ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Lecture -2
01-09-2022
Prof. Ramesha C K

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

1. How Semiconductors are different from Metals and Insulators?
2. What is the cut-in voltage of Si and Ge diode?
3. How do we analyse the circuit containing Active Devices?

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Major Milestones in Semiconductor devices
and Integrated Circuits
1947: First Bipolar Transistor (Bardeen & Brattain)
1958: Invention of Integrated Circuits (Kilby & Noyce)
1960: First MOSFET (Kahng and Atalla)
1962: First LED and Semiconductor Laser (Hall, Holonyak)
1963: Invention of CMOS (Wanlass and Sah)
1968: Invention of DRAM (Dennard)
1971: First Microprocessor (Intel) 11 UIUC ECE B.S. ’53 ECE Professor: 1962-1988

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Kilby & Noyce: Integrated Circuit, 1958

Jack Kilby
Robert Noyce

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

First Practical LED: 1962

Nick Holonyak

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Evolution of LED

https://compoundsemiconductor.net/article/97966/LEDs_Two
_decades_of_glorious_growth/feature https://edisontechcenter.org/LED.html
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Comparison of different technology

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Evolution of LED

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Evolution of LED

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Motivation

Why is this course important?

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Semiconductor devices are everywhere

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Applications of LED

LED Traffic Signals LED Backlit TV Architectural Lighting

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

High Efficiency Solar Cells

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Course Purpose and Objectives

▪ Introduce key concepts in

semiconductor materials
▪ Provide a basic understanding
of p-n junctions
▪ Provide a basic understanding
of light-emitting diodes and
photodetectors
▪ Provide a basic understanding
of field effect transistors
▪ Provide a basic understanding
of bipolar junction transistors

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Important Material systems

Elemental Semiconductors
Silicon
Germanium

Binary Semiconductors
Column IV Columns II & VI
SiGe ZnS, ZnSe, ZnO
SiC CdS, CdSe, CdTe
Columns III & V
InP , InAs , GaAs , GaN

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Bandgap and lattice constants of common
Semiconductors

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Basic Equations for Semiconductor Device
Operation

The basic equations can be classified in four groups:

–Maxwell’s Equations: we will use mainly electrostatics (Poisson’s
equation). Magnetostatics used in certain measurements
–Current-Density Equations: we will use the drift-diffusion
approximation
–Continuity Equations (conservation law)
–Quantum Mechanics: we will refer to quantum mechanical principles
but will not apply directly quantum models

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Basic Equations for Semiconductor Device
Operation

The basic equations can be classified in four groups:

–Maxwell’s Equations: we will use mainly electrostatics (Poisson’s
equation). Magnetostatics used in certain measurements
–Current-Density Equations: we will use the drift-diffusion
approximation
–Continuity Equations (conservation law)
–Quantum Mechanics: we will refer to quantum mechanical principles
but will not apply directly quantum models

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Type of Crystals 1: Crystalline

Ki-Bum Kim, Seoul National University (2008)

HRTEM image of a silicon (Si) [110]

crystallographic zone axis.

In the CRYSTALLINE state the atoms are ordered into a well-defined

lattice that extends over very long distances
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Type of Crystals 2: Amorphous

Rajathi and Berchmans, www.nature.com/scientificreports (2019)

Glassy Palladium

In the AMORPHOUS state there is little or no evidence for long-range crystalline order

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Type of Crystals 3: Polycrystalline

Tomsk Polytechnic University (2017)

Polycrystalline
diamond film

POLYCRYSTALLINE materials consist of small crystallites that are

embedded in AMORPHOUS regions of material
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Crystal Lattice

• Lattice: Periodic arrangement of a substance or “basis”

– Atom, atomic pair, group of atoms, molecule, etc.
• Unit Cell: Contains a region which is representative of the lattice
which can be regularly repeated to recreate the entire lattice
• Primitive Cell: The smallest unit cell that can be repeated in integral
steps to produce the lattice
– Contains a single lattice point
– The Primitive Cell is a special form of the Unit Cell
• Primitive Vectors: a, b, c
– (1 dimension) r=pa
– (2 dimension) r = p a +q b
– (3 dimension) r = p a +q b + r c
• Basis Vectors: Similar to primitive vectors, but used to replicate the
lattice through the translation of a unit cell

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Simple Lattices and Unit Cells
Unit Cell

Basis Vectors

Primitive
Cell

Primitive
Vectors

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Simple Lattices and Unit Cells
Unit Cell Another possible unit cell
Q: How many atoms are inside it?

Basis Vectors

1 at center + 1/3 at 6 vertices = 3

Primitive
Cell

Primitive
Vectors

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Simple Lattices and Unit Cells
Unit Cell 3) The inner hexagon is the
“Wigner-Seitz” primitive cell

Basis Vectors

Primitive
Cell

Primitive
Vectors

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Simple Lattices and Unit Cells
3) The new primitive cell will cover
Unit Cell the whole crystal by replication

Basis Vectors

Primitive
Cell

Primitive
Vectors

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Cubic unit cell

https://www.ibiblio.org/e-notes/Cryst/Cryst.htm

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Body-Centered Cubic Crystal Structure

unit cell

primitive cell

29
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Faced-Centered Cubic Crystal Structures

unit cell

primitive cell

20
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
FCC structure

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Miller indices

• For any direction one could define many different

equivalent planes.
• For instance, consider the different equivalent
crystal planes in a cubic lattice.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Miller indices

We can classify crystal planes through the use of

Miller Indices.
1. Start with any arbitrary point in the crystal lattice.
2. Take the three primitive lattice vectors as axes.
3. Next we locate the intercepts of the desired plane with
these coordinate axes.
4. Finally, we take the reciprocal of the intercepts and
multiply each of these by the smallest factor required to
convert them all to integers.
– Indices which have no intercept have a Miller Index of
zero.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Miller indices

AXIS INTERCEPT RECIPROCAL

a1 3 1/3

a2 2 1/2

a3 2 1/2

TO CONVERT THE RECIPROCALS TO INTEGERS WE NEED TO MULTIPLY BY

A FACTOR OF SIX THIS YIELDS MILLER INDICES (233)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Thank You

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus