN CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION

Swati Sharma1 and Prof. Rakesh Rai2

1. Research Scholar School of Education, Central University of Gujarat.
2. Professor &SupervisorSchool of Education, Central University of Gujarat.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History Education is the most powerful instrument to enhance and inculcate the
Received: 20 March 2024 BhartiyaKnowledge tradition in the 21st-century generation. This
Final Accepted: 27 April 2024 research article started with a brief introduction to the Knowledge
Published: May 2024 System with special reference to India. The highlights are the
foundation and principles of holistic education,the interrelationship between
Keywords:-
Bhartiya Knowledge Tradition, Holistic Indian knowledge andHolistic Education, and the contemporary
Education, Indian Knowledge System, education system. There is a total absence of moralvalues, ethical
Contemporary Education training, and knowledge of culture and tradition in the young
generation which is also referred to as Generation Z(GenZ). This article
focuses on the role of holistic education in spiritual awakening among
the generations and learning from our ancient literature, art, and culture
which ultimately enhance the panoramic development of human beings.
An emphasis on the balance between traditional wisdom and
contemporary educational approaches is the prerequisite. The focus on
the holistic education practices that contribute to the enrichment of the
Indian Knowledge Tradition showcases an integration of traditional
wisdom and modern teaching methodologies. The role of the Bhartiya
Knowledge Tradition in the Indian education system is a vital source of
rejuvenating the strength of glorious ancient art, culture, and literature
among learners studying at different levels of
education.IndianKnowledgeTradition with the Holistic Education
approach can regain the prestige of Bharat as ―Vishwa Guru‖ all over
the world once again.

Copy Right, IJAR, 2024,. All rights reserved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:-
Indian Knowledge System comprises three words Indian, Knowledge, and System which Indian means Bharat-
Varsha, Bharat is divided by mountain ranges situated between the oceans, which not only signifies the great land of
India but also the morals and the ethics that guide every citizen of it. Knowledge is the epistemological belief,
observation, experience, praxis, and experimentation emanating from the wisdom and insights of our ancestors and
the System is an assemblage and classification to access the corpus of knowledge in the pithiest way.India, with its
ancient civilization and diverse cultural heritage, boasts a rich tapestry of knowledge systems that have evolved over
millennia. Starting from ancient Vedas, Puranas, Vedangas, Dharm-shastra, Nyaya, and Mimamsa to the wide range
of disciplines like philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, geometry, astronomy, and medicine, all are rooted within
the Indian Knowledge system (Mahesh, Aithal & Sharma, 2023; Kapoor, Singh 2016).Indian Knowledge Tradition

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Corresponding Author:- Swati Sharma
Address:- Research Scholar School of Education, Central University of Gujarat.
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 12(05), 659-666

means the experiences and praxis which is to be transferred from one generation to another, the indigenous
knowledge of our ancestors which is peculiar in that we need efforts to understand. The knowledge that Lord
Krishna gave to Arjuna in Mahabharata the renowned Bhagavad Gita was underpinned by Sage Vyas,which is one
of the two main Sanskrit epics in Hinduism and ancient India, the other being Ramayana that is unabridged of moral
values and ethics, an exemplary of emotional and social well-being (Tiwari S., 2023).With the rapid change in the
knowledge system globally and the interference of the West, the 21 st generation is lost in the illusion and
disparagesthe rich culture and heritage of the nation. The annihilation of values and ethics that are the crown of our
glorious past is a matter of concern for us. The National Education Policy (NEP 2020) signifies the importance of
the Indian Knowledge System and overhauls the complete curricula of the education system. Rooted in ancient
wisdom, philosophical insights, and practical knowledge, the IKS contributes to the development of a holistic and
culturally grounded educational framework.

Historical Foundation of Indian Knowledge System

The roots of the Indian Knowledge System lie in the ancient Vedic period. The Chaturdasa- Vidyasthana, 4 Vedas
namely Rigveda-a collection of Vedic Sanskrit Hymns (Knowledge of verses), Samaveda- the Veda of melodies and
chants (Knowledge of chants), Yajurveda – the prose mantras for worship rituals (Knowledge of
worship),Atharvaveda -the Veda of varied knowledge (Knowledge of everyday life) are the soul of our Indian
Knowledge System (Kapoor, Singh 2016). Vedangas (6 limbs of Veda) include Siksha,Vyakarana, Chanda,
Jyotisha, Kalpa, and Nirukta associated with the study and understanding of the Vedas (Ghonge, Bag & Singh,
2020). Itihasa-Ramayana and Mahabharata, the epic story of our almighty God, and Puranas-Vishnupurana and
Bhagavad Gita, the source of knowledge and ultimate reality. Dharmasastra (Manusmṛti, Yajnavalkya-smṛti,
Pararara-smrti, etc.)the Brahmanical collection of rules of life, law, and social order for the fulfillment of
Purusharthas (life goals), Arthashashtra-the way of financial management and economic governance written by
Kautilya 2,400 years ago ( Singh, 2022; Kapoor, Singh 2016 ), Darsana (Six orthodox and heterodox systems) the
collection of the metaphysics (reality& being), epistemology (knowledge & truth), logic (reason & argumentation),
axiology (aesthetics & ethics). Nyaya, Sankhya, Yoga,Vaisheshika, Purva Mimamsa, and Uttar Mimamsa (Vedanta)
are the six orthodox systems and Buddhism, Jainism, Charvaka,and Ajivikas are orthodox systems of Indian
philosophy (Lal & Palod, 2016). This intricate web of wisdom not only shapes the educational landscape of our
country but also passes the values and ethics from one generation to another. Our ancient scholars also encompass a
wealth of knowledge and wisdom.The contributions of ancient scholars like Aryabhata in Mathematics, Bhaskara II
in Astronomy, Charaka the father of Medicine, Sushruta the father of Surgery, Nagarjuna and Kanad in Chemical
Sciences, Varahamihira the eminent astrologer and astronomer, Chanakya an exceptional economist and politician,
Patanjali in Yoga Sutra and Panini in linguistics exemplify the multifaceted nature of the Indian knowledge system
(Mahesh, Aithal & Sharma, 2023; Kapoor, Singh 2016).India was the home of world-class institutions such as
Takshashila, Nalanda, Vikramshila, and Vallabhi, which set the highest standards of multidisciplinary teaching and
research (Yadav, 2023). The sources of learning drawn from various disciplines like Vyakaran (Grammar),
Anviksiki (logic), Nithyashastra, Ayurvedic,Arta (Commerce & trade), Dhanuvidya (Archery), Shilpashastra, Yoga
sadhana, Paravodya,Arthashastra, Sankhya, Philosophy, Dhanrveda (MartialArts and Sciences), Gandharveda,
AgamaShastra, Puranas (Aithal, Mahesh& Sharma,2023).

Indian Knowledge System and Holistic Education

The education system of ancient India was the Gurukul System, where Sishya (learners) lived with their Guru
(teacher)and fostered holistic learning not only academic learning but also morals and values and imbibed in
character-building. It emphasizes the integration of physical, mental, and spiritual aspects, fostering the development
of balanced and harmonious individuals. The instructions by Guru are mostly oral and focused on experiential
learning. Vedas, astronomy, philosophy, yoga, ethics, religion, and physical education were the main subjects taught
in Gurukul whereas the mode of delivering was Sanskrit Language. However, there was no firm syllabus or
curriculum and no exams were mandatory at that time. There was no dissonance between curricular and co-
curricular aspects of education as prevailed in the modern education system.The ultimate goal of education was
man-making, character-building, and spiritual awakening among the learners.The training of sense organs and
control over them is the highest procurement and self-belief, self-awareness, empathy, emotional regulation, and
other interpersonal skills are the attributes to be mastered. The approach to learning was holistic and multi-
disciplinary encouraging broad-based and interconnected knowledge. The education of ancient India was spiritually
and culturally enriched. The foundation of the ancient education system was religion and the ultimate aim of the
same was to seek ―moksha‖ or ―SavidhyayaVimuktaye‖ (Pandya, 2014).

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Table 1:-Transition of Education from the Ancient to the Contemporary Education System:
S.No. Time Period Purpose of Education Characteristics of Subjects/ Curriculum
Education taught
1. Brahmanical All-sided development, Upanayana (admission), Vedas, Vedangas,
System of infusion of Piety and Brahmacharya (celibacy), Upanishads,
Education Religiousness, Formation Gurukul System (living in Dharmashastras, Itihas,
of Character, guru‘s hermitages), Strict Dhanurvidya,
Development of physical, obedience, Sravan, Sarpavidya, Medicine,
mental, moral, and Manana, Niddhyasana, Surgery, Bhutvidya
spiritual powers. Oral examination, (Study of Demons
Sanskrit language, ), logic, economics,
Samavartana (completion maths, astronomy, art,
of studentship), singing, dance, etc.
Gurudakshina

2. Ancient Indian To follow the Eightfold Pabbajja (Commencement Five Vidyas: Shabda
Education path of Gautam: of studentship), Bhikshu Vidya (Grammer),
(Buddhist Right View, Right (abstinence from worldly Shilpasthana Vidya (Art
Education) Aspiration, Right Speech, pleasure), Monistic and craft), Chikitsa
Right Conduct, Right Education, wisdom-study, Vidya (Medicine), Hetu
Livelihood, Right Effort, thought, and meditation, Vidya (Logic)and
Right Mindfulness, Right Upasampada (status of Adhyatma Vidya
Rapture, and Holistic monk), Nalanda, (Philosophy).
Development of Takshashila, Vallabhi,
Individuals. Vikramashila
Universities, Pali, Prakrit,
and Sanskrit are the
instructional languages.
3. Medieval Period Religiousness, Morality, Maktabs (primary Grammar, Rhetoric,
Spread of Islamic education institutes), Logic, Theology,
Doctrines, laws, and reading, writing, Metaphysics, Literature,
social customs, spread of elementary arithmetic, Jurisprudence, and
the light of learning, Madrasas (higher Science, the study of
Preservation, and study of education institutes), Arabic and holy Kuran.
classical texts
4. Colonial Period Cultural and Social Emphasis on Western English language and
Control, Production of knowledge and culture, literature, Mathematics,
clerks and Civil Servants, neglect of Indigenous Technical subjects,
Spread of Western values, Knowledge, Eliticism, Christian Religious
Christian missionary technical and vocational Studies, Western
objectives, separation of training, rote- philosophy, European
vernacular and English memorization, emphasis history and geography
language. on the English language,
and promotion of British
values and culture.
5. Post- Universal Elementary Equalization of education Hindi, English, Science,
Independence Education, Eradication of opportunities, Three- Mathematics,
Illiteracy, Adult language formula, Re- Humanities,
Education, Women's orientation of the content Agriculture,
Education, Vocational and process of education, Commercial, Technical,
and Technical Education, Distance Education, Use Home-science, Cultural
Professional Education, of multi-media and mass courses- music, fine
National Education Policy media, focus on teachers arts, yoga, cultural
1968, 1986, and 1992 and teacher education, heritage, Physical
(POA) for a complete Expansion of higher education, Art and
overhaul of the Indian education institutions and Craft.

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Education System. IITs and

Emphasis on research.
6. Era 21st Century Skill Development, Integration of technologySTEM (Science,
Global Competitiveness, in education (e-learning,Technology,
Innovation and digital tools, Emphasis on
Engineering, and
Entrepreneurship, skill development and Mathematics),
Lifelong Learning, Social vocational training,
Language and
and Environmental Diversity in education Literature, Social
Responsibility, pathways, including
Sciences, Arts and
Technology Integration, online and MOOCs,Humanities, Life Skills
Soft-skill Development Artificial Intelligence, and
and Vocational
and Inclusivity and Simulation. Education, Physical
Diversity. Education,
Environmental
Education, Technology
and Digital Literacy,
Inclusive Education,
Ethics, and Value
Education.
Source: Johri&Pathak, (2015), Development of Education System in India, Agrawal Publications

Holistic education is a foundation to make a human being ready to serve society and develops the inner and
ourselves through physical and intellectual spiritual, moral, and artistic aspects (Mahesh, Aithal & Sharma, 2023).
Our Ancient Education System was solely based on the holistic education approach which not only focussed on
memorization but creative and critical thinking. Beginning from primary to higher education, learnings were always
associated with fostering practical and world-application of knowledge emphasizing principles such as dharma
(duty), karma (action), and the pursuit of knowledge as a means of attaining self-realization. These principles guide
the ethical and moral dimensions of education. The important place of Indian heritage and culture in the curriculum
was very well structured and taught. To rejuvenate the same approach, the contemporary education system needs the
exact structured plan to implement the Indian Knowledge System with an emphasis on holistic education practices at
all the levels of school curriculum.

Holistic Education: Foundation and Principles

The ultimate goal of education is that students/children understand and learn how to live beautifully in a pluralistic,
complex world, with many uncertainties, and through the holistic approach of the curriculum we attempt to provide
support to such expectations (Jeder, 2014). According to Jeder, ―Because the universe is presented as a unit in itself,
as an undivided whole, and education must describe and explain it as a whole and not as dispersed disciplines‖.
Holistic education not only helps to develop the child‘s physical embodiment but also enhances spiritual prosperity
and spiritual development (Roy,2020). The holistic approach to learning focuses on the development of the whole
person. It addresses not only the academic dimension but also social, emotional, physical, mental, spiritual, and
ethical dimensions. It seeks the all-round development of body, mind, and soul.

By education I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in child and man – body, mind, and spirit- M. K. Gandhi.

Holistic Education prioritizes the emotional and mental well-being of the students. It connects the students to
spirituality and promotes mindfulness and well-being. Students gain an understanding and appreciation for diverse
cultures, histories, and the importance of moral and ethical values. Collaboration, effective communication, and
interpersonal skills are integral to holistic development. It recognizes that individuals have varied strengths,
including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and
naturalistic intelligence. A life-long learning approach is fostered by holistic education. A main element of holistic
education is its focus on the interconnectedness of knowledge and reality.The difference between varied knowledge
as Para Vidya (Spiritual Knowledge) and Apara Vidya (Practical Knowledge), Vidya (true apprehension of reality),
and Avidya(false apprehension of reality) (Mundakopanisad, 1.1.4), jñāna (Knowledge in the Bhagavad Gita)can be
experienced by three practices:sravana (hearing), manana (thinking) and nididhyasana (meditation) which are the
integrands of Holistic Education Practicessuch as active engagement, critical thinking and self-contemplation. The
prevalent education is concentrated on career-making and absorbed in making an individual ready for jobs and

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industry. Consequently,loaded with stress and obsession with work-life with little focus on physical health, mental
health, and spiritual aspects of human beings. The right kind of Knowledge is essential to differentiate the material
world and the spiritual world and to make a balance between them. With Holistic Educationa bridge between the
two can be formed in which human life can be balanced. Holistic Education approaches those educational
experiences that foster a less materialistic and a more spiritual worldview along with more dynamic and holistic
views of reality (Mahmoudi, Jafari., Nasrabadi,&Liaghatdar, 2012).

The Contemporary Education System

The present education system excels at imparting academic knowledge, but it often falls short in preparing students
for the real world (Moin, 2023).India is indubitably excelling in scientific innovation, novel technology, and
economic sectors but still lagging behind true education for quintessential living which lies in our glorious and rich
culture. Value education is not offered in the educational institutions. If offered, religion and hatred are spread in the
name of value education. Changes in political and other external factors have transformed Indian education into
Macaulay‘s education, which focuses more on qualification and work placement and failsto provide a pathway to
entrepreneurship, social opportunities, and scaling up life skills (Mahesh, Aithal, Sharma, 2023).At present, the
Indian education system is criticized by many due to many reasons such as its rote learning methods, outdated
curriculum, etc. India is ranked 35th in the global education rankings of 2020 (Kalyani,2020). The indigenous
system of education received a severe setback as the British system created a new class that served the British rulers
(Choudhary, 2008). With the advent of colonial rule, India not only lost its charm but also declined its cultural,
moral, and ethical values. This decline is not desisting even today. Generation Z, born after 1995, is still to come
into the workforce but tends to be digital natives (Cilliers,2017).Students of Generation Z (GenZ) are authentic
digital natives who are a hyper-cognitive generation with different student profiles than before(Menendez, Escobar&
Menendez, 2020).The ultimate aim of education is job-making despite character-building and man-making. The
education system designed today is for industrialization and Artificial-intelligence which has proved to be dangerous
to society. The GenZ is in the trap of AI that wants to imitate human intelligence. Ravi S. Chaudhary (2023)in his
book ―Rishi Intelligence‖ said that Rishis are a representation of the epitome of natural intelligence. To become
relevant in the age of AI, it is recommended to learn about the ancient wisdom of the Rishis.

Holistic Education Practices:An Integration with Indian Knowledge System

Holistic Education implies the integration of all the domains- cognitive, affective, and psychomotor of the
individual. The aim of Education should not merely be the intellectual development of the child but also
psychological, social, and emotional well-being.It should inculcate the basic values, morals, and ethics for character
and personality development.Our ancient knowledge system has the amalgamation of practical knowledge
(language, mathematics, vocational education) and practical activities (exercise, discipline, celibacy, yoga) and
spiritual knowledge (Vedas, literature, religion, philosophy) and spiritual activities (yama, niyama, asanas,
pranayama, pratyahara, dharna, dhyana, and Samadhi)for the all-round development of mind, body, and
soul.Students in the contemporary education system face anxiety, fear of syllabus, overloaded with curriculum,
examination stress, parental pressures, teachers' expectations,and other psychological problems that make them feel
burnout and non-resilient.The Indian Knowledge System guides modern education systems educational practices
and processes to lead out the best in children and nurture every aspect of them. Ayurveda helps in nurturing the
body, Yoga purifies the conscious and subconscious mind,Dharmshastrateaches about the rules of life and the way
of living, and Itihas such as Ramayana and Mahabharata build their personality strong and make emotionally stable
individuals. Characters such as Rama, Hanuman, Lakshmana, and Sita of Ramayana are powerful examples of
discipline, self-confidence, unwavering dedication, ethics, and moral values to be inculcated in GenZ. Personalities
like Krishna, Arjuna, Bhima, Karna, and Draupadi exemplify and promote character-building, empathy, and
compassion and generate the strength of emotional resilience among young learners. The Bhagavad Gita offers
profound teachings on socio-emotional skills. Self-awareness, empathy, emotional regulation, and interpersonal
skills are developed and they guide individuals on their path to personal growth and harmonious relationships
(Tiwari, 2023).

Table 2:- Holistic Education: Integration of traditional wisdom and modern teaching methodologies:
S.No. Dimensions of Courses in Indian Importance in the Application in
Holistic Knowledge System Education System Contemporary
Development Education
1. Traditional Vedic corpus, The Itihasas, Knowledge of ancient Study of ancient
Knowledge Puranas, and other streams. scriptures, religions, and history with real-

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culture. time experiences

including ICT tools
and visiting places
of historical
importance.
2. Cultural Ancient art, literature, Intellectual development, Field trips,
Knowledge religions, cultures, Indian all-round development of exhibitions, co-
Music, painting and personality and foster curricular activities,
musical instruments creativity, knowledge of art and craft
Gandharva-Veda, Indian languages, competitions,
Natyashastra etc customs, and mores. exhibitions,themes-
based cultural
programs,and
classical music.
3. Intellectual Indian language Science, Boost Mental, Vedic Math,
development Indian Mathematics, Valid intellectual, reasoning, geometry, group
means of Knowledge, critical thinking, and projects,
Indian astronomy- basic artistic aspects. assignments,
and advanced, Athartha- models, and science
Shastra and math Olympiad
4. Emotional well- Yoga, meditation, Vedic Stress management, self- Yoga and
being literature, Itihasa awareness, resilience, meditation classes,
boost confidence. gymnastics,
debates, seminars,
conferences.
5. Physical Health Yoga, Ayurveda, Physical and mental well- Sports, martial arts,
Meditation, Ritucharya, being, knowledge of the dance,food habits,
Pancha-Mahabhuta and human body and self. field trips.
Sapta-dhatu etc.
6. Spiritual Growth 4 Vedas- Rigveda, Spiritual knowledge, Morning
Samaveda, Yajurveda and worship, Mantras, assemblies,
Atharvaveda, Indian Knowledge of different Chanting of
Philosophies- Shankhya, branches of Indian Mantras,
Vedanta, Yoga, Buddhism, philosophies- Philosophy
Jainism etc metaphysics, classes,visits to
epistemology, logic, and religious places.
axiology.
7. Ethics and Moral Dharmasashtra and Puranas Knowledge of Indian Story-telling, case
Values Ethics, Morals, values, studies, book clubs,
and character moral stories, value
development. education,
community clubs,
coordinated
activities,
Sharing,and habit
formation.
8. Vocation and life- 64 art skills that Guru Skills for vocation for Vocational
skills Saandheepani, the Guru of life-long earning and to education and
Lord Krishna and Balarama serve society. activities according
taught them. to the interest of the
learner.
9. Environmental Ayurveda, Jyotisha, Harmony with nature and Experiential
Consciousness Ecology, Bhugol Shastra environmental awareness learning, excursion
(Geography), Yajurveda, include a sense of and field trips,
Vrikshayurveda (Science of responsibility towards integrated

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Plants) nature and the curriculum,

environment. technology
intervention,
community
engagement, etc.
Source: Author Own

Conclusion:-
Telling the stories of our pioneering experiences in one field after another is not enough in our search for
‗Vishwaguru‘. Our civilization is not inherently excellent just because it is ancient. Fundamental ideas, strong
frameworks, forward-thinking methods of knowing, and the caliber of our institutions should be the foundation of
true greatness. It is time to stop complaining about the three months that the books at Nalanda were burned and start
working to conserve the one crore manuscripts that are still there—not just as historical artifacts but as alive,
breathing topics (Chaudhary, 2023). According to NEP 2020, ‗A holistic and multidisciplinary education would aim
to develop all capacities of human beings -intellectual, aesthetic, social, physical, emotional, and moral in an
integrated manner (Roy, 2022). The Indian Knowledge System curriculum framework was started by the
government at all educational levels. Through this initiative, the children's holistic development can be achieved in
addition to the preservation of the cultural legacy.The objectives of revitalizing the Indian Knowledge System can
be achieved by the integration of contemporary teaching methodologies with holistic education practices. Now is the
time for significant opportunities, but it is also the duty of all those involved in the systematized education system to
convert this responsibility into possibilities. Our children's brains and souls need to be kept rich in Indian culture,
legacy, and civilization because of the powerful influence of Western culture at all levels, which leads to a colonized
mindset that needs to be subdued. India has a long history of integrating studies from many fields in its literature and
at universities like Takshashila and Nalanda, which promote holistic and multidisciplinary learning (Roy, 2022).In
terms of global knowledge levels, India is a leader. Swami Vivekananda (1970) asserted that education is the
expression of perfection already present in man, and as such, humans can access all knowledge and wisdom within
themselves which leads to fostering mental, moral, and spiritual powers. This includes the ability to assimilate all
knowledge that we inherit from our great ancestors.

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