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Earth Science
Quarter 2 - Module 11
Stratified Rocks

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Earth Science- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 11: Stratified Rocks
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro

Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Author: Ritche Razel M. Celestial, PhD

Reviewers: Jean S. Macasero, Shirley Merida, Duque Caguindangan, Eleanor Rollan,

Rosemarie Dullente, Marife Ramos, January Gay Valenzona, Mary Sieras, Arnold
Langam, Amelito Bucod

Illustrators and Layout Artists: Jessica Bunane Cuňado, Kyla Mae L. Duliano

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Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, Ph.D., CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

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 Senior
Senior High
High School
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Earth Science
Quarter 2 - Module 11
Stratified Rocks

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This page is intentionally blank
 Table of Contents

What This Module is About........................................................................................................................I

What I Need to Know...................................................................................................................................I
How to Learn from this Module................................................................................................................ II
Icons of this Module.................................................................................................................................... II

What I Know................................................................................................................................................. III

Lesson 1:
Stratified Rocks.............................................................................................................................. 1
What I Need to Know................................................................................... 1
What’s In………………………………………………………………………….. 1
What’s New: Learning Activity 1: Geo-Process Word Search..................... 2
What Is It: Stratified Rocks........................................................................... 2
What’s More: Developing Mastery 1: KIM Chart: Stratified Rocks............... 3
What Is It...................................................................................................... 4
What’s More: Developing Mastery 2: My Geologic History Contribution..... 4
What’s New: Learning Activity 2: Graphic Organizer:
Rock Strata Correlation …........................................................................... 4
What I Have Learned: (Synthesizing your Learning)................................... 5
What I Can Do: Performance Task 1: Dynoactivity:
A 3D Model of Rock Stratification................................................................ 6

Lesson 2:
Fundamental Principles of Stratigraphy...........................................................9
What’s In......................................................................................................9
What I Need to Know...................................................................................9
What’s New: Learning Activity 3: Multiple Causes and
One Effect Diagram.....................................................................................10
What Is It: Fundamental Principles of Stratigraphy..................................... 10
What’s More: Developing Mastery 3: Stratigraphy-Let’s Do It!................... 13
What I Have Learned………………………………………………………….. 13
What I Can Do: Performance Task 2:DIY Edible Rock Layering ….......... 14

Summary………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
Assessment: (Post-Test)………………………………………………………………………. 15
Key to Answers.................................................................................................................18
References........................................................................................................................19
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What This Module is About

The major events in Earth’s past has been chronicled based on the study of Earth’s
rock layers known as stratigraphy. The geologic history of various regions and of Earth as a
whole can be reconstructed based on rock strata. The system of geological time scale also
correlates and classifies rock strata in which certain types of fossils are found. Fossils on
rock provide paramount means of establishing Earth’s events with the emergence and
disappearance of widespread species as recorded. The remnants’ record is also used to
outline the beginnings and endings of ages, epochs, periods, and other interval.

Stratigraphy as a mother branch of geology helps geologist to determine the

sequence of events in a sedimentary basin at its most simple level. Stratigraphic studies
goal to study the entire sequence of rock strata to determine the time relationships that are
involved elsewhere. Half of the 20th century, the traditional stratigraphic schemes have led
to somewhat less confusion of nomenclature, thus, more reliable information on which to
base conclusions about Earth’s history.

As 21st century learners, this module provides information that tackles concepts
related to stratified rocks based on the principles. This module is designed with figures,
pictures, varied activities, and tasks to let your learning exciting and Earth’s history driven in
relation to rock formation. Moreover, the lessons integrated in this module will let you
describe the possible events that occurred in a certain area based on the rock layers found
therein. Along this module, there are several standard symbols or icons used as you go
about in the completion of this module. Each icon gives instruction to guide you as you
continuously endeavour this new normal of learning modality. Together, let us heartily walk
through this module as we understand facts, concepts, and be critical thinkers.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

1. Stratified Rock;
2. Fundamental Principles of Stratigraphy.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to describe how layers of rocks
(stratified rocks) are formed (S11/12ES-IIh-35).
I
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objective cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given exercises, task, and assessment.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
Knowledge.
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you.

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson.

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

II

What I Know
Pretest: MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use separate answer sheet of paper.

1. Who studied the relative positions of sedimentary rocks?

A. Arthur Soo C. Nicholas Steno
B. Harry Hess D. Nicholo Steno

2. It is science of a rock strata.

A. Geology B. Layering C. Polygraph D. Stratigraphy

3. Rock layers are also named ______.

A. layering C. strata
B. rock D. all the choices

4. Which of the following are the basic principles that all geologists used in interpreting the
age and characteristics of a rock layers?
A. Code of ethics C. Law of rocks
B. Ethics and principles D. Stratigraphic laws
5. Which of the following principles which state that were most sediment when deposited will
form a horizontal or nearly horizontal layers?
A. The Principle of Original Horizontality C. The Principle of Faunal Succession
B. The Principle of Lateral Continuity D. The Principle of Superposition

6. Which of the following principles which shows the same vertical changes in fossils that are
embedded in rocks occurred in different places?
A. The Principle of Original Horizontality C. The Principle of Faunal Succession
B. The Principle of Lateral Continuity D. The Principle of Superposition

7. Scientists can relate the stratigraphic correlation of a rock layers based on location. This
principle is known as ______________.
A. The Principle of Original Horizontality C. The Principle of Faunal Succession
B. The Principle of Lateral Continuity D. The Principle of Superposition

8. Grand Canyon has the oldest rocks that are exposed at the base called Proterozoic-age
rocks. This shows the Principle of ______________.
A. Original Horizontality C. Faunal Succession
B. Lateral Continuity D. Superposition

9. Which of the following places serves as a very good example of the stratification?
A. Dahilayan Park C. Grand Canyon
B. Grand Canal D. Sumalsag Cave

10. It is any nonliving and naturally formed as aggregate mass of solid matter.
A. Crystal C. Sand
B. Rock D. Sediments

11. These type of rocks are formed by the layer of precipitated and deposited suspension.
A. Igneous rock C. Sedimentary rock
B. Metamorphic rock D. All of these choices

III

12. What happens when fragmental volcanic material falls into lakes or the sea?
A. It undergoes the process of stratification.
 B. It changes its composition.
C. It becomes layered.
D. All of these choices.

13. Why is it that not all sedimentary deposits are stratified?

A. Due to other disturbances after deposition.
B. They may be destroyed by plants or animals.
C. This is due to recrystallization of limestone.
D. All of these choices.

14. Where does the oldest rock found?

A. Above younger layers. C. In between solid and liquid part of layers.
B. Beneath younger layers. B. Cannot be determined.

15. The following are successive events of the Earth’s historical past. EXCEPT:
A. aging and death B. earthquake C. stratification D. weathering

IV
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 Lesson Stratified Rocks
1
What I Need to Know

Unlocking the successive events of the Earth’s historical past gives us the key in
learning about the environment of long ago. The possible geologic events that occurred in a
certain area based on the rock layers are part of the major history in Earth’s past. What
evolved in the past can be best explained by rock formation with proper recording. This part
of geologic process helps everyone to understand the different rocks through cross sections
examination of large masses of rocks.

This module will tackle rock formation or stratification. The separation between
individual rock layers are termed stratification planes. Through stratification, the past record
movements of the Earth’s surface is preserved. With the interpretation of such events, this
permits practical results of mineral deposits, petroleum fields, and groundwater reservoirs
locations.
Specifically, in this lesson, you are expected to describe how layers of rocks or
stratified rocks are formed. But before we go further, accomplish the pretest to identify your
preparedness about the lessons in this module.

What’s In

Earth changes in its natural processes either in slow or in their rapid

way. Erosion and weathering are some slow changes on Earth. Meanwhile,
landslides, volcanic eruptions, Tsunamis, and earthquakes are due to rapid processes. In
the previous lesson, we talk about ocean basin structure and formation. The evolution of
different structures and features of ocean basins were brought about by slow processes that
take place on the Earth’s surface.

Ocean basins are maximum sites and intrabasinal for deposition for sediments from
the continents. Near in the active submarine volcanoes, the rate of the deposition of
sediments can be very high. However, there are areas where magmatism is difficult to
access due to intense building of volcanic structures above sea level. But numerous sample
of rocks have been recovered and studied through drilling, dredging, and expeditions of
small submarines to the ocean floor. Some drilling expeditions have reached through the
sediment cover and into the oceanic crust. The successive Earth’s geologic events have
paved the way to go further expeditions, thus adding to the Earth’s history.

One of the slow processes that take place on Earth’s surface is the rock formation.
The formation and characteristics of rocks provide us information regarding the past. There
are natural processes that influence rock layering such as weathering, erosion, heat,
pressure, compacting, cementing, cooling, and melting. Cross-sectional examination of large
masses of rocks in a certain place can be the best way to understand the historical events
on the surface of the Earth.

1
 What’s New
Before we discuss further, kindly answer the learning activity on the next page. This
will also help you to recall the different Earth’s geologic processes. There are slow and rapid
processes that you can find on the activity.

Learning Activity 1: Geo-Process Word Search

Directions: Have a copy of Learning Activity 1 as shown below.
Search the word/s that tells about Earth’s Geologic Processes. For
your clue, there are twenty (20) processes that you can search and
mark each using your pen. Just enjoy searching those word/s. Let’s
make learning fun!

S O L V E V I C C T S C C C
A B Y Y S O L S R S U O N D
D E L A N L E P Y U V N V V
S D R O C C K R S N O V E M
A D O O R A K E T A K E N S
S I N G S N N A A M P R D S
H N W O R I K D L I M G D D
F G O N E S O I L S S I E S
A L T E R M O N I G W N P N
L A Y E R I N G Z M E G O E
L A P S S V I N E M A I S A
S O U N D R I F T H T T I R
M A G M A T I S M A H A T T
E R U P T I O N C B E C I H
L E G A K L M I N E R O O Q
L F R P W X F R Z G I V N U
E G J Q X I X R Y R N S E A
F A U L T I N G Q E G P D K
R H L A X Z Z V J V S P P E
S I R L A N D S L I D E S D
S T A T S E T S L D S S S R
S N O I T A M R O F K C O R
Figure 1: Geo-
Process Word Search
Did you find all the geologic processes? Refer to the answer key provided for your
reference. How’s the activity? Are you now ready to continue with your learning regarding
stratified rock? On the succeeding pages, there are discussions of the activities as a way to
deepen your discovery and understanding of the concept.

What Is It

Stratified Rocks
The learning activity above tells us that Earth undergo various changes and
processes. As you continuously learning from all the lessons about Earth’s processes, then
its history must have evidence. This will help you to understand why and how the Earth’s
surface experience natural occurrences.

2
 As mentioned above, one of the evidence of Earth’s history is the rock formation.
Now, let us know some significant terms to facilitate your understanding of rock stratification.
Definition and description of these words were provided for you to explore the lesson.
Let’s unlock Terms:
 Bedding is also called stratification which describes the sedimentary rocks
layering, and sometimes, the layering found in metamorphic rock.
 Sedimentary rock is a type of a rock formed by the accumulation of sediments
with subsequent cementation of mineral, or organic particles on ocean floor or
other bodies of water at the Earth's surface.
 Strata is also referring to rock layers.
 Stratigraphic Laws are basic principles used and applied by geologist to
determine the age and characteristics of a rock layers.
 Stratigraphy is the study of a rock strata or layers.

A Danish scientist named Nicholas Steno, studied the relative positions of

sedimentary rocks. Further, Steno made mention that solid particles settle according to their
relative weight and size. First to settle is the largest and heaviest one while the smallest and
lightest are last to deposit. He said that layering is the most evident feature of sedimentary
rocks. Due to layering, there will be slighted changes in particle size and composition.

The scientific discipline concerned with the description of rock successions and their
interpretation in terms of a general time scale is called stratigraphy. This discipline provides
a basis for historical geology and found application such as petroleum and archaeology.
Moreover, the use of stratigraphic concept and data, the process of locating reservoir traps
has been done significantly.

. What’s More
In order for you to develop mastery of the competency of this lesson, accomplish the
required task.
Developing Mastery 1: KIM Chart: Stratified Rocks

What to Do?
1. Identify the Key word/idea or concept that you have learned so far related
to stratified rocks. Identify as many as you can.
2. Give Information or a definition of the word or information that matches the
key idea.
3. Draw/illustrate/cut-out pictures for the visual representation of the concept
as for the Memory Clue.
4. Use the table below to show your KIM Chart. A sample is given below. Use
separate sheet of paper.

Key word/idea or concept Information Memory Clue

e.x strata rocks layering

3
 What Is It

The rock strata composed of preserved and fossilized species. This understanding
helps the scientists to piece together the evolutionary history of a group of organisms and
Earth’s history as a whole. The good example place is located at Arizona, the Grand
Canyon. This place is a natural formation distinguished by layered bands of red rock that
reveals millions of years of geological history in a cross-section. A simple figure below shows
how Grand Canyon shows rock layering.

Figure 2: Grand Canyon at Arizona

What’s More
Developing Mastery 2: My Geologic History Contribution

Materials Needed: pencil, bond papers, and any colouring materials

What to Do?
 Imagine yourself as a geologist who is observing rock layers in three
different locations.
 Construct a simple geologic history of that places by illustrating your
own rock strata. You will consider the simple sequence in which the
oldest part is at the bottom while the youngest is found at the top. Use
different colors and shapes to represent the fossilized species in every
sequence and location.
 Write a brief but concise description of your own stratified rock
geologic history contribution.

What’s New

Geologists can tell the relative ages of the rock layers through geologic events
occurring at one location and of the same age. This process or system is called correlation
which developed by geologists for correlating rocks by its similarities in composition,
sequences, and location. The geologists used the index fossils which are existed for a very
short time and where distributed over a large geographic area. Now proceed to learning
activity 2.

4
Learning Activity 2: Graphic Organizer: Rock Strata Correlation
Directions: Design your own graphic organizer to make picture and
demonstrate relationships between facts, concepts, or ideas of your
thought regarding rock strata correlation.

Materials Needed:
 Bond paper
 Pencil

Kindly refer to the rubric below to guide on how you are going to design and
present your output. This is also the basis of giving points for graphic
organizer.

Rubric 1: Graphic Organizer

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning

Organizatio Extremely well Organized. Structure Somewhat Poorly

n organized and with clear illustration organized organized. A
visually presented and flow of concepts structure allows clear sense of
allow reader to move reader to move direction is not
Order and
through content through some of manifested.
structure of
without confusion. the content without
information is
Flows smoothly confusion. Flow is
compelling and
sometimes
flows smoothly
disrupted.

Content Thorough and Complete Shows some Shows

insightful understanding of understanding of incomplete
understanding of concepts concepts understanding of
concepts concepts

Ideas Insightful and well Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are not
considered ideas considered; more somewhat with the clear
making a lot of than one thoughtful topic; makes some few connection
connections connection is made connections

What I Have Learned

To process what you have learned from lesson 1 of this module, answer the
following questions. Be brief but concise.
Q1: Where is the youngest and oldest possible layer of a completed
sequence or stratified rocks?
Q2: Why is it necessary to observe and correlate the rock layers at
several different locations?

Q3: Explain how it is possible that a specific type of fossil may be

found in one location but absent from that same layer at another
location.

Q4: What characteristics could a geologist use to distinguish between

rock layers?
 5
What I Can Do

This part of the module is designed to show-case your skills and knowledge gained,
and applied into real-life concerns and situation. To do this, a performance task entitled
Dynoactivity is assigned to you. You can do the task at home and present your output to
your teacher.

Lesson 1: Performance Task 1: Dynoactivity: A 3D Model of a Rock Stratification

Materials Needed:
 Sedimentary layers puzzle (fig. 3)
 Pair of scissors
 Paste
 Any available or indigenous material for your 3D, such as
small boxes, wrappers, and the like.

KEY POINTS:
Sediments such as sand and silt were laid down and compressed to
form sedimentary rock layers for over million years. Records of ancient
landscapes, climates, and organisms were preserved. The correct sequence
of sedimentary rock layers using the fossils found within them was oftentimes
determined by scientists. They figure out and compare if two layers are from
the same geologic time period or not.

Procedure:
1. Photocopy the sedimentary layers puzzle found on the next page of this
activity and cut out into five strips of paper. The strips represented a
sedimentary rock layer formed during a certain period.

2. Arrange them into correct sequence according to the Principle of Faunal

Succession. The letters from the puzzle represents each period of
succession.

3. With the use of any available indigenous materials, make your 3D model of
the said principle. Rubric is provided to guide you and serves as rating
criteria.

4. Present your best performance output and be rated by your teacher using
the rubric as shown on the proceeding page. To process this activity, answer
the questions presented through your learning reflection.

Learning Insight:
In your own point of view, what happens to the succeeding animals based
on the sedimentary layers puzzle? Which period (A, B, C, D, and E) of time
went extinct first? How about the last to exist? How helpful is the rock
stratification to Earth’ history and why?
 6

Rubric 2: 3d Model
Criteria 4 3 2 1
Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning

Organizatio Extremely well Organized. The flow of Poorly

n& organized. Structure and ideas presented organized. A
Presentatio Order and flow of concepts through the clear sense of
n structure of presented visual is not so direction is not
concepts through the organized, evident. Flow is
presented is visual allows structure allows frequently
compelling and reader to move reader to move interrupted.
concept flows through content through some of
smoothly without the content
confusion; Flow without
of concepts is confusion. Flow
smooth is sometimes
interrupted.

Content & Thorough and Complete Shows some Shows

Ideas insightful understanding of understanding of incomplete
understanding of content and content and understanding of
content and ideas ideas material
ideas

Output & Contributed and Contributed and Contributed and Contributed little
Visual showed showed great showed fair effort to meet
Appeal exceptional effort effort to meet effort to meet the desirable
beyond the expectation the expectation expectation and
expectations with and creativity is and little no originality.
imaginative and acceptable creativity used
original
7
Figure 3: The Sedimentary Layers Puzzle

8
 Lesson Fundamental Principles of
2 Stratigraphy

What’s In

Is there a specific order of the layers of rocks? Actually, there is no specific answer to
this because rocks change over time. But, as the principle of stratigraphy explains that the
bottom layer of rocks is the oldest and the top pile is considered youngest. Besides, the
strata may range from thin sheets that cover many square kilometers to thick that extend
only a few meters laterally. During deposition, the stratification in sedimentary rocks may
result changes in texture or composition. The order of rock layering may appear as
alternations of coarse and fine particles. Color changes resulting from differences in mineral
composition or merely as layers of same feature separated by distinct planes of parting.
In 17th century, Nicolaus Steno, a Danish scientist and theologian, presented the
organic origin known as fossils. This was the time when the guiding principles of
palaeontology and historical geology began to work of few individuals. Besides, the major
objective of this work is to establish the history of Earth from its origin to the present. In
geologic history, the geometric relationships of rocks with respect to each other, such as
layered rocks or strata, the relative ages of which may be determined by simple principles
application.

What I Need to Know

This module 4, lesson 2, discusses the four fundamental principles of stratigraphy.

Stratigraphy is a branch of science that talks about rock strata or layer. This layering is the
most obvious feature of sedimentary rocks. In geology, stratigraphy is important to determine
the sequence of events in a sedimentary basin at its most simple level.

Stratification is the process by which layers of soil and debris are laid down on top of
one another over time can be related to making ‘mango float’. First, you place down the first
layer of crust (biscuits), then sliced ripe mango on top of that, then whipped cream, then
another layered of crust, and so on. There is no way for you to put the bottom layer of crust
on before you add the cream on, and still maintain the same sequence of these different
layers.

The delivery of this module is also explorative because the discussion of the
concepts are accompanied with figurative presentation. Again, follow the icons as to
complete this module. The icons will guide you according to paces to make your learning
more specific and explorative.
 9
What’s New

Now, do learning activity 3 before going further with the discussion. Don’t
forget to follow the instruction given to you before doing the activity..

Learning Activity 3: Multiple Causes and One Effect Diagram

Directions: This activity is a modified way of identifying causes and
effect using the multiple causes and one effect diagram. The effect is
given already, just give the possible causes why and how stratification
of rocks take place. Have your own diagram on a sheet of paper and
do the rest.

Causes

Effect

Stratification of
Rocks

What Is It

How’s your learning activity 3? Did you able to identify possible causes of
stratification of rocks? Now, let’s continue with this module to deepen your learning. This
time, you will be provided with the information on how the layers of rocks are formed or
stratified. Illustrative data is also given to comprehend the four fundamental principles of
stratigraphy. About 17th to 19th centuries, based upon the work of Nicholas Steno, James
Hutton, and William Smith, stratigraphy laws was developed. Note that these principles are
the foundation of more comprehensive history of Earth when we talk about stratified rocks.
We will discuss one by one the principles of stratification on the next part of this module.
 10
Fundamental Principles of Stratigraphy
1. The Principle of Original Horizontality. This law states that most sediments when
deposited will form a horizontal or nearly horizontal strata under the action of gravity.

Figure 4: The Principle of Original Horizontality

2. The Principle of Lateral Continuity. This principle states that layer of sediment initially
extend laterally sideways in the same order. There are similar rocks but separated by a
valley or other erosional feature, still, they can be assumed to be originally continuous. In the
same manner scientist can correlate layers at one location to another.

Figure 5: The Principle of Lateral Continuity

11
3. The Principle of Superposition. This geochronology law states that in any uninterrupted
structure of rocks deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom.
The rock fragments must be older than the rock containing fragments.

Figure 6: The Principle of Superposition

4. The Principle of Faunal Succession. William Smith, an English engineer in the late 1700s,
developed this principle. He noticed that the same vertical changes in fossils are embedded
in rocks occurred in different places through time. With this, we know that the rocks are the
same age when we find the same kinds of fossils in rocks from different places.

Figure 7: The Principle of Faunal Succession

12
 What’s More
In order for you to develop mastery of the learning competency, answer the following
activity on separate sheet of paper.

Developing Mastery Activity 3: Stratigraphy- Let’s Do It!

Directions: Applying the Stratigraphic Laws, answer the following
questions and refer to figure 8 below.

Figure 8: The Stratigraphic Laws

Questions:
Q1. Write the line segments in the correct order. Note that the oldest has been done
to help understand how to write line segments.

Answer
Youngest: __________
__________
__________
__________

Oldest: __________ AB

Q2. Based on figure 8, what principles of stratigraphy being illustrated?

Q3. What are the factors that affect the stratification of rocks?

What I Have Learned

To process what you have learned from lesson 2 of this module, answer the following
questions in brief but concise on separate sheet of paper. The same rubric for essay will be
used.
Q1. How did geologists determine the sequence of stratified rocks?

Q2. Explain the importance of fundamental principles of stratigraphy.

Q3. What happens to the rock stratification hence the Earth is constantly in motion?

13
 What I Can Do
This part of the module is designed to show-case your skills and knowledge gained,
and applied into real-life concerns and situation. To do this, do lesson 2 performance task 2
at home.

Lesson 2: Performance Task 2: DIY Edible Rock Layering

Materials Needed:
 cookies
 chocolate chips
 marshmallows
 crushed biscuits
 gummy worms
 sprinkles
 transparent glass

Key Points: Rock layering is most obvious feature of sedimentary

rocks. They are formed particle by particle and bed by bed, and are
piled one on top of the other.

Procedure:

1. Make you DIY (Do-It-Yourself) edible rock layering using those

materials above. Arrange or put them applying the stratigraphic laws.

2. See it that you have your representation of the following

composition:
Bedrock, parent material, subsoil, topsoil, and organic material.

3. Take a picture of your step by step DIY edible rock layering and the
finished output. Label them according to important composition.

4. After you have done with this activity, enjoy eating your own model.
Then, do not forget to answer the learning insight questions below.
Submit the required output as requested by your teacher.

Learning Insights:
1. How did you design your DIY edible rock layering?
2. What are the possible materials or compositions of rock
strata?
3. How about the other factors that lead to rock
stratification?
4. What stratigraphic laws being portrayed by your DIY
edible rock layering?
 14
Summary
1. The geologic history of various regions and of Earth can be reconstructed based
on rock strata.
2. The geological time scale correlates and classifies rock strata in which certain
types of fossils are found on Earth’s surface.
3. Geologists can tell the relative ages of the rock layers through the process of
correlation.
4. Stratigraphy is a branch of geology to determine the sequence of events in a
sedimentary basin at its most simple level.
5. Rock layering or bedding is composed of fossilized species which settled as
sediments with subsequent cementation of mineral, or organic particles on ocean
floor or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface.

6. Nicholas Steno is a Danish scientist who studied the relative positions of

sedimentary rocks.

7. The Principle of Original Horizontality states that most sediments when

deposited will form a horizontal or nearly horizontal strata under the action of gravity.

8. The Principle of Lateral Continuity states that layer of sediment initially extend
laterally sideways in the same order.
9. The Principle of Superposition states that in any uninterrupted structure of rocks
deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom.
10. The Principle of Faunal Succession illustrates the assemblages of fossilized
species that are embedded in rocks occurred in different places through time.
11. Stratigraphic laws are basic and fundamental principles used and applied by
geologist to determine the age and characteristics of a rock layers.

Assessment: (Post-Test)
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
Answer. Use a separate answer sheet of paper.

1. Where does the oldest layer of a rock is located according to the Principle of
Superposition?
A. bottom B. middle C. random location D. top

2. This evidence of ancient life can be found in the stratified rock.

A. fossil B. half-life C. Unconformity D. Uniformitarianism

3. Rock strata can be the most closely correlated if they have contained the same _____.
A. elements B. fossils C. shapes D. types of rocks

4. The following are natural processes influencing rock stratification, EXCEPT:

A. burning B. cementing C. cooling D. melting
 15
5. If a sandstone in contact with a granite contains fragments of the granite, what can
you infer?
A. The sandstone and granite are the same age.
B. The granite was intruded into the sandstone.
C. The sandstone is older than the granite.
D. The granite is older than the sandstone.

6. Supposing a big area of Hawaii converge into the Pacific Ocean. What would be the
long-term effect on the remaining island?
A. The tourist industry would be devastated.
B. A new volcano would begin to grow.
C. It would begin to sink.
D. It would begin to rise.

7. Dikes and faults are being used for establishing sequences of events. This activity applies
the principle of ___________________.
A. faunal succession B. original horizontality
B. lateral continuity C. superposition

For items 8-10, refer to figure 9.

8. Which of the statement about the age of the fossil is most likely correct based on the
diagram?
A. Fossil A and C are the same age
B. Fossil B is older than fossil C
C. Fossils A is older than fossil B
D. Fossil D is older than fossil C

Figure 9: Fossils Age

9. In figure 7, it is shows what principle of stratigraphy?

A. The Principle of Original Horizontality C. The Principle of Faunal Succession
B. The Principle of Lateral Continuity D. The Principle of Superposition

10. Which of the following is the youngest?

A. A B. B C. C D. D
 16
II. TRUE or FALSE.
Directions: Write True on the space provided if the statement is correct
and False if NOT. Use your answer sheet for this.

_____1. The term, 'rock strata' refers to the layers of sedimentary rocks.

_____2. Rock layers at surface are older strata.

_____3. Stratification is the process of layering sedimentary rocks.

_____4. Layers of stratified rocks are the same throughout.

_____5. Crustal movement and displacement of soil causes stratification.

Key to Answers

Module 4 Lesson 1: Learning Activity 1:Crossword

Pretest: Puzzle
1. C ASHFALL
2. D BEDDING
3. C CONVERGING
4. D CRYSTALLIZE
5. A DEPOSITION
6. C DIVERGE
7. B DRIFT
8. C EARTHQUAKE
9. C EROSION
10.B ERUPTION
11.C FAULTING
12.D LANDSLIDES
13.D LAYERING
14. B MAGMATISM
15. A ROCK FORMATION
Post Test SPREADING
Part I Part II STRATIFICATION
1. A 1. True TSUNAMIS
2. A 2. False VOLCANISM
3. B 3. True WEATHERING
4. D 4. False
 5. D 5. True
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. D
10. A

18
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19
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Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]