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MICROBIAL
PHYSIOLOGY:
GROWTH, NUTRITION
AND METABOLISM
RENZ AMADOR I. BAGAS, RMT
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
RTRMF – TACLOBAN CITY
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY
❑ Physiology – study of vital processes and
its functions that happens in an organism
e.g. respiration, growth, differentiation
❑ Microbial Physiology – concerns the
vital life processes in microorganisms
➢ Nutritional requirements
➢ Growth Pattern
➢ Cellular Transport
➢ Metabolic reaction
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MICROBIAL
PHYSIOLOGY
NUTRITION AND
GROWTH
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT
❑ 3 Major Nutritional needs:
1. Source of Carbon (cellular constitute)
2. Source of Nitrogen (protein production)
3. Source of Energy (ATP generation)
❑ Oxygen, Phosphate and Sulfur are also
considered as essential requirement
❑ Important mineral ions: Na+, K+, Cl-,
Mg2+,Ca2+, Iron and Iodine
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ENERGY AND CARBON SOURCES
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CELLULAR TRANSPORT
➢ allows the microorganisms to pick up energy from
the external environment
➢ removal and excretion of toxic materials outside the
cell
➢ Classified into:
1. Passive Transport
• Simple Diffusion
• Facilitated Diffusion
2. Active Transport
• Simple Transport
• Group Translocation
• ABC System
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CELLULAR TRANSPORT
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
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CELLULAR TRANSPORT
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
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CELLULAR TRANSPORT
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
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EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
GROWTH: TEMPERATURE
❑ TEMPERATURE ( 3 cardinal temperature)
EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
GROWTH: TEMPERATURE
❑
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EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
GROWTH: TEMPERATURE
EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
GROWTH: TEMPERATURE
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EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
GROWTH: pH
❑ pH
EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
GROWTH: O2 REQUIREMENTS
❑ OXYGEN REQUIREMENT e. Aerotolereant
a. Obligate Aerobe anaerobes
➢ can survive in the
➢ strictly require O2 for growth
presence of O2 but do
b. Obligate Anaerobe not use O2 in metabolism
➢ cannot grow in the presence of ➢ e.g. Clostridium spp.
O2
c. Facultative Aerobe
➢ can grow with or without O2
d. Microaerophile
➢ growth at reduced level of O2
➢ e.g. Camphylobacter spp. (5-6%
O2)
▪ Capnophilic
➢ requires 5-10% extra CO2
➢ H. influenzae
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EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
GROWTH: O2 REQUIREMENTS
EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
GROWTH: O2 REQUIREMENTS
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EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
GROWTH: OSMOTIC PRESSURE
❑ Osmosis – movement of water/solvent from an area of
low concentration to an area of high concentration.
❑ Most microbes exist under hypotonic or isotonic
solution.
❑ Osmotolerant are organisms
that are resistant to salt though
they do not normally reside in
high-salt environment.
❑ Halophiles require high
salt concentration for
growth.
❑ Osmophiles (High CHO conc)
❑ Xerophiles (very dry environment
EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
GROWTH: MISCELLANEOUS
❑ PHYSICAL PRESSURE
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STUDY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
❑ Thebasis of bacterial population growth is
Binary fission or transverse fission.
STUDY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
❑ Rate of Population Growth
➢ new fission generation cycle increased by 2
e.g. 1 < 2 < 4 < 8 < 16 ………
▪ Generation Time - is the time required for
a complete fission cycle to form daughter cells
➢ Average generation Time: 30-60 minutes
➢ Minimum: 5-10 mins ; Maximum: more than 24 hrs
➢ Salmonella enteritidis & Staphylococcus aureus can
generate within 20-30 miuntes
“ A single Escherichia coli cell can outnumber the whole
human population in just 24 hours of incubation.”
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STUDY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
Above
0-5 hours 5-15 hrs. 15-30 hrs. 30 hrs.
STAGES IN INORMAL GROWTH CURVE
STUDY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
STAGES IN INORMAL GROWTH CURVE
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STUDY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
STAGES IN INORMAL GROWTH CURVE
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REVIEW ON THE CONCEPT OF
METABOLISM
❑ METABOLISM – is the sum of all the total biochemical
reactions that take place in a living organism.
❑ Metabolic reactions fall into two subtype:
https://difference.guru/difference-between-anabolism-and-catabolism/
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REVIEW ON THE CONCEPT OF
METABOLISM
❑ METABOLIC PATHWAYS
➢ is a series of consecutive biochemical reactions
used to convert a starting material into an end
product.
▪ Linear Metabolic Pathway
▪ Cyclic Metabolic Pathways
A B
D C
MICROBIAL METABOLISM
❑ Importance of Learning the Process:
1. It gives us better understanding on the
interactions of microbes to humans.
2. Gives us basis on diagnosis in performing tests
and strategies for microbial identification
❑ Components of Microbial Metabolism:
1. Fueling Pathways CATABOLISM
2. Biosynthesis
3. Polymerization ANABOLISM
4. Assembly
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Fueling Pathways Biosynthesis Polymerization Assembly
MICROBIAL METABOLISM
❑ FUELING PATHWAYS
A. Acquisition of Nutrients
➢ Water, oxygen and CO2 enters the cell thru simple
diffusion
➢ Active transport is the most common method for
the uptake of amino acid, sugars, organic and
inorganic compunds.
B. Production of Precursor Metabolites
➢ main goal: pyruvate production
➢ governed by 3 Central Pathways: Embden-
Myerhof-Parnas Pathway, Pentose Phosphate
Pathway, Entner-Doudoroff Pathway.
➢ EMP and PPP: eukaryotes and prokaryotes
➢ EDP: replaced EMP in certain prokaryotes
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MICROBIAL METABOLISM
MICROBIAL METABOLISM
EMBDEN-MYERHOF-PARNAS
PATHWAY
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MICROBIAL METABOLISM
MICROBIAL METABOLISM
ENTNER-
DUODOROFF
PATHWAY
PENTOSE
PHOSPHATE
PATHWAY
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MICROBIAL METABOLISM
C. Energy Production
➢ production of ATP that is required in all cellular process
RESPIRATION VS FERMENTATION
❑ Respiration (oxidation) – is an efficient energy-
generating process in which molecular oxygen is the
final electron acceptor
➢ Obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes carry out this
process
❑ Fermentation – a microbially mediated degradative and
e-yielding process whereby organic molecules serve as
both electron donors and acceptors.
➢ anaerobic process carried out by both obligate and
facultative anaerobe
MICROBIAL METABOLISM
ANAEROBIC UTILIZATION OF PYRUVATE
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MICROBIAL METABOLISM
❑ AEROBIC UTILIZATION OF PYRUVATE
(OXIDATION)
▪ Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ( TCA Cycle); Krebs Cycle
➢ the most important pathway
for the complete oxidation of
pyruvate
MICROBIAL METABOLISM
❑ OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
➢ involves an electron chain transport system that
conducts a series of electron transfers from reduced
carriers such as NADH2 and NADPH2, produced in
TCA cycle, to the terminal electron acceptor.
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Comparison of ATP Yield
Respiration vs Fermentation
MICROBIAL METABOLISM
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MICROBIAL METABOLISM
❑ BIOSYNTHESIS
➢ this is a process by which precursor products are
converted building blocks for macromolecular synthesis
MICROBIAL METABOLISM
❑ BIOSYNTHESIS
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MICROBIAL METABOLISM
❑ POLYMERIZATION – formation of macromolecules
MICROBIAL METABOLISM
❑ ASSEMBLY – formation of cellular membrane,
cell wall and external structures from
macromolecules
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/2-The-macromolecules-in-the-bacterial-cell-
and-their-subunits-location-and-average_tbl1_241841394
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