REAL NUMBERS

ASSOCIATIVE
o a + b is a real nwnber, when >00 add 2 real nwnbers the result is also a real nwnber. o (a + b) + e = a + (b + c); you can group numbers in any arrangement
EXAMPLE: 3 and 5 are both real numbers, 3 + 5 = 8 and the sum, when adding and get the same answer.
8, is also a real number. EXAMPLE: (2 + 5) + 9 = 7 + 9= 16 and 2 + (5 + 9) = 2 + 14 = 16 so
o a - b is a real number; when you subtract 2 real numbers the result is (2 + 5) + 9 = 2 + (5 + 9).
also a real number. o (ab)e = a(be); you can group numbers in any arrangement when
EXAMPLE: 4 and II are· both real numbers, 4 - II = -7, and the multiplying and get the same answer.
difference, -7, is also a real number. EXAMPLE: (4x5)8=(20)8=160 and4(5x8)=4(40)= I60 so (4x5)8 = 4(5x8).
o (a)(b) is a real number; when you multiply 2 real numbers the result is o The associative property does not work for subtraction or division.
also a real number. EXAMPLES: (10 - 4) - 2= 6 - 2 = 4, but 10 - (4 - 2) = 10 - 2 = 8 for
EXAMPLE: 10 and -3 are both real numbers, (10)(-3) = -30, and the division (1 2/6)/2 = (2)/2 = I, but 121(6/2) = 12/3=4. Notice that these
product, -30, is also a real number. answers are not the same.
o a I b is a real number when b .. 0; when you divide 2 real numbers the
result is also a real number unless the denominator (divisor) is zero.
EXAMPLE: -20 and 5 are both real numbers, -20/5 = - 4, and the _I. ',1.
quotient, - 4, is also a real number.

Know It NO~;~ It Always'. COMMUTATIVE

o

o
REFLEXIVE : a = a; both sides of the equation are identical.
EXAMPLE: 5 + k = 5 + k.
SYMMETRIC : If a = b then b = a. This property allows you to
exchange the two sides of an equation.
o a + b = b + a; you can add numbers in either order and get the same answer. EXAMPLE: 4a - 7 = 9 - 7a+15 becomes 9 - 7a + 15 = 4a - 7.
EXAMPLE: 9 + 15 = 24 and 15 + 9 = 24 so 9 + 15 = 15 + 9. o TRANSITIVE: If a = band b = e then a = e. This property allows you
o (a)(b) = (b)(a); you can multiply numbers in either order and get the to connect statements which are each equal to the same common statement.
same answer. EXAMPLE: 5a - 6 = 9k and 9k = a + 2 then you can eliminate the common
EXAMPLE: (4)(26) = 104 and (26)(4) = 104 so (4)(26) = (26)(4). term 9k and connect the following into one equation: 5a - 6 = a + 2.
• geometric formulas • operations of real o a - b .. b - a; you cannot subtract in any order and get the same answer. o ADDITION PROPERTY OF EQUALITY: If a = b then a + c = b + e.
• properties of real numbers EXAMPLE: 8 - 2 = 6, but 2 - 8 = -6. There is no commutative This property allows you to add any number or algebraic term to any
property for subtraction. equation as long as you add it to both sides to keep the equation true.
numbers • fractions o alb .. b/a; you cannot divide in any order and get the same answer. EXAMPLE: 5 = 5 and if you add 3 to one side and not the other the
• operations of integers • mixed numbers EXAMPLE : 8/2 = 4 , but 2/8 = .25 so there is no commutative equation becomes 8 = 5 which is false, but if you add 3 to both sides you
property for division. get a true equation 8 = 8. Also, 5a + 4 = 14 becomes 5a + 4 + (-4) = 14
-addition • ratio +(-4) if you add -4 to both sides. This results in the equation 5a = 10.
-double negative • proportion o MULTIPLICATION PROPERTY OF EQUALITY: If a = b then ac
-subtraction • algebra = be when e .. O. This property allows you to multiply both sides of an
equation by any nonzero value.
-multiplication and division • and much more ... o a + (-a) = 0; a number plus its additive inverse (the number with the EXAMPLE: If 4a = -24, then (4a)(.25)=(-24)(.25) and then a = -6.
opposite sign) will always equal zero. Notice that both sides of the = were multiplied by .25.
EXAMPLE: 5 + (-5) = 0 and (-5) + 5 = O.
The exception is zero because 0 + 0 = 0 already.
a (1/a) = I ; a number times its multiplicative inverse or reciprocal (the
PERIMETER: The perimeter, P, of a two-dimensional shape is the sum of
o
number written as a fraction and flipped) will always equal one. OPERATIONS OF INTEGERS
all side lengths. EXAMPLE: 5(1 /5) = I. The exceptIOn is zero because zero cannot be
AREA: The area, A, of a two·dimensional shape is the number of square
units that can be put in the re~ion enclosed by the sides. NOTE: Area is multiplied by any number and result in a product of one.
obtained through some combination of multiplying heights and bases ,
ABSOLUTE VALUE
which always form 90° angles with each other, except in circles.
VOLUME: The volume, V of a three·dimensional shape is the number o Definition: 1x 1= x i(x > 0 or x = 0 and 1x 1= -x if x < 0; that is, the
cubic units that can be put in the region enclosed by all the sides. absolute value ofa number is always the positive value of that number.

em
Square Area: A = hb Rectangular Prism Volwne ~ o a(b + c) = ab + ac or alb - c) = ab - ac; each term in the parentheses EXAMPLES: 161 = 6 and 1-61= 6, the answer is a positive 6 in both cases.
.If h=8 then b=8 also, V=lwh; Ifl=12 h w must be multiplied by the term in front of the parentheses .
as all sides are equal w=3, h=4 then: I EXAMPLE: 4(5 + 7) = 4(5) + 4(7) = 20 + 28 = 48.
in a square, then: V=(12)(3)(4). V= I44 cubic units This is a simple example and the distributive property is not required
A=64 square units in order to find the answer. When the problem involves a variable ''I'] •

Cube Volume, V=e l however, the distributive property is a necessity.

Rectangle Area Each edge length, e, EXAMPLE: 4(5a + 7) = 4(5a) + 4(7) = 20a + 28. o If the signs of the numbers are the same, ADD. The answer has the
Ifh=4 and b= 12 is equal to the other e same sign as the numbers.
edges in a cube.

W
then: A = (4)(12) EXAMPLES: (-4) + (-9) = -13 and 5 + II = 16.
If e=8 then: V=(8)(8)(8), e
A=48 square units V=512 cubic units e IDENTITIES o If the signs of the numbers are different, SUBTRACT. The answer
has the sign of the larger number (ignoring the signs or taking the
TriangleArea:A= I/2 b~ Cylinder Volume , V=rrr 2h o a + 0 = a; zero is the identity for addition because adding zero does not absolute value of the numbers to determine the larger number).
lfh=8 and b=12 then: .•
If radius, r=9, h=8 then: h change the original number. EXAMPLES: (-4)+(9) =5 and (4)+(-9) = -5.
A= 112 (8)(12) :
V=rr(9)2(8), V=3. 14(81 )(8), EXAMPLE: 9 + 0 = 9 and 0 + 9 = 9.
A=48 square units b
V=2034.72 cubic units • o a (I) = a; one is the identity for multiplication because multiplying by
one does not change the onginal number.
Cone Volume, V= I /3~h EXAMPLE: 23 (I) = 23 and (Il 23 = 23. DOUBLE NEGATIVE
Parallelogram Area: A=hb;
Ifh=6 and b=9
then: A=(6)(9) . ;16
h
b
/
If r=6 and h=8 then:
V= I/3rr(6)2(8),
V= 1/3(3.14)(36)(8)
Identities for subtraction and division become a problem. It is true that
45 - 0 =45, but 0 - 45 = -45 not 45. This is also the case for division
because 411 = 4 , but 1/4 = .25 so the identities do not hold when the
o -(-a) = a that is, the sign in front of the parentheses changes the sign
of the contents of the parentheses.
A=54 square umts V=30 1.44 cubic units numbers are reversed. EXAMPLES: -(-3) = +3 or -(3) = -3; also, -(5a - 6) = -5a + 6.
OPERATIONS OF INTEGERS CONTINUED: OPERATIONS OF REAL NUMBERS 11" i' 'PY'1t i (.1' j;! 1 it M"]C" it i j;! Y' jilt
1]

The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic states that every

SUBTRACTION composite number can be expJ\!ssed as a unique product of prime
VOCABULARY numbers. EXAMPLES: 15 = (3)(5) where 15 is composite and both 3
• Change subtraction to addition ofthe opposite number; a - b = a + (-b); and 5 are prime;72 = (2)(2)(2)(3)(3) where 72 is ·composite and both 2
• TOTAL or SUM is the answer to an addition problem. The numbers
that is, change the subtraction sign to addition and also change the sign and 3 are prime. notice that 72 also equals (8)(9) but this docs not
which are added are called addends. EXAMPLE: In 5 + 9 = 14 , the 5
of the number directly behind the subtraction sign to the opposite of demonstrate the theorem because neither 8 nor 9 are prime numbers.
and 9 are addends and the 14 is the total or sum.
what it is. Then follow the addition rules above.
• DIFFERENCE is the answer to a subtraction problem. The number
EXAMPLES: (8) - (12) = (8) + (-12) = - 4 and (-8) - (12) = (-8) + that is subtracted is called the subtrahend. The number from which the
(-12) = -20 and (-8) - (-12) = (-8) + (12) = 4. Notice the sign of the subtrahend is subtracted is called the minuend. EXAMPLE: In 25 - 8
number in front of the subtraction sign never changes. = 17 , the 25 is the minuend, the 8 is the subtrahend, and the 17 is the
difference. • Rule: Always divide by a whole number.
• PRODUCT is the answer to a multiplication problem. The numbers • If the divisor is a whole number simply divide and bring the decimal
••• that are multiplied are each called a factor. EXAMPLE: In 15 x 6 =
90, the 15 and the 6 are factors and the 90 is the product.
point up into the quotient (answer).
.04
Multiply or divide, then follow these rules to determine the sign of the • QUOTIENT is the answer to a division problem. The number which is EXAMPLE: 4).16
answer. being divided is called the dividend. The number that you are dividing
• If the numbers have the same signs the answer is POSITIVE. by is called the divisor. If there is a number remaining after the division • If the divisor is a decimal number, move the decimal point behind the
• If the numbers have different signs the answer is NEGATIVE. last digit and move the decimal point in the dividend the same
process has been completed, that number is called the remainder.
number of places. Divide and bring the decimal point up into the
• It makes no difference which number is larger when you are trying to EXAMPLE: In 45 .;- 5 = 9 , which may also be written as 5)43" or 4515,
quotient (answer). 70.
determine the sign of the answer. the 45 is the dividend, the 5 is the divisor and the 9 is the quotient.
EXAMPLES: (-2)(-5) = 10 and (-7)(3) = -21 and (-2)(9) = -18. • An EXPONENT indicates the number of times the base is multiplied EXAMPLE: .05) 3.501
-......; '--'"
by itself; that is, used as a factor. EXAMPLE: In 53 the 5 is the base • This process works because both the divisor and the dividend are
and the 3 is the exponent or power and 53 = (5)(5)(5) = 125, notice that actually multiplied by a power often, that is 10, 100, 1000, or 10000
the base, 5, was multiplied by itself 3 times. to move the decimal point. 12 x lQQ = :l2J2 = 70
• PRIME NUMBERS are natural numbers greater than I that have exactly EXAMPLE: .05 x 100 5
two factors, itself and one. EXAMPLES: 7 is prime because the only two
natural numbers that multiply to equal 7 are 7 and 1; 13 is prime because
the only two natural numbers that multiply to equal 13 are 13 and I.
DECIMAL NUMBERS
• COMPOSITE NUMBERS are natural numbers that have more than I

• NATURAL or Counting NUMBERS: two factors. EXAMPLES: 15 is a composite number because 1, 3, 5, • The PLACE VALUE of each digit in a base ten number is
{I, 2, 3, 4,5, ... , 11, 12, ... } and 15 all multiply in some combination to equal 15; 9 is composite determined by its position with respect to the decimal point. Each
• WHOLE NUMBERS: {O, 1,2,3,..., 10, 11, 12, 13, ... } because 1, 3, and 9 all multiply in some combination to equal 9. position represents multiplication by a power often. EXAMPLE: In
• INTEGERS: {... , -4, -3 , -2, -1 , 0,1 , 2, 3,4, ... } • The GREATEST COMMON FACTOR (GCF) or greatest common 324, the 3 means 300 because it is 3 times I ()2 (102 = 100). The 2
• RATIONAL NUMBERS: {p/q I p and q are integers, q.. O}; the sets divisor (GCD) of a set of numbers is the largest natural number that is means 20 because it is 2 times 10 1 (10 I = 10), and the 4 means 4
of Natural numbers, Whole numbers, and Integers, as well as numbers a factor of each of the numbers in the set; that is, the largest natural times one because it is 4 times 10° (10° = I). There is an invisible
which can be written as proper or improper fractions , are all subsets of number that will divide into all of the numbers in the set without
the set of Rational Numbers. decimal point to the right of the 4. In 5.82, the 5 means 5 times one
leaving a remainder. EXAMPLE: The greatest common factor (GCF)
• IRRATIONAL NUMBERS: {xl x is a real number but is not a because it is 5 times 10° (10° = I), the 8 means 8 times one tenth
of 12, 30 and 42 is 6 because 6 divides evenly into 12, into 30, and into
Rational number}; the sets of Rational numbers and Irrational because it is 8 times 10- 1 ( 10- 1 = .1 = 1110), and the 2 means 2 times
42 without leaving remainders.
numbers have no elements in common and are therefore disjoint sets. one hundredth because it is 2 times 10-2 (10- 2 = .0 I = III 00).
• The LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM) of a set of numbers is
• REAL NUMBERS: {x I x is the coordinate of a point on a number the smallest natural number that can be divided (without remainders) PLACE VALUE
line}; the union of the set of Rational numbers with the set ofIrrational by each of the numbers in the set. EXAMPLE: The least common ---,

1 III
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10° Ones or Units --
numbers equals the set of Real Numbers. multiple of2, 3, and 4 is 12 because although 2, 3, and 4 divide evenly 10- 2 Hundredths
• IMAGINARY NUMBERS: {ai I a is a real number and i is the 10 1 Tens -
number whose square is -I }; i2 = -1; the sets of Real numbers and
Imaginary numbers have no elements in common and are therefore
into many numbers including 48, 36, 24, and 12, the smallest is 12.
• The DENOMINATOR of a fraction is the number in the bottom; that is, 10' Hundreds ·
103 Thousands
.1
I
IO.J Thousandths
10.4 Ten-Thousandths
the divisor of the indicated division of the fraction . EXAMPLE: In
disjoint sets. 5/8,the 8 is the denominator and also the divisor in the indicated division.
• COMPLEX NUMBERS: {a + bi I a and b are real numbers and i is
the number whose square is -I}; the set of Real numbers and the set of
• The NUMERATOR of a fraction is the number in the top; that is, the 9023.4056
dividend of the indicated division of the fraction . EXAMPLE: In 3/4 ,
Imaginary numbers are both subsets of the set of Complex numbers. the 3 is the numerator and also the dividend in the indicated division.
EXAMPLES: 4 + 7i and 3 - 2i are complex numbers.
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FRACTIONS CONTINUED: MIXED NUMBERS & IMPROPER FRACTIONS CONT.

FRACTIONS
SUBTRACTION
REDUCING I

2. If that is not the case. then borrow ONE from the whole number and add it
• Divide numerator (top) and denominator (bottom) by the same ~+-£=~x~= ~~g where c.-O ; d.-O; b.-O to the fraction (must have common denominators) before subtracting.
number thereby renaming it to an equivalent fraction in lower terms. • Common denominators are NOT needed.
This process may be repeated. 2 7 2 9
I. Change division to multiplication by the reciprocal; that is, flip the EXAMPLE: 6.,.=5+"'-+"7=5..,­

EXAMPLE:
20+4
32 + 4
5
'8
fraction in back of the division sign and change the division sign to a
multiplication sign. -3t= -3t
EXAMPLE: ~ + 1- becomes ~ x 1
".] . 2. Now follow the steps for multiplication offractions as indicated above.
2 I
2±
7
• SHORT CUT FOR BORROWING: Reduce the whole number by

! +~= .a..t-h- where c,t 0

EXAMPLE: ~ x = ~
J/3 .a I 3
4' one, replace the numerator by the sum (add) of the numerator and
denominator of the fraction and keep the same denominator.
• Change to equivalent fractions with common denominator.
EXAMPLE:To evaluate ~ +.!. + ~ follow these steps.
346 MIXED NUMBERS & IMPROPER FRACTIONS
EXAMPLE: 6~~-=5t
I. Find the least common denominator by determining the -3t= -3 17
smallest number which can be divided evenly (no remainders)
by all of the numbers in the denominators (bottoms).
. -,
2±
EXAMPLE: 3,4, and 6 divide evenly into 12. 7
2. Multiply the numerator and denominator of each fraction so the • Description o/mixed numbers:Whole numbers followed by fractions;
fraction value has not changed but the common denominator that is, a whole number added to a fraction.
has been obtained.
EXAMPLE: 41 means 4+1
EXAMPLE: 2x4 lx3 5x2 8 3 10
JX4+4xJ+'6x2 = 12 + 12 + 12 •••
• Improper fractions are fractions that have a numerator (top number)
3. Add the numerators and keep the same denominator because larger than the denominator (bottom number). Change each mixed number to an improper fraction and follow the steps for
addition of fractions is counting equal parts. • Conversions multiplying and dividing fractions.
EXAMPLE: A+ fi + W= # = 1fi = 1t I. Mixed number to improper fraction: Multiply the denominator (bottom)
by the whole number and add the numerator (top) to fmd the numerator of
the improper fraction.The denominator of the improper fraction is the
SUBTRACTION
same as the denominator in the mixed number. RATIO, PROPORTION, & PERCENT
EXAMPLE: f l = 3x5+2 =.!l
.!!. - .!!. = a - b where c,t 0
c c c t.d 3 3
• Change to equivalent fractions with a common denominator. 2. Improper fraction to mixed number: Divide the denominator into the • Definition:Comparison between two quantities.
I. Find the least common denominator by determining the smallest numerator and write the remainder over the divisor (the divisor is the same • Forms: 3 to 5, 3 : 5, 3/5, 3
number wlrich can be divided evenly by all of the numbers in the number as the denominator in the improper fraction). 5
denominators (bottoms).
7 1 3l.
EXAMPLE: ~ - 1" 5
PROPORTION
2. Multiply the numerator and denominator by the same number so the EXAMPLE: 157 means 5f}!
fraction value has not changed but the common denominator has been 15 • Definition: Statement of equality between two ratios or fractions.
obtained. 2 • Forms: 3 is to 5 as 9 is to 15,
EXAMPLE: ~-!~t=t-J 3:5::9:15,5=15
3 9

m
3. Subtract the numerators and keep the same denominator because .., lUI II 111[1
subtraction offractions is fmding the difference between equal parts.
• Add the whole numbers. .1."J~,l ..
EXAMPLE: • Add the fractions by following the steps for addition offractions in the
fraction section of this study guide.
• If the answer has an improper fraction change it to a mixed number and • Change the fractions to equivalent fractions with common
add the resulting whole number to the whole number in the answer. denominators, set numerators (tops) equal to each other, and solve the
resulting statement. EXAMPLES:
MULTIPLICATION
41.+ 7 ±=11ffi~
3 n 15 0
EXAMPLE: =11+ ~=12-
2 '4 = 20 becomes 20 = 20
~ x -£ = ~ ~ ~ where c ,t 0 and d ,t 0 5 5 5 5 5 so 0 = 15 ;
n+3 10 0+3 5
• Common denominators are NOT needed. -7- = 14 becomes -7- = "7 '
I. Multiply the numerators (tops) and multiply the denominators son+3=5aodn=2
(bottoms) then reduce the answer to lowest terms. SUBTRACTION • Cross multiply and solve the resulting equation. NOTE: cross
multiplication is used to solve proportions only and may NOT be
EXAMPLE: 1-x!=-!i-:#=! • Subtract the fractions first. used in fraction multiplication. Cross multiplication may be described
2. OR - reduce any numerator (top) with any denominator (bottom) and I. If the fraction of the larger 'number is larger than the fraction of the as the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes.
smaller number then following the steps of subtracting fractions in the
then multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators.
1 2 fraction section of this study guide and then subtract the whole numbers. EXAMPLES: ~Xl50=21, t )(n:2,30+6=28
EXAMPLE: j~ ~6 t EXAMPLE: 7~-2!=5±=51
6 6 6 3
n=21+5 , n=4.15 30-22
-
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RATIO, PROPORTION & PERCENT CONTINUED: PERCENT APPLICATIONS CONTINUED:

PERCENTS % INCREASE
o Definition: Percent means o Type 1: aCc + d) = ac + ad; FORMULAS: % increase _ amount of increase or
"out of 100" or "per 100." EXAMPLE: 4x\2xy + y2 ) = 8x 4 y + 4x 3y2 I()() - ongInaJ value
o Percents and equivalent fractions o Type 2: (a + b)(c+d) = a(c+d) + b(c+d) = ac + ad + bc + bd (original value) x (% increase) = amount of increase.
I. Percents can be written as fraction~ by placing the number over 100 and EXAMPLE: (2x + y) (3x - 5y) = 2x(3x - 5y) + y(3x - 5y) = 6x 2 - 10xy If the amount of increase is not given it may be found through this
simplitying or reducing. + 3xy - 5y2 = 6x 2 - 7xy - 5y2 This may also be done by using the subtraction: (new value) - (original value) = amount of increase.
30 3 FOIL Method for Products of Binomials (See Algebra I chart). EXAMPLE: The Smyth Company had 10,000 employees in 1992
EXAMPLES: 30% = 100 = 10 This is a popular method for multiplying 2 terms by 2 terms only. and 12,000 in 1993. Find the % increase.
4.5 45 9 FOIL means first term times first term, outer term times outer term , Amount of increase = 12,000 - 10,000 = 2,000.
4.5% = 100 = TiIOO = 2ilO inner term times inner term, and last term times last term. . 2000 So n = 20 and the % increase =
2. Fractions can be changed to percents by writing them with denominators
% Increase: t80
= TIlOOO 20% because % means "out of 100:'
of 100. The numerdtor is then the percent number.
3 3 x 20 60
EXAMPLE: ~ = ~ x 2lr = 100 = 60% "IS" AND "OF"
o RULE: Combine (add or subtract) only the coefficients oflike terms and
o Percents and decimal numbers never change the ex~onents during addition or subtraction, a + a = 2a. Any problems that are or can be stated with percent and the words
I. To change a percent to a decimal number move the decimal point 2 EXAMPLES: 4xy and _7y3 x are like terms, even though the x and "is" and "of' can be solved using these formulas .
places to the left because percent means "out of 100" and decimal y3 are not in the same order, and may be combined in this manner
% _ "is" number
numbers with I\\U digits behind the decimal point also mean "out of 100." 4xy3 + _7y3x = -3 xy3 , notice only the coefficients were combined and FORMULAS: 100 - "of" number
no exponent changed; -15a 2 bc and 3bca5 are not like terms because
EXAMPLE: 4So/. = .~; 12S% = 1 ~ ; the exponents of the a are not the same in both terms, so they may not or "of' means multiply and "is" means equals.
6%= ..Q! ; 3.S%= .~ S be added or subtracted. n 50
EXAMPLE I: What percent of 125 is 50? 100 = ill
because the 5 was already behind the decimal point and is not counted as
one of the digits in the "move I\\U places." or n x 125 = 50, in either case the percent = 40%.
2. To change a decimal number to a percent move the decimal point two
places to the right.
o Definition: 3 5 = (3)(3)(3)(3)(3); that is , 3 is called the base and it is
EXAMPLE 2: What number is 125% of 80? ~ = fo­
EXAMPLES: .47 = ~%; 3.2 = 3~o/.; .20S = ~S% multiplied by itself 5 times because the exponent is 5. am = or (1.25) (80) = n. In either case the number = 100.
(a)(a)(a)... (a); that is, the a is multiplied by itself m times.
o Product Rule for Exponents:

(am lean ) = am +n ; that is, when multiplying the same base, a in % DECREASE
this case, simply add the exponents.
o Any terms may be multiplied, not just like terms. FORMULAS: % decrease amount of decrease or
o RULE: Multiply the coefficients and multiply the variables (this lOO original value
VOCABULARY means you have to add the exponents of the same variable). (original value) x (% decrease) = amount of decrease
o Algebraic equations are statements of equality between at least two EXAMPLE: (4a 4c)(-12a 2b 3c) = _48a 6 b 3c 2. Ifnot given, amount of decrease = (original price) - (new value)
terms. Notice that 4 times -12 became -48, a 4 times a 2 became a 6 , c times EXAMPLE: The Smyth Company had 12000 employees in 1993
EXAMPLES: 4z = 28 is an algebraic equation. 3(a· 4) + 6a = 10 - a c became c 2 , and the b 3 was written to indicate multiplication by b, and 9000 in 1994. Find the percent decrease.
is also an algebraic equation. Notice that both statements have equal but the exponent did not change on the b because there was only Amount of decrease = 12000 - 9000 = 3000
signs in them. one b in the problem. n 3000
o Algebraic expressions are terms that are connected by either addition 1~= 12000
or subtraction.
so " = 25 and the % decrease = 25%
EXAMPLES: 2s + 4a 2 - 5 is an algebraic expression with 3 terms, 2s
and 4a 2 and 5.
o Algebraic inequalities are statements that have either> or < between
are least two terms. ..i.l l', I;;r.ll] ~ 11111 ~ i it =t :t ~'i.
EXAMPLES: 50 < -2x is an algebraic inequality. 3 (2n + 7) > -lOis
an algebraic inequality. FORMULA: A=p(l+-&-)DI
FORMULAS: i = prl.
o Coefficients are numbers that are multiplied by one or more variables. or (total amount) = (principal) + interest Where: A = total amount
EXAMPLES: -4xy has a coefficient of -4; 9m 3 has a coefficient of p = principal; money saved or invested
Where i = interest
9; x has an invisible coefficient of I. r = rate of interest; usually a % per year
Constants are specific numbers that are not multiplied by any variables. p = principal; money borrowed or lent
o t = time; expressed in years
o Like or similar terms are terms that have the same variables to the r = rate; percent rate n = total number of periods
same degree or exponent value. Coefficients do not matter, they may t = time; expressed in the same period as the rate, i.e., if
be equal or not. rate is per year, then time is in years or part of a year. EXAMPLE: John put $100 into a
EXAMPLES: 3m 2 and 7m 2 are like terms because they both have the If rate is per month, then time is in months. savings account at 4% compounded
same variable to the same power or exponent value. -15a 6 b and 6a6 b EXAMPLE: Carolyn borrowed $5000 from the bank at 6% simple quarterly for 8 years. How much was A=p(l+t)nt
are like terms, but 2x4 and 6x 3 are not like terms because although interest per year. If she borrowed the money for only 3 months, find
in the account at the end of 8 years?
they have the same variable, x, it is to the power of 4 in one term and A =100(1+ '~)(4x8)
the total amount that she paid 1he bank.
to the power of 3 in the other. A = 100(1.01)32
o Terms are constants or variable eXfressions. $ interest = prt = ($5000)(6%)(.25) = $75
EXAMPLES: 3a; -5c 4d; 25 mp3r ; 7 are all terms. Notice that the 3 months was changed to .25 of a year. A = 100(1.3749)
o Variables are letters used to represent numbers. Total Amount = p + i = $5000 + $75 = $5075 A = 137.49