Stabilization of Soil using Geosynthetics 2023-24

Content Sheet

Sl no Title
Pg.no

1. Introduction 2
2 Geosynthetics 4
3 Applications of Geosynthetics
11
4. Function of Geosynthetics
16
5. Benefits and limitations 24
6. Conclusion
26
Reference
27

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Geosynthetic product manufactured from polymeric material used with soil, rock,
earth or other geotechnical related material as an integral part of civil engineering
project. Geosynthetics can be defined as planar products manufactured from
polymeric material, which are used with soil, rock, or other geotechnical engineering-
related material as an integral part of a man-made project, structure, or system
(ASTM, 1995). Geosynthetics are widely used in many geotechnical and
environmental applications related to groundwater quality and control. Various types
of geo-synthetics are geotextiles, geo-grid, geo-nets, geo-foam, geo-membranes, geo-
composites, geocells etc. Geosynthetics are synthetic products used to stabilize the
soil. Nonwoven natural fibers like coconut coir, jute fibers, sisal etc. and nonwoven
synthetic fibers like polyester, polyamide, polyethylene, polypropylene fibers can also
be used to reinforce the soil. Strength of soil can be enhanced using geotextiles,
geogrids, geonets and PF which improves the bearing capacity, shear strength,
stiffness, and permeability characteristics, reduces the differential settlement of the
soil through frictional interaction between the soil and geosynthetic material.
Geosynthetics possesses high tensile strength, better elongation and high stiffness.
Soil reinforcement results in 30 to 50% savings in cost, considerable saving in time
due to rapid installation and was also able to withstand deformations and foundation
settlement problems in a better way compared to rigid structures. This is the case, for
example, of base and cover liner

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systems for modern landfills, which are designed making extensive use of
geosynthetics. The main purpose of geosynthetic liner systems is to minimize
potential groundwater contamination. Moreover, the use of geosynthetics is rapidly
increasing in applications related directly to groundwater control. This is the case of
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) vertical barrier systems, which are used instead of
traditional soil-bentonite cut off walls in projects involving groundwater remediation
and control.

The geosynthetics market is strong and rapidly increasing because of the continued
use of geosynthetics in well-established applications and, particularly, because of the
increasing number of new applications which make use of these products. The
strength of the geosynthetics market can be appreciated by evaluating the growth in
the estimated amount of geosynthetics in North America over the years. While the
total amount of geosynthetics produced in North America was slightly more than 83
million m2 in 1980, the production of geosynthetics exceeded 500 million Geotextiles
were one of the first textile products in human history. Excavations of ancient
Egyptian sites show the use of mats made of grass and linen. Geotextiles were used in
roadway construction in the days of the Pharaohs to stabilize roadways and their
edges. These early
geotextiles were made of natural fibers, fabrics or vegetation mixed with soil to
improve road quality, particularly when roads were made on unstable soil. Only
recently have geotextiles been used and evaluated for modern road construction.
Geotextiles today are highly developed products that must comply with numerous
standards. To produce tailor-made industrial fabrics, appropriate machinery is needed.
Geotextiles have been used very successfully inroad construction for over 30 years.
The ASTM (1994) defines geotextiles as permeable textile materials used in contact
with soil, rock, earth or any other geotechnical. related material as an integral part of
civil engineering project, structure, or system.

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CHAPTER 2

GEOSYNTHETICS
Geosynthetics with high tensile strength used in combination with soil of high
compressive strength have been found to be effective in the design of many civil
engineering applications. The application of Geosynthetics in the field of
geotechnical, transportation, hydraulics, and geo-environmental engineering has been
explained by many researchers. The materials employed in the manufacture of
geosynthetics square measure primarily artificial materials, generally, derived from
crude oil oils, though rubber, fiberglass. Geosynthetics could be a generic name
representing a broad vary of plane merchandise factory-made from compound
materials. the foremost common ones square measure geotextiles, geogrids, geonets,
geomembranes and geo-composites, that square measure employed in contact with
soil, rock Associate in Nursing/or the other material as an integral a part of a artificial
project, structure or system. The term ‘geosynthetics’ has 2 parts: ‘GEO’ touching on
Associate in Nursing finish use related to rising the performance of applied science
works involving earth/ground/soil. ‘SYNTHETICS’ touching on the very fact that the
materials square measure virtually solely from artificial merchandise.

TYPES

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The various types of geosynthetics that are available in the market are named below:

1. Geotextiles (GT)
2. Geogrids (GG)
3. Geonets (GN)Geomembranes (GM)
4. Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL)
5. Geo-pipe (GP)
6. Geofoam (GF)
7. Geo-composite
Geotextiles (GT):

Plate 2.1 Geotextile

Geotextiles type one among the 2 largest teams of geosynthetics. Their rise in growth
throughout the past 35years has been nothing wanting extraordinary. they're so textiles
within the ancient sense, however they comprises artificial fibers instead of natural
ones like cotton, wool, or silk. Thus, biodegradation and resultant short life isn't a
drag. These
artificial fibers are created into versatile, porous materials by normal weaving
machinery or are matted along during a random non-woven manner. Some also are
unwoven. There are at-least a hundred specific application areas for geotextiles that
are developed, however, the material invariably performs a minimum of one among
four distinct functions: separation, reinforcement, filtration and/or drain.

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Geotextiles are classified based on manufacturing process into the following:

 Woven GT
 A geotextile made by interwoven, sometimes at right angles, 2 or a lot of sets
of yarns or
 Other parts employing a typical weaving method with a weaving loom.
 Non-woven GT
 A geotextile made from directionally or willy-nilly oriented fibers into a loose
internet by bonding with
 partial melting, needle punching or chemical binding agents.
 Knitted GT A geotextile made by inter-looping one or a lot of yarns beside a
textile machine rather than a
 weaving loom
 Stitched GT
 A geotextile within which fibers or yarns or each are interlocked by handicraft
or stitching.

Geogrids (GG):

Geogrids represent a quickly growing section among geosynthetics. instead of being a

plain-woven, non woven or unwoven textile material, geogrids are polymers shaped
into a awfully open, grid like configuration i.e. they need massive apertures between
individual ribs within the crosswise and longitudinal directions. Geogrids are:

 Either stretched in one or 2 directions for improved physical properties

 Made on weaving or knitting machinery by commonplace textile producing
ways
 Bonding rods or straps along.

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Plate 2.2 Geogrids

Geonets (GN):

Plate 2.3 Geonets

Geonets, also called geospacers, constitute another specialized phase inside the
geosynthetics space. they're fashioned by a nonstop extrusion of parallel sets of
chemical compound ribs at acute angles to 1 another. once the ribs area unit opened,
comparatively giant aperture area unit fashioned into a web like configuration. 2 sorts
area unit most typical, either biplanar or tri-planar.

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Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL):

Plate 2.4 Geosynthetic Clay Liners

Geosynthetics clay liners are. rolls of manufactory made-up skinny layers of clay
sandwiched between 2 geotextiles or guaranteed to a geomembrane. Structural
integrity of ensuant composite is obtained by needle punching, sewing or physical
bonding.

Geo-pipes (GP):

Plate 2.5 Geo-Pipes

A plastic pipe placed beneath the ground surface and subsequently backfilled.

Geofoams (GF):

Geofoam could be a product created by a compound enlargement method leading to a

foam consisting of the many closed, however gas stuffed cells. The skeletal nature of

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the cell walls is that the unexpanded compound material. Geofoam is also used in
much broader applications, including lightweight fill, green roof fill, compressible
inclusions, thermal insulation, and (when appropriately formed) drainage.

Plate 2.6 Geofoams

Geo-composite (GC):

Geo-composite consists of a mixture of geotextiles, geogrids, geonets, and/or

geomembranes during a works fictitious unit. Also, anyone of those four materials is
combined with another artificial material i.e. unshapely plastic sheets or steel cables
or perhaps with soil.

Plate 2.6 Geo-Composite

Geomembrane (GM):

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A geomembrane is very low permeability synthetic membrane liner or barrier used

with any geotechnical engineering related material so as to control fluid (liquid or gas)
migration in a human-made project, structure, or system.

Plate 2.7 Geomembrane

Geocell (GC):

Cellular confinement systems (CCS)—also known as geocells—are widely used in

construction for erosion control, soil stabilization on flat ground and steep slopes,
channel protection, and structural reinforcement for load support and earth retention.
[1] Typical cellular confinement systems are geosynthetics made with ultrasonically
welded high-density polyethylene (HDPE) strips or novel polymeric alloy (NPA)—
and expanded on-site to form a honeycomb-like structure—and filled with sand, soil,
rock, gravel or concrete.

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Plate 2.8 Geocells

CHAPTER 3

APPLICATIONS OF GEOSYNTHETICS
Different types of geosynthetics are available which are used for different applications
with respect to their functionality are shown in figure 1.
There are many developments in mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls and slopes
in basal stabilization. In 1993 to construct a road over karsts terrain, textile geogrid was
employed using ultra high strength polymer. The reinforcement mechanism is shown in
Figure 2. Another development of construction technique that permits bridge abutment
to construct where the sill beam rests directly on geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS),
while the GRS does not require stiffening facing [9]. To build steep slope on column

Fig 3.1: Flow chart of types of geosynthetics

and piles, over geosynthetic encased column and in embankment a combination of
textile geogrid reinforcement with the geosynthetic systems are used. Reinforced
construction shows increase in bearing capacity and decrease in displacements while
comparing the reinforced and unreinforced case at same load [10].
It is quite known that the compound behaviour of geosynthetics and soil are not
completely understood. Recent research using large scale tri axial and biaxial combined
with modern method of visualization of the displacement of soil particles tries to fill this
gap [11]. In order to prevent the waste generated by the industrialization it is found that

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silt soil can be mixed with waste materials and admixtures to improve strength.
Additionally geogrid mesh also introduced in to soil for the upgradation of strength
compared with the parent soil [12]. Geogrids have been employed to resist reflective
cracking in asphalt for many years. By innovative studies it is claimed that bitumen
provides better bond to other polymers, preventing crack propagation. Geogrids
enhances structural capacity and reduces potential distress. It can effectively reduce
horizontal deformation of the aggregate base course layer with 203mm to 457mm
thickness in the traffic direction. For thinner layer of aggregate, the optimal location of
geogrid in the unbound aggregate subgrade interface is the upper third of the layer for
thicker base layer [13]. It can improve the low CBR pavement section performance as
shown in the Table 1.
Geocells are used in aggregate stabilizing and it provides high volume drainage and
working platform support.

Fig 3.2: Geogrid reinforcement mechanisms.

(a) lateral confinement
(b) Increasing bearing capacity
(c) tension membrane effect

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compound, the geocell confines the aggregate by improving the load capacity of
aggregate and subgrade and it contains high volume of fluids that will drain fluid in a
control manner from structures.

In order to study the rutting behaviour of geocell reinforced base layer overlaying weak
sand subgrade, a series of separated model load tests were performed. The considerable
improvement of different number of cycles and plate settlements were observed on
quantification of traffic benefit ratios (TBR), cumulative plastic deformations (CPD),
and rut depth reduction for geocell reinforced base courses, comparatively it shows
better improvement [15]. It is evident that geocell has a priming sustainable ground
reinforcement technique. Due to the use of geocell in infrastructure projects, there is
wide scope of further research to study better about the material. Geocells used for
pavement applications are subjected to repeated loads. Single and multiple geocell
reinforcement granular base with three infill materials like Kansara river sand, quarry
waste, and aggregate were tested under repeated loadings. The results showed that it
reduced the permanent deformation and increased the percentage elastic deformation of
granular bases [16]. The application of geocell in road construction is shown in figure 3.

Fig 3.3: Geocell geotextile for road construction

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Geonet is a mesh structures with overlapped threads (dia 3mm to 15 mm) and permanent
angle 60-90 degree. The main applications of geonets are constructing new road
surfaces, reinforcing joints of rigid pavements patch work, preventing cracking of roads
[18] shown in figure 4(b). It is also used for reinforcing soft clay subgrade [19].
Geocomposites are made up of two or more geosynthetics to achieve better
characteristic of each material and cost effective are shown in figure 4(a). The non
perforated polyethylene geoweb has the greatest performance among all the
geocomposites.

Fig 3. 4: (a) SITEDRAIN DS-180 Geocomposite

(b) placement of geonet on the road.
In late 1970, the US Army corps of engineering at the waterways experiment stations
(WES) used plastic tubes in a 300mm three-dimensional mattress prototype with CBR
1-0 and cellular mattress was infilled with sand. By providing repeated loads was
observed that wheel ruts under cumulative axle loads equivalent to the 500mm thick
unreinforced sand bases [20]. Geosynthetic clay liners have advantages such as rapid
installation, less skilled labour, low cost and very low hydraulic conductivity to water.
By properly installing GCL, large differential settlement can withstand and better self
healing characteristic can be achieved. Hydrated GCL is an effective gas barrier and it
reduces the over burden stress on compressible substructure [21]. In 1987, patent was
filed in Germany concerning about shear resistance modes of manufacture. Needled
fibre was used to stabilize and strengthen the products in this system. GCL applications
expanded as seals in substructure of earthen embankment, hydraulic structure and a host
of additional applications. GCL are used in pavement construction to prevent the
uncertainty of sinkhole formation underneath the pavement [22].

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Geofoam can be used as a light weight fill material in sub base on subgrade and simplify
the design and construction activities [23]. But in 1998 it was reported that the road
construction problems using geofoams, fires raised during construction in Euro road EC
in Vestby, Norway, pavement failure due to block shifting under traffic, street
reconstruction project in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Also geofoam damaged due to
insect infestation, icing of pavement surface, failure of insulated pavement system,
water absorption problem and so on [24].
Geomembranes are used for containment of liquid or vapour barrier or both. Okhalhoma
DOT used geomembrane for undulation problem due to expansion of clay under road
surface. The clay tends to swell due to increase in moisture content and cause non-
homogenous expansion and contraction. This results to detrimental effect on pavement
and minimize moisture changes in the pavement. It also provides many facilities like
strength properties, lighter weight, portability, cost savings and so on [25].

Fig 3.5: More than 630,000 sq. ft. of geomembrane was installed over expansive clay in
Ardmore, Oklahoma to stabilize Interstate 35 highway [25].

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CHAPTER 4

FUNCTIONS OF GEOSYNTHETICS
Geosynthetics have numerous material properties. Many of the reported properties are
important in the manufacture and quality control of geosynthetics; however, many
others are also important in design. The material properties related to the manufacture
and quality control of geosynthetics are generally referred to as index properties and
those related to the design as design or performance properties. Considering their
different properties, the several geosynthetic products can perform different functions
and, consequently, they should be designed to satisfy minimum criteria to adequately
perform these functions.

Fig.4.1 Selected functions of geosynthetics fulfilled depending on various location in

roadway layer

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The geosynthetic functions are as follows:

▪ Separation
▪ Reinforcement
▪ Filtration
▪ Drainage

▪ Infiltration barrier
▪ Protection (or stress relief)

4.1.1 SEPARATION

Separation is the introduction of a flexible, porous geosynthetic product between

dissimilar materials so that the integrity and functioning of both materials can remain
intact or be improved. For example, a major cause of failure of roadways constructed
over soft foundations is contamination of the aggregate base courses with the
underlying soft subgrade soils. Contamination occurs due to: penetration of the
aggregate into the weak subgrade due to localized bearing capacity failure under
stresses induced by wheel loads, and inclusion of fine-grained soils into the aggregate
because of pumping or subgrade weakening due to excess pore water pressures.
Subgrade contamination results in inadequate structural support, which often leads to
premature failure of the system.

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Plate 4.2 Separation of Geosynthetics

A geotextile can be placed between the aggregate and the subgrade to act as a
separator and prevent the subgrade and aggregate base course from mixing. Among
the different geosynthetics, geotextiles have been the products generally used in the
function of separation. Examples of separation applications are the use of geotextiles
between subgrade and stone base in roads and airfields, and between geomembranes
and
drainage layers in landfills. In addition to these applications, in which separation is
the primary function of the geotextile, it could be said that most geosynthetics
generally include separation as a secondary function. Geosynthetics used as erosion
control systems can also be considered as performing a separation function. In this
case, the geosynthetic separates the ground surface from the prevailing atmospheric
conditions (i.e., wind, rain, snow, etc.). Specialty geo-composites have been
developed for the specific purpose of erosion control. The general goal of these
products is to protect soil slopes from both sheet and gully erosion, either
permanently or until vegetation is established. Separation function of a geotextile
placed between road aggregate and soft subgrade.

4.1.2 REINFORCEMENT

Geosynthetic inclusions within a soil mass can provide a reinforcement function by

developing tensile forces which contribute to the stability of the geosynthetic–soil
composite (a reinforced soil structure). Design and construction of stable slopes and

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retaining structures within space constraints are aspects of major economic

significance in geotechnical engineering projects. For example, when geometry
requirements dictate changes of elevation in a highway project, the engineer faces a
variety of distinct alternatives for designing the required earth structures. Traditional
solutions have been either a concrete retaining wall or a conventional, relatively flat,
unreinforced slope. Although simple to design, concrete wall alternatives have
generally led to elevated construction and material costs. On the other hand, the
construction of unreinforced embankments with flat slope angles dictated by stability
considerations is an alternative often precluded in projects where design is controlled
by space constraints.

Plate 4.3 Reinforcement of Geosynthetics

Geosynthetics are particularly suitable for soil reinforcement. Geosynthetic products

typically used as reinforcement elements are nonwoven geotextiles, woven
geotextiles, geogrids, and geocells. Reinforced soil vertical walls generally provide
vertical grade separations at a lower cost than traditional concrete walls. Reinforced
wall systems involve the use of shotcrete facing protection or of facing elements such
as precast or cast-in-place concrete panels. Alternatively, steepened reinforced slopes
may eliminate the use of facing elements, thus saving material costs and construction
time in relation to vertical reinforced walls. A reinforced soil system generally
provides an optimized alternative for the design of earth-retaining structures. The

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effect of geosynthetic reinforcements on the stability of sand slopes is illustrated in,

which shows a reduced scale geotextile-reinforced slope model built using dry sand as
backfill material.
4.1.3 FILTREATION

The filtration function involves movement of liquid through the geosynthetic and, at
the same time, retention of soil on its upstream side. Geotextiles are the geosynthetic
product generally used in filtration. Both adequate hydraulic conductivity (provided
by a geotextile with a relatively open structure) and adequate soil retention (provided
by a geotextile with a relatively tight structure) should be offered by the selected
product. In addition, considerations should be made regarding the long-term soil-to-
geotextile flow compatibility such that the flow through the geotextile will not reduce
excessively by clogging during the lifetime of the system.

Plate 4.4 Filtration of Geosynthetics

The geosynthetic-to-soil system should then achieve an equilibrium that allows for
adequate liquid flow with limited soil loss across the plane of the geotextile over a
service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration. The liquid
velocity then increases, which accelerates the process and may lead to the collapse of
the soil structure. This process can be prevented by selecting a geotextile with voids
small enough to retain the soil on the upstream side of the fabric. It is the coarser soil

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fraction that must be initially retained. The coarser-sized particles eventually filter the
finer-sized particles and build up a stable upstream soil structure.

4.1.4 DRAINAGE

Geosynthetics provide a drainage function by transmitting liquid within the plane of

their structure. the geosynthetics generally used for drainage purposes are geotextiles
and geo-composites. The drainage function of geosynthetics allows for adequate
liquid flow with limited soil loss within the plane of the geotextile over a service
lifetime compatible with the application under consideration. Thick, needle-punched
nonwoven geotextiles have considerable void space in their structure and can convey
large amounts of liquid. Geo-composite drains can transmit one to two orders of
magnitude more liquid than geotextiles.

Plate 4.5 Drainage of Geosynthetics

Proper design should dictate what type of geosynthetic drainage material is necessary.
Except for the consideration of flow direction, the soil retention and the long-term
compatibility considerations regarding the drainage function of geosynthetics are the
same as those discussed in Section regarding the filtration function of geosynthetics.
The geotextile, either when used as a drain itself or when placed onto a core to form
geo-composite must full-fill the filtration function. The compatibility of the soil with
the geotextile filter must be ensured over the lifetime of the system being built.

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General references on design methods for the use of geosynthetics for drainage
applications can be found in Holtz et al. (1997) and in Koerner (1994).

4.1.5 INFILTRATION BARRIER

Plate 4.6 Infiltration of Geosynthetics

The infiltration barrier function can be performed by geosynthetic products that have
hydraulic conductivity low enough to provide containment to liquid or vapor.The
infiltration barrier function may be provided by several types of geosynthetics,
namely, geomembranes and geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). Other geosynthetic
products also used as infiltration barriers include membrane- encapsulated soil layers
(MESLs) used with paved or unpaved road construction, asphalt-saturated geotextiles
used in the prevention of bituminous pavement crack reflection problems, and
geofoam used for insulation against moisture and/or temperature. Geosynthetic
barriers are commonly used as liners for surface impoundments storing hazardous and
non hazardous liquids, as covers above the liquid surface of storage reservoirs, and as
liners for canals used to
convey water or chemicals. Geosynthetic barriers are also used as secondary
containment for underground storage tanks and in applications related to dams and
tunnels of particular relevance for groundwater applications is the use of geosynthetic

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barriers for seepage control (HDPE vertical barrier systems). A common application
of geosynthetics as infiltration barriers is for base and cover liner systems of landfills.
In landfill applications, infiltration barriers are typically used instead of or in addition
to low-hydraulic conductivity soils. Base liners are placed below the waste to prevent
liquids from the landfill (leachate) from contaminating the underlying ground and the
groundwater. Geosynthetic cover liner systems are placed above the final waste
configuration to keep precipitation water from entering the waste and generate
leachate.
If a building or other structure is constructed on a landfill, a geosynthetic barrier may
be placed under the building foundation to provide a barrier for vapours such as
landfill gas. The use of geosynthetics in infiltration barriers is further described in
Koerner (1994).

4.1.6 PROTECTION

Geosynthetics (mainly geotextiles) can be used to protect other geosynthetics (mainly

geomembranes) against damage. A common example is the use of geotextiles to
provide protection against puncture of geomembranes in waste and liquid containment
systems. Adequate mechanical protection must be provided to resist both short-term
equipment loads and long-term loads imparted by the waste. Experience has shown
that geotextiles can play an important role in the successful installation and longer-
term performance
of geomembranes by acting as a cushion to prevent puncture damage of the
geomembrane. In the case of landfill base liners, geotextiles can be placed below the
geomembrane to resist puncture and wear due to abrasion caused by sharp-edged
rocks in the subgrade, and above the geomembrane to resist puncture caused either by
the drainage aggregate or direct contact with waste materials. Likewise, in the case of
landfill cover liners, geotextiles can be placed below the geomembrane to reduce risk
of damage by sharp objects in the landfill and above the geomembrane to prevent
damage during placement of drainage aggregate or cover soil. Key characteristics for
the geotextile cushions are polymer type, mass density, method of manufacture, and

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construction survivability. The selection process of a geotextile that fulfills a

protective function of a geomembrane involves the following three steps:

(1) selection of polymer type and method of manufacture;

(2) evaluation of the geotextile’s capacity to provide puncture protection for the
geomembrane.

CHAPTER 5

BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS

5.1 BENEFITS:

1. Geosynthetic sheets consume less space and can fit anywhere in a landfill.
2. Geosynthetic materials are homogeneous because they are manufactured in a
workshop with quality control.
3. The low thickness of geosynthetics, as compared to their natural soil
counterparts, is an advantage insofar as light weight on the subgrade, less
airspace used, and avoidance of quarried sand, gravel, and clay soil materials.
4. The ease of geosynthetic installation is significant in comparison to thick soil
layers (sands, gravels, or clays) requiring large earthmoving equipment.
5. It improves the soil properties as compared to conventional materials.
6. These geosynthetic materials are less expensive to purchase, transport, and
install as compared to aggregates and soils.
7. Geosynthetic materials are exceptional for achieving high-performance rates
and superiority in work.
8. Geosynthetic sheets consume less space and can fit anywhere in a landfill.

5.2 LIMITATIONS:

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1. Long-term performance of the particular formulated resin being used to make

the geosynthetic must be assured by using proper additives including
antioxidants, ultraviolet screeners, and fillers.
2. The exposed lifetime of geosynthetics, being polymeric, is less than unexposed
as when they are soil backfilled.
3. Clogging or bio-clogging of geotextiles, geonets, geo-pipe and/or
geocomposites is a challenging design for certain soil types or unusual
situations. For example, loess soils, fine cohesionless silts, highly turbid liquids,
and microorganism laden liquids (farm runoff) are troublesome and generally
require specialized testing evaluations.
4. Handling, storage, carrying and installation must be assured by careful quality
control and quality assurance.

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

Textiles are not only clothing the human body but also our mother land in order to
protect her. Extensive awareness should be created among the people about the
application of geotextiles. Geotextiles are effective tools in the hands of the of the
civil engineer that have proved to solve a myriad of geotechnical problems. To
explore the potential of geotextile more researches are needed in this field. This newly
came construction materials, geotextiles, is having a large number of application in
civil engineering filed. researchers are going on all over the world to find out a new
material which is cheaper than the present one.one of the solutions is the us e of
natural fibers like jute or coir. Much of developed countries are not interested in the
natural fibers. Developing countries like India is finding more interests on the natural
fibers field. In India, the most of the researches are focusing on the reducing the
biodegradable nature of these material.

However use of the natural fibers based geotextiles will make them more economic
and eco friendly than synthetic one. Geosynthetics enables the use of local materials,
Unskilled labors can be employed, Innovative solutions to solve different problems
economically. The geosynthetics are really to be considered as third revolution in the
field of civil engineering as no branch of civil untouched by its use.

Department of Civil Engineering, BGSIT Page | 26

Stabilization of Soil using Geosynthetics 2023-24

REFERENCES
 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE GEOSYNTHETICS IN ROADWAY
APPLICATIONS
 Kinga Brózda , Jacek Selejdak Faculty of Civil Engineering, Częstochowa
University of Technology, Częstochowa
 STABILIZATION OF SOILS USING GEOSYNTHETICS S.Sugandini1,
Dr.M.Madhuri2
 P.G. student, Civil Engineering Department, Malla Reddy
Institute of Technology, Telangana, India
 Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Malla Reddy
Institute of Technology, Telangana, India
 EFFICACY OF GEOSYNTHETICS INSTABILIZATION OF
SUBGRADE SOIL
 Sangeetha DM1, Naveen Kumar DT2, Vishnu KB3,
 Sethuja B4, Sachu SM5, Jeevan KV6
 1,3−6Shreedevi Institute of Technology, Kenjar, Mangalore,
2Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Bangalore India.
[email protected]

Department of Civil Engineering, BGSIT Page | 27