Course Title

Course
30102414
Code
Credit :3
Hours
Prerequisit : ___
e
Instructor Information

Name Dr.Belal Ayyoub &&Dr.Ahmad A.M Sharadqh

Office No.
Tel (Ext) 515
E-mail [email protected] && [email protected]
Office Hours Monday, Wednesday 11-12
Class Times Building Day Start Time End Time Room No.
Online S, T, T 11:00 AM 12:00 AM Online
M, W 9:30 AM 11:00 AM
 Course description: This course explains the fundamentals of TCP/IP
layers. It covers Network architectures, Application layer protocols: HTTP and
FTP, Transmission layer protocols: TCP and UDP, Network Layer services:
routing protocols, IPV4 and IPV6, Data link layer services: Error detection and
correction, Multiple access Control.

First Computer Networks course, it is about communication between computers

– a breadth to networking. Our primary guide to understanding networking will
be the examination of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model
(ISO/IEC 7498-3:1997 et al), as implemented in the world’s dominant set of
protocols, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
Course Title: Computer Networks
Credit Hour(3-0)
Prerequisite: ____
Textbook: Textbook Title
 COURSE OBJECTIVES

This course requires the student to demonstrate the following:

1. Use the basic computer networking terminology to describe the different
components, services, and applications provided of the Internet.
2. Define the roles of the major components of the computer networks and
the Internet such as the host, router, network application, protocol, and
network services.
3. Calculate the major network measure of performance metrics such as
packet delay, link utilization, and throughput
4. Describe the operation of the major Internet protocols such as the HTTP,
FTP, DNS, DHCP, TCP, UDP, and IP
5. Describe the main principles of reliable data transfer, the algorithms
used, and how the TCP, for example, employs such principles to provide
reliable data transfer service
6. Differentiate between the virtual-circuit networks and the datagram
networks and describe the operation principles of each.
7. Describe the operation of the IP protocol and how the hierarchical
assignment of IP addresses facilitates the routing of the packets across
the network
COURSE
SYLLABUS
Week Course Topic
Week 1, 2 Computer Networks and the Internet
Chapter 1: Introduction,
Week 3, 4 Application Layer
Chapter 2: The Application Layer,
Week 5, 6 Transport Layer
Chapter 3: The Transport Layer,
Week 7 Midterm Exam
Week 8, 9, 10 Network Layer
Chapter 4: The Network Layer: Data Plane,

Chapter 5: The Network Layer: Control Plane,

Week 11, 12, 13, 14 Link Layer
Chapter 6: The Link Layer and LANs,
Week 15 Final Exam
Week 11
Chapter 6
The Link Layer
and LANs

A note on the use of these Powerpoint slides:

We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers).
They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify,
and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs.
They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only
ask the following: Computer
 If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source
(after all, we’d like people to use our book!)
Networking: A Top
 If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted
from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this
Down Approach
material.
7th edition
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
All material copyright 1996-2016 Pearson/Addison Wesley
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved April 2016
Link Layer and LANs 6-8
Chapter 6: Link layer and LANs
our goals:
 understand principles behind link layer
services:
• error detection, correction
• sharing a broadcast channel: multiple access
• link layer addressing
• local area networks: Ethernet, VLANs
 instantiation, implementation of various link
layer technologies

Link Layer and LANs 6-9

Link layer, LANs: outline
6.1 introduction, services 6.5 link virtualization:
6.2 error detection, MPLS
correction 6.6 data center
6.3 multiple access networking
protocols 6.7 a day in the life of a
6.4 LANs web request
• addressing, ARP
• Ethernet
• switches
• VLANS

Link Layer and LANs 6-10

Link layer: introduction
terminology:
 hosts and routers: nodes
 communication channels that
connect adjacent nodes along
communication path: links
• wired links
• wireless links
• LANs
 layer-2 packet: frame,
encapsulates datagram

data-link layer has responsibility of

transferring datagram from one node
to physically adjacent node over a link
Link Layer and LANs 6-11
Link layer: context
 datagram transferred by transportation analogy:
different link protocols over  trip from Princeton to Lausanne
different links: • limo: Princeton to JFK
• e.g., Ethernet on first link, • plane: JFK to Geneva
frame relay on • train: Geneva to Lausanne
intermediate links, 802.11  tourist = datagram
on last link  transport segment =
 each link protocol provides communication link
different services  transportation mode = link
• e.g., may or may not layer protocol
provide rdt over link  travel agent = routing
algorithm

Link Layer and LANs 6-12

Link layer services
 framing, link access:
• encapsulate datagram into frame, adding header, trailer
• channel access if shared medium
• “MAC” addresses used in frame headers to identify
source, destination
• different from IP address!
 reliable delivery between adjacent nodes
• we learned how to do this already (chapter 3)!
• seldom used on low bit-error link (fiber, some twisted
pair)
• wireless links: high error rates
• Q: why both link-level and end-end reliability?

Link Layer and LANs 6-13

Link layer services (more)
 flow control:
• pacing between adjacent sending and receiving nodes
 error detection:
• errors caused by signal attenuation, noise.
• receiver detects presence of errors:
• signals sender for retransmission or drops frame
 error correction:
• receiver identifies and corrects bit error(s) without resorting to
retransmission
 half-duplex and full-duplex
• with half duplex, nodes at both ends of link can transmit, but not
at same time

Link Layer and LANs 6-14

Where is the link layer implemented?
 in each and every host
 link layer implemented in
“adaptor” (aka network
interface card NIC) or on a
chip application
• Ethernet card, 802.11 transport
network cpu memory
card; Ethernet chipset link

• implements link, physical host

layer controller
bus
(e.g., PCI)
 attaches into host’s system link
physical
buses
physical
transmission

 combination of hardware,
software, firmware network adapter
card

Link Layer and LANs 6-15

Adaptors communicating

datagram datagram

controller controller

sending host receiving host

datagram

frame

 sending side:  receiving side

• encapsulates datagram in • looks for errors, rdt,
frame flow control, etc.
• adds error checking bits, • extracts datagram, passes
rdt, flow control, etc. to upper layer at
receiving side
Link Layer and LANs 6-16
Link layer, LANs: outline
6.1 introduction, services 6.5 link virtualization:
6.2 error detection, MPLS
correction 6.6 data center
6.3 multiple access networking
protocols 6.7 a day in the life of a
6.4 LANs web request
• addressing, ARP
• Ethernet
• switches
• VLANS

Link Layer and LANs 6-17

Error detection
EDC= Error Detection and Correction bits (redundancy)
D = Data protected by error checking, may include header fields

• Error detection not 100% reliable!

• protocol may miss some errors, but rarely
• larger EDC field yields better detection and correction

otherwise

Link Layer and LANs 6-18

 Parity checking
single bit parity: two-dimensional bit parity:
 detect single bit  detect and correct single bit errors
errors

0 0

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more

examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/ Link Layer and LANs 6-19
Internet checksum (review)
goal: detect “errors” (e.g., flipped bits) in transmitted packet
(note: used at transport layer only)

sender: receiver:
 treat segment contents  compute checksum of
as sequence of 16-bit received segment
integers  check if computed
 checksum: addition (1’s checksum equals checksum
complement sum) of field value:
segment contents • NO - error detected
 sender puts checksum • YES - no error detected.
value into UDP But maybe errors
checksum field nonetheless?

Link Layer and LANs 6-20

Cyclic redundancy check
 more powerful error-detection coding
 view data bits, D, as a binary number
 choose r+1 bit pattern (generator), G
 goal: choose r CRC bits, R, such that
• <D,R> exactly divisible by G (modulo 2)
• receiver knows G, divides <D,R> by G. If non-zero remainder:
error detected!
• can detect all burst errors less than r+1 bits
 widely used in practice (Ethernet, 802.11 WiFi, ATM)

Link Layer and LANs 6-21

 CRC example
want:
D.2r XOR R = nG
equivalently:
D.2r = nG XOR R
equivalently:
if we divide D.2r by
G, want remainder R
to satisfy:

R = remainder[
D.2r ]
G

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more

examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/ Link Layer and LANs 6-22
Link layer, LANs: outline
6.1 introduction, services 6.5 link virtualization:
6.2 error detection, MPLS
correction 6.6 data center
6.3 multiple access networking
protocols 6.7 a day in the life of a
6.4 LANs web request
• addressing, ARP
• Ethernet
• switches
• VLANS

Link Layer and LANs 6-23

Multiple access links, protocols
two types of “links”:
 point-to-point
• PPP for dial-up access
• point-to-point link between Ethernet switch, host
 broadcast (shared wire or medium)
• old-fashioned Ethernet
• upstream HFC
• 802.11 wireless LAN

shared wire (e.g., shared RF shared RF humans at a

cabled Ethernet) (e.g., 802.11 WiFi) (satellite) cocktail party
(shared air, acoustical)

Link Layer and LANs 6-24

Multiple access protocols
 single shared broadcast channel
 two or more simultaneous transmissions by nodes:
interference
• collision if node receives two or more signals at the same
time

multiple access protocol

 distributed algorithm that determines how nodes share
channel, i.e., determine when node can transmit
 communication about channel sharing must use channel itself!
• no out-of-band channel for coordination

Link Layer and LANs 6-25

An ideal multiple access protocol
given: broadcast channel of rate R bps
desiderata:
1. when one node wants to transmit, it can send at rate R.
2. when M nodes want to transmit, each can send at average
rate R/M
3. fully decentralized:
• no special node to coordinate transmissions
• no synchronization of clocks, slots
4. simple

Link Layer and LANs 6-26