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 EE8702POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL L T P C

3003

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION

1. What is load curve? NOV 2009

The curve drawn between the variations of load on the power station with reference to
time is known as load curve. There are three types, Daily load curve, Monthly load curve, Yearly
load curve

2. What is daily load curve? April 2012

The curve drawn between the variations of load with reference to varioustime period of
day is known as daily load curve.

3. What is monthly load curve?April 2011 Nov 2013 nov2014

It is obtained from daily load curve. Average value of the power at a month for a different
time periods are calculated and plotted in the graph which is known as monthly load curve.

4. What is yearly load curve?

It is obtained from monthly load curve which is used to find annual load factor.

5. What is connected load? April 2011

It is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipments connected to supply systems.

6. What is Maximum demand? April 2015

It is the greatest demand of load on the power station during a given period.

7. What is Demand factor? NOV 2009 April 2012April 2013

It is the ratio of maximum demand to connected load.

Demand factor= (max demand)/ (connected load)

8. What is Average demand? April 2015 Nov 2015

The average of loads occurring on the power station in a given period (day or month or
year) is known as average demand.
1
 Daily avg demand = (no of units generated per day)/ (24 hours)

Monthly avg demand = (no of units generated in month)/ (no of hours in a month)
Yearly avg demand = (no of units generated in a year)/ (no of hours in a year)

9. What is Load factor? Nov 2013 April 2016

The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period is known as load
factor.

Load factor = (average load)/ (maximum demand)

10. What is Diversity factor? April 2012 Nov 2014

The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demand on power station is known as
diversity factor.

Diversity factor = (sum of individual maximum demand)/(maximum demand).

11. What is Capacity factor? Nov 2015

This is the ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible energy that could
have been produced during a given period.

Capacity factor= (actual energy produced)/ (maximum energy that have been produced)

12. What is Plant use factor? April 2013 Nov 2014

It is the ratio of units generated to the product of plant capacity and the number of hours
for which the plant was in operation.

Units generated per annum= average load * hours in a year

13. What is Load duration curve? April 2016

When the load elements of a load curve are arranged in the order of descending
magnitudes the curve then obtained is called load duration curve.

PART B

1. A generating station has the following daily load cycle:

Time 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
(hours)
Load(MW) 20 25 30 25 35 20
Draw the Load curve (1)and load duration curve(1) and find
i. Maximum demand(2)
ii. Units generated per day(2)
2
 iii. Average Load(2)
iv. Load Factor.(2) Nov 2015 April 2015

2 .Consider an inductive Load of type Z=R+jX NOV 2009 Nov 2013 Nov 2015
i. By how many percent will the real load drop if the voltage is reduced by 5 percent?(8)
ii. How would a 2 percent drop in frequency affects the real load, if the load is assumed to
have a power factor of 0.8.(8)

3.A Power station has to meet the following demand. April 2011 April 2012 Nov 2014
Group A: 200kW between 8 A.M and 6 P.M
Group B: 100kW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M
Group C: 50kW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M
Group D: 100kW between 10 A.M and 6 P.M and 6 P.M and 6 A.M
Plot the daily load cure and load duration curve and determine
(i) Diversity factor
(ii) Units generated per day
(iii) Load factor. April 2013
4. Explain about load forecasting & weather sensitive load model April 2016
5. Explain plant level control NOV 2009 April 2012 April 2016
6. Explain system level control April 2015
7. Explain static and dynamic characteristics of power system load Nov 2013 Nov 2015

UNIT II-REAL POWER - FREQUENCY CONTROL

.
PART A

1.What is the major control loops used in large generators?

The major control loops used in large generators are

1. Automatic voltage regulator (AVR)
2. Automatic load frequency control (ALFC).

2. What is the use of secondary loop? April 2013 April 2016

A slower secondary loop maintains the fine adjustment of the frequency, and also by reset
action maintains proper MW interchange with other pool members. This loop is insensitive to
rapid load and frequency changes but focuses instead on drift like changes which take place over
periods of minutes.

3. What is the adv of AVR loop over ALFC? April 2011 Nov 2013 April 2016

AVR loop is much faster than the ALFC loop and therefore there is a tendency, for the VR
dynamics to settle down before they can make themselves felt in the slower load frequency
control channel.

4. What is the diff. between large and small signal analysis? NOV 2009 April 2012 April 2015

Large signal analysis is used where voltage and power may undergo sudden changes of
magnitude that may approach 100 percent of operating values. Usually this type of analysis leads
to differential equations of non-linear type. Small signal anaysis is used when variable excursions
are relatively small, typically at most a few percent of normal operating values.

3
5. What is the exciter? NOV 2015

The exciter is the main component in AVR loop. It delivers the DC power to the generator
field. It must have adequate power capacity and sufficient speed of response (rise time less than
0.1 sec).

6. What is the function of AVR? April 2013nov 2014 April 2015

The basic role of the AVR is to provide constancy of the generator terminal voltage during
normal, small and slow changes in the load.

7. Explain about static AVR loop? NOV 2009 April 2012

In a static AVR loop, the execution power is obtained directly from the generator terminals
or from the station service bus. The AC power is rectified by thyristor bridges and fed into the main
generator field via slip rings. Static exciters are very fast and contribute to proved transient
stability.

8. Write the static performance of AVR loop? April 2011 Nov 2013

The AVR loop must regulate the terminal |V| to within required static accuracy limit. Have
sufficient speed of response. Be stable.

9. What is the dis.adv of high loop gain? How is to be eliminated? NOV 2015

High loop gain is needed for static accuracy but this causes undesirable dynamic response,
possibly instability. By adding series AND/OR feedback stability compensation to the AVR loop, this
conflicting situation can be resolved.

10. What are the effects of generator loading in AVR loop?2014

Added load does not change the basic features of the AVR loop, it will however affect the
values of both gain factor Kf and the field constant. High loading will make the generator work at
higher magnetic saturation levels. This means smaller changes in |E| for incremental increases in
if, translating into the reduction of KF. The field time constant will likewise decreases as generator
loading closing the armature current paths. This circumstance permits the formation of transient
stator currents the existence of which yields a lower effective field induction.

11. What are the functions of ALFC?

The basic role of ALFC‟s is to maintain desired MW output of a generator unit and assist in
controlling the frequency of large interconnection. The ALFC also helps to keep the net
interchange of power between pool members at predetermined values. Control should be applied
in such a fashion that highly differing response characteristics of units of various types are
recognized. Also unnecessary power output changes should be kept at a minimum in order to
reduce wear of control valves.

4
12. Specify the dis.adv of ALFC loop?

The ALFC loop will main control only during normal changes in load and frequency. It is
typically unable to provide adequate control during emergency situations, when large MW
imbalances occur.

13. How is the real power in a power system controlled?

The real power in a power system is being controlled by controlling the driving torque of
the individual turbines of the system.

14. What is the need for large mechanical forces in speed-governing system?

Very large mechanical forces are needed to position the main valve against the high
stream pressure and these forces are obtained via several stages of hydraulic amplifiers

PART B

1. Using a simplified functional diagram explain the operating features of a speed governing
system.(8) (M/J 2006)
2. Develop a linear mathematical model of a speed governing system.(8) NOV 2015
3. Explain the static and dynamic response of ALFC control loop.(8)
4. Explain the technique involved in load frequency control (LFC)of a single area
system.(8) (M/J 2006) April 2012 Nov 2013
5. Explain the principle, involved in tie line frequency control in case of two area system.
(M/J 2006) April 2015
6. Develop a linear mathematical model of two area system.(8)(Nov 2009)
7. Explain the tie line bias control of two area system .(8)(Nov 2010)
8. Briefly discuss the LFC control of single area systems.(16)(Nov 2011) NOV 2009
9. Explain the dynamic response of two area system.(8) (Nov 2012) NOV 2015
10. Develop a linear mathematical model of two area system.(6)
11. Explain the tie line bias control of two area system.(6) April 2011 Nov 2013
12. Describe the expression for Critical gain (4)
13. A single area controlled system has the following data(8)
Area capacity =2000MW
Operating Load=1000MW
R=2.4Hz/p.u.MW
Find KI and find the nature of roots for KI=1.
14. Determine the primary ALFC loop parameter for a control area having the following
data : Nov 2013 April 2016
Total rated area capacity, Pr =2000MW
Normal Operating Load, Pd=1000MW
Inertia constant, H= 5 sec
R=2.4Hz/p.u. MW (all area generators)
We shall assume that the load frequency dependency as linear meaning that the old load would
increase 1% for 1% frequency increases. April 2012
15. A single area controlled system has the following data(8) Nov 2013 April 2013 Nov 2014 April
2015
Area capacity =3000MW
Operating Load=1500MW

5
 R=3%
H=5 sec and frequency=50 Hz
Compute steady state drop in frequency in Hz for a step load changing of 25MW
16. Two 50 Hz power station are connected by means of an interconnected cable of negligible
impedance so that the station are in parallel. Station A has a full load capacity of 15 MW and uniform
speed regulation of 3%, Station B has a capacity of 4MW and a uniform speed regulation of 4%. The
load on the bus bar of station A is 10MW and B is 4MW. Calculate the generated output of each
station. The power transmitted by the interconnected and the operating frequency .Assume frequency
governor action and the speed changer of generator were set to have a frequency of 50 Hz .April 2016

UNIT – III

REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE CONTROL

PART – A ( 2 MARKS)
1. What are the sources of reactive power? How it is controlled? April 2011 April 2015

The sources of reactive power are generators, capacitors, and reactors.

These are controlled by field excitation.

Give some excitation system amplifier.

The excitation system amplifiers are,

a) Magnetic amplifier
b) Rotating amplifier

c) Modern electronic amplifier.

2. When is feedback stability compensation used? April 2012 Nov 2013 NOV 2015

High loop gain is needed for static accuracy but this causes undesirable dynamic response,
possibly instability. This conflicting situation is resolved by adding feedback stabling compensation
to the AVR loop.

3. Give the characteristics of line compensators? NOV 2009 April 2011 April 2013

The characteristics of line compensators are, a.

Ferranti effect is minimized.

b. Under excited operation of synchronous generator is not required.

4. What is known as bank of capacitors? How it is adjusted? Nov2014 NOV 2015

When a number of capacitors are connected in parallel to get the desired capacitance, it is
known as bank of capacitors. These can be adjusted in steps by switching (mechanical).

5. What is the disadvantage of switched capacitors are employed for compensation? NOV
2009 Nov 2013

When switched capacitors are employed for compensation, these should be

6
 disconnected immediately under light load conditions to avoid excessive voltage rise and
Ferro resonance in presence of transformers.

6. What are the effects of capacitor in series compensation circuit? April 2012 April 2013

The effects of capacitor in series compensation circuit are,

Voltage drop in the line reduces.
Prevents voltage collapse.
Steady state power transfer increases.
Transient stability limit increases.

7. Give two kinds of capacitors used in shunt compensator? April 2016

The two kinds of capacitors used in shunt compensator are, a. Static Var Compensator
(SVC) : These are banks of capacitors ( sometimes inductors also for use under light load
conditions).

8. What is synchronous condenser?

It is a synchronous motor running at no-load and having excitation adjustable over a wide
range. It feeds positive VARs into the line under overexcited conditions and negative VARs when
under excited.

9. Write about Static VAR Compensator (SVC).nov 2014

These comprise capacitor bank fixed or switched or fixed capacitor bank and switched
reactor bank in parallel. These compensators draw reactive power from the line thereby regulating
voltage, improve stability (steady state and dynamic), control overvoltage and reduce voltage and
current unbalances. In HVDC application these compensators provide the required reactive power
and damp out sub harmonic oscillations.

10. What is Static VAR Switches or Systems? April 2016

Static VAR compensators use switching for var control. These are also called static VAR
switches or systems. It means that terminology wise SVC=SVS. And we will use these
interchangeably.
11. Give some of the Static compensators schemes.

a. Saturated reactor
b. Thyristor- Controlled Reactor (TCR)
c. Thyristor Switched capacitor (TSC)
d. Combined TCR and TSC compensator.

12. What is tap changing transformers? April 2015

All power transformers and many distribution transformers have taps in one or more
windings for changing the turn‟s ratio. It is called tap changing transformers.

13. Write the types of tape changing transformers.

7
 a. Off- load tap changing transformers.
b. Tap changing under load transformers.
14. What is the use of off-load tap changer and TCUL ? Nov 2009

The off- load tap changers are used when it is expected that the ratio will need to be
changed only infrequently, because of load growth or some seasonal change. TCUL is used when
changes in ratio may be frequent or when it is undesirably to de-energize the transformer to
change the tap.

PART – B

1. (a) Discuss generation and absorption of Reactive Power (8)

(b) Explain how voltage control can be effected by injection of Reactive Power Nov 2015 (8)

2.(a) Draw the composite SVS power system characteristics April 2011 Nov 2013 (8)

( b) What are the applications of SVS Nov 2015 (8)

3. Explain different types of static VAR compensators with a phasor diagram April 2015 (16)

4. A 3Φ, 230 kV transmission line having the following parameters operates at no-load.

R=20ohm, X= 80 ohm, B= 4x10-4 mho. If the receiving end voltage is 210kV find the sending end
voltage representing the transmission line as π model. (16) April 2013 April 2016

5. The load at receiving end of a 3Φ overhead line is 30 MW, 0.8 pf lag at the line voltage of 66kV.
A synchronous compensator is situated at sending end and the voltage at both ends of the line is
maintained at 66kV. Calculate the MVAR of compensator. The line has a resistance and reactance
of 6ohm/ph, 24 ohm/ph, respectively. (16) Nov 2009 April 2012Nov2014

6. A 415 kV line is fed through an 132/415kVtransformer from a constant 132kV supply. At the
load end of the line, the voltage is reduced by another transformer of ratio 415/132kV. The total
impedance of the line is (30+j60) . Both transformers are equipped with tap-changing, the
product of the two off-nominal setting is unity. If the load on the system is 200 MW at 0.8of
lagging. Calculate the settings of the tap-changer required to maintain the voltage at 132kV. (16)
April 2011 April 2015

7. Two sub-station are connected by two lines in parallel with negligible impedance, but each
containing a tap-changing transformer of reactance 0.22pu on the basis of its rating of 200 MVA.
Find the net absorption of reactive power when the transformer, taps are set to 1:1.08, and 1:0.95
respectively. Assume pu voltages to be equal at the two ends. Nov 2009 April 2012 Nov 2013 April
2013 April 2016 (16)

UNIT – IV

ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS

8
 PART – A (2 MARKS)

1. Define economic dispatch problem? Nov 2015[R]

The objective of economic dispatch problem is to minimize the operating cost of active
power generation.

2. Define incremental cost? Nov 2009 Nov 2013[R]

The rate of change of fuel cost with active power generation is called incremental cost.
Write the load balance equation? Pg-pd-pl=0.

3. Define base point? April 2012[R]

The present operating point of the system is called base point.

4. Define participation factor? April 2013 Nov 2014[R]

The change in generation required to meet power demand is called as participation

factor.

5. Define hydrothermal scheduling problem? Nov 2013[R]

The objective is to minimize the thermal generation cost with the constraints of water
availability.

6. Define Uncommitment? April 2011 Nov 2015[R]

Commitment of minmum generator to meet the required demand.

7. Define spinning reserve? [R]

It is the term describe the total amount of generation availability from all units
synchronized on the system.

8. What is meant by scheduled reserve? Nov 2009 Nov 2014 April 2016[U]

These include quick start diesel turbine units as well as most hydro units and pumped
storage hydro units that can be brought online, synchronized and brought up to full capacity
quickly.

9. What are the thermal unit constraint? April 2015[U]

Minimum up time, minimum down time crew constraints.

10. Define minimum up time? [R]

9
 Once the unit is running, it should not be turned off immediately.

11. Define min.down time? April 2012[R]

Once the unit is decommited, there is a minimum time before it can be recommended.

12. Define crew constraints? April 2016[R]

If a plant consist of two (or) more units, all the units cannot be turned on at the same time
since there are not enough crew members to attend both units while starting up.

13. What are the two approaches to treat a thermal unit to operating temperature? [U]

The first allow the unit boiler to cool down and then heat backup to operating
temperature in time for a scheduled turn on. The second requires that sufficient energy be input
to the boiler to just maintain operating temperature.

6. What are the techniques for the solution of the unit commitment problem? [U]

Priority list method dynamic programming Lagrange relation

7. What are the assumptions made in dynamic programming problem? April 2011 April 2013[U]

A state consists of an array of units with specified units operating and the rest of the time.
The startup cost of a unit is independent of the time it has been offline. There are no costs for
shutting down the units.

16. Define long range hydro scheduling problem? April 2015[R]

The problem involves the long range of water availability and scheduling of reservoir
water releases. For an interval of time that depends on the reservoir capacities.

17. What are the optimization technique for long range hydro scheduling problem? [U]

Dynamic programming composite hydraulic simulation methods statistical production

cost.

18. Define short range hydro scheduling problem? [U]

It involves the hour by hour scheduling of all generators on a system to achieve minimum
production condition for the given time period.

19. Define system blackout problem? [U]

If any event occurs on a system that leaves it operating with limits violated, the event may
be followed by a series of further actions that switch other equipment out of service. If the process
of cascading failures continues, the entire system of it may completely collapse. This is referred as
system blackout.

10
20. What is meant by cascading outages? [U]

If one of the remaining lines is now too heavily loaded, it may open due to relay action,
thereby causing even more load on the remaining lines. This type of process is often termed as
cascading outage.

PART – B

1. (a) Explain briefly the constraints on unit commitment problem. (8)

(b) What is spinning reserve and does this reserve help in operating a power system

efficiently? Nov 2013 April 2013[U] (8)

4. 2. Explain Priority list method using full load average production cost. State the merits and
demerits. (16) Nov 2009 Nov 2014 April 2015[U]

3. Explain with a neat flowchart the procedure for finding the solution for unit commitment
problems using forward DP method. (16) April 2011 April 2012[U]

5. There are three thermal generating units which can be committed to take the system load.
The fuel cost data and generation operating unit data are given below: Nov 2009 April
2015[A]

F1 = 392.7 + 5.544 P1 + 0.001093

P12 F2 = 217 + 5.495 P2 + 0.001358
P22
F3 = 65.5 + 6.695 P3 + 0.004049 P32 , P1, P2, P3 in MW

Generation limits : 150 ≤ P1 ≤ 600

MW 100 ≤ P2 ≤ 400 MW 50 ≤ P3 ≤
200 MW

There are no other constraints on system operation. Obtain an optimum unit commitment
table. Adopt Brute force enumeration technique. Show the details of economic schedule and
the component and total costs of operation for each feasible
combination of units for the load level of 900 MW. April 2012 (16)

5. The input –output curve characteristics of three units are:

F1=750+6.49 PG1+0.0035P G1

F2=870+5.75 PG2+0.0015P2G2

11
 F3=620+8.56 PG3+0.001P2G3

The fuel cost of unit 1, 2, 3 is 1.0 Rs / Mbtu. Total load is 800 MW. Use participation
factor method to calculate the dispatch for a load is increased to 880 MW? April 2011[A] (16)

8. Obtain the priority list of unit commitment using full load average production cost for the given
data for the load level of 900 MW. [A]
F1 = 392.7 + 5.544 P1 + 0.001093 P12
F2 = 217 + 5.495 P2 + 0.001358 P22
F3 = 65.5 + 6.695 P3 + 0.004049 P32 , P1, P2, P3 in MW

Generation limits : 150 ≤ P1 ≤ 600

MW 100 ≤ P2 ≤ 400 MW 50 ≤ P3 ≤
200 MW

There are no other constraints on system operation. Obtain an optimum unit commitment
table. (16)

7. Derive the expression for base point and participation method. April 2013 April 2016[U] (16)

8. Give iteration algorithm for solving economic scheduling problem, without transmission

loss. Nov 2015[U] (16)

9. Derive coordination equation for economic dispatch including losses, in the power

system. Give steps for economic dispatch calculation. Neglecting losses April 2011 Nov 2013[U] (16)

10. Consider the following three units:

IC1 = 7.92 + 0.003124 PG1

IC2 = 7.85 + 0.00388 PG2

IC3 = 7.97 + 0.00964 PG3

PD = 850 MW

PG1 = 392.2 MW, PG2 = 334.6 MW, PG3 = 122.2 MW

Determine the optimum schedule if the load is increased to 900 MW by using Participation Factor
method. (16) April 2012 April 2016 Nov 2015[A]

UNIT - V

CONTROL CENTERS AND POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

PART – A (2 MARKS)

12
 1. What are the functions of control center? Nov 2013[U]

System monitoring contingency analysis security constrained optimal power flow.

2. What is the function of system monitoring? April 2016[U]

System monitoring provides upto date information about the power system.

3. Define scada system? Nov 2009 Nov 2014[R]

It stands for supervisory control and data acquisition system, allows a few operators to
monitor the generation and high voltage transmission systems and to take action to correct
overloads.

4. What are the states of power system? April 2012[U]

Normal state alert mode contingency mode emergency mode. Define normal mode? The
system is in secure even the occurrence of all possible outages has been simulated the system
remain secure is called normal mode.

5. Define alert mode? April 2011 April 2013[R]

The occurrence of all possible outages the system does not remain in the secure is called
alert mode.

6. What are the distribution factors? [U]

Line outage distribution factor, generation outage distribution factor.

7. Define state estimation? Nov 2013 [R]

State estimation is the process of assigning a value to an unknown system state variable
based on measurements from that system according to some criteria.

8. Define max. likelihood criterion? Nov 2009 [R]

The objective is to maximize the probability that estimate the state variable x, is the true
value of the state variable vector (i.e, to maximize the P(x)=x).

9. Define weighted least-squares criterion? April 2012 Nov 2014[R]

The objective is to minimize the sum of the squares of the weighted deviations of the
estimated measurements z, from the actual measurement.

10. Define minimum variance criterion? April 2016[R]

The objective is to minimize the expected value of the squares of the deviations of the
estimated components of the state variable vector from the corresponding components of the

13
true state variable vector.

11. Define must run constraint? April 2013[R]

Some units are given a must run status during certain times of the year for reason of
voltage support on the transmission network.

12. Define fuel constraints? April 2011[R]

A system in which some units have limited fuel or else have constraints that require them
to burn aspecified amount of fuel in a given time.

13. What are the assumptions made in priority list method? [U]

No load cost are zero unit input-output characteristics are linear between zero output and
full load there are no other restrictions startup cost are affixed amount.

14. State the adv of forward DP approach? [U]

If the start up cost of a unit is a function of the unit is a function of the time it has been
offline, then a forward dynamic program approach is more suitable since the previous history of
the unit can be computed at each stage.

15. State the dis.adv of dynamic programming method? April 2015[U]

It has the necessity of forcing the dynamic programming solution to search over a small
number of commitment states to reduce the number of combinations that must be tested in each
period.

16. What are the known values in short term hydro scheduling problem? [U]

The load, hydraulic inflows & uit availabilities are assumed known. What is meant by
telemetry system? The states of the system were measured and transmitted to a control center by
means of telemetry system.

17. What are the functions of security constraints optimal power flow? [U]

In this function, contingency analysis is combined with an optimal power flow which seeks
to make changes to the optimal dispatch of generation. As well as other adjustments, so that
when a security analysis is run, no contingency result in violations.

18. Define the state of optimal dispatch? [R]

This is the state that the power system is in prior to any contingency. It is optimal with
respect to economic operation but may not be secure.

19. Define post contingency? [R]

This is the state of the power system after a contingency has occurred. Define secure
dispatch? This is state of the power system with with no contingency outages,but with correction

14
to the operating parameters to account for security violations.

20. What are the priorities for operation of modern power system? April 2015[U]
Operate the system in such a way that power is delivered reliably. Within the constraints
placed on the system operation by reliability considerations, the system will be operated most
economically.

21. What is meant by linear sensitivity factor? Nov 2015[U]

Many outages become very difficult to solve if it is desired to present the results quickly.
Easiest way to provide quick calculation of possible overloads is linear sensitivity factors.

22. What are linear sensitivity factors? [U]

Generation shift factors line outage distribution factors.

23. What is the uses of line distribution factor? [U]

It is used to apply to the testing for overloads when transmission circuits are lost.

24. What is meant by external equvalencing? Nov 2015[U]

In order to simplify the calculations and memory storage the system is sub divided into 3
sub systems called as external equvalencing.

PART – B

1. Explain the different system operating states . April 2015 Nov 2015 [U] (16)

2. Discuss about automatic substation control using SCADA. April 2013 [U] (16)

3. Explain about SCADA configuration. April 2011 Nov 2013 Nov 2014 April 2015 (16)

Briefly discuss the various functions of energy control centre. Nov 2009 April
2016[U] (16)

5. Explain the hardware components and functional aspects of SCADA system using a

fundamental block diagram. Nov 2014 April 2016 Nov 2015[U] (16)

6. Explain the various controls for secure operation. Nov 2009 Nov 2013 April 2013 [U] (16)

7. Explain briefly how the system states are continuously monitored and controlled(16) April 2011 [U]

15
16