M D sir’s MATHsS CDF

ALGEBRA
COMPLEX NUMBER
INTEGRAL POWERS OF IOTA
 An imaginary number i(iota) is defined as 1 i.e., i  1 hence i2  1 , i3  i and i4  1
In general i4n  1, i4n1  i , i4n2  1 and i4n3  i , where n is any integer.
Note: Sum of four consecutive powers of i is always equal to zero.
200
For example in  i  i2  i3  i4 .......  i200  0 .
n1

COMPLEX NUMBER
 If x, y  R , then an ordered pair  x, y  x  iy is called a complex number. It is denoted by z. Where x
is real part or Re(z) and y is imaginary part or Im(z) of the complex number.
i) If Re(z) = x = 0, then z is called purely imaginary number
ii) If Im(z) = then z is called purely real number.
Note: The set of all possible ordered pairs is called complex number set, is denoted by C
PROPERTIES OF ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS:
 Let z1  x1  iy1 and z2  x2  iy2 be two complex numbers then
i) z1  z2  x1  x2   i  y1  y2 
ii) z1  z2  x1  x2   i  y1  y2 
iii) z1z2   x1x2  y1y2   i x1y2  x2 y1 
iv) z1  z2 iff x1  x2 and y1  y2
v) Additive inverse of z  x  iy is z  x  iy

1
vi) Multiplicative inverse of z  x  iy is  x  iy  z when x2  y2  0


z x2  y2 z 2
z1  x  iy2  where z
  x  iy  2
vii) vii)  x  iy and z  x  iy
z 1 1
x2  y2 1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2

For example the value of 1 where z  2  3i , z  1 2i , is z1 2  3i  2  3i1 2i 8  i

z
1 2
  
z2 z2 1 2i 1 4 5

Note:
i) 1 i   2i ii) 1 i   2i
2 2

1 i 1 i
iii)
1
 i iv) i v)  i
i 1 i 1 i

1
CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:
 The conjugate of a complex number z  x  iy is denoted by z and it is defined as z  x  iy .
Note: The conjugate of a purely real number is the number itself

PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

 If z C then
i) z   z ii) z  z  2 Re z  iii) z  z  2i Im z 
If z1, z2  C then
i) z1  z2  z1  z2 ii) z1  z2  z1  z2 iii) z1z2  z1.z2
 z1  z1
iv)  if z  0
  v) z  z  z  z
2 1 2 1 2
 z 2  z2
SQUARE ROOT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:
  | z |  x | z | x  if y  0
  i 
 Let z  x  iy then   2 2  Where | z |
x  iy  
   x2  y2
 | z |  x  i | z | x  if y  0

  2 2 
Note: 
i) x  iy  x  iy  2 | z | 2x
ii) x  iy  x  iy  i 2 | z | 2x
 1 i   1 i 
iii) i   and i   
 2   2 
MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
 x2  y2 is called modulus (or) absolute value of the complex number z  x  iy is denoted by z (or) r
Note:
i) z  z  z  z  x2  y2
ii) Modulus of a complex number is the distance of the point (x, y) from origin in argand plane.

PROPERTIES OF MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:

 If z C then
i) z  0  z  0 ii) zn  z , n N iii) If z  1, then z is called unimodulus
n

iv) iv) zz  z 2 v)  z  Re z  , Im z   z

 If z1, z2  C then
i) z z  z z
1 2 1 2
ii) z1  z1

iii) iii) z  z
1 2
2
z
1
2
z
2
2
 
 2 Re z z
1 2
z2 z2
iv) iv) z  z  z  z  2 Re z z
2 2 2 
  v) z  z 2
 z z 2
 2 z 2 2 
 z2  
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
 1 
vi) vi) z1  z 2 2  z 1  z 2 2  4 Re z 1z 2  
vii) vii) z  z 2
z 2
z 2

z1 is a purely imaginary when z  0
1 2 1 2 2
z2

INEQUALITIES:
2
 If z1, z2  C then
i) z1  z2  z1  z2 ii) z1  z2  ...... zn  z1  z2 ........  zn
iii) z1  z2  z1  z2
Note:
1
i) If z   a then a  a  4 | z | a  a  4
2 2

z 2 2
a k 2  4a  k
ii) If z   k then greatest value of z is
z 2
iii) The least value of z  a  z  b is a  b

ARGUMENT (OR) AMPLITUDE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:

 Principal argument: Let P be any point which represent the complex number z in Argand plane and
the angle made by OP with positive x-axis in anticlock wise direction is θ, then is called the
principal argument of z or arg z  when     
 General argument: If θ is the principal argument of the complex number z then 2k   , k  I is the
general argument of z .
Note: i) Argument of zero is not defined
ii) For a non zero complex number the principal argument is unique, where as the general
arguments are infinitely many.
 Principal value of the Argument for different positions of Z in the complex plane:
x y y
Let z  x  iy  x, y and r | z | x2  y2   arg z  , Such that cos  , sin   tan 
r x x

 when x  0 , y  0
y    when x  0 , y  0
if Z  x  iy , and   tan 1
then arg z   

x    when x  0 , y  0
 when x  0 , y  0
0 when x  0 , y  0


 when x  0 , y  0
arg z   2

  when x  0 , y  0
 2
 when x  0 , y  0


 Some important results involving argument: If z , z1 and z2 are complex numbers, then
3
 0 if
i) arg z   arg z     

2 if   

ii) arg z  arg z if   
iii) arg z1z2   argz1   argz2   2k for some k  {1, 0,1}
z 
iv) arg 1  arg z   arg z   2k for some k  {1, 0,1}
  1 2
 z2 
 
v) arg z1 z2  arg z1   arg z2 

vi) | z  z || z  z |  arg z   arg  z  
1 2 1 2 1 2
2
vii) | z1  z2 || z1 |  | z2 |  argz1   argz2 

 Principal modulus-amplitude form of a complex number(polar form):
Let z  x  iy be a complex number then z  r cos  i sin   r cis is called the principle mod-
amp form or Polar form of z. Where r  | z | x2  y2 and θ is the principal amplitude of z.

 Euler’s form of a complex number: The complex number z  r cos  i sin  can be denoted by
r ei is known as Euler’s form of z.
i) ei  cis  cos  i sin
ii) ei  cis    cos  i sin
ei  ei
iii) cos    cosh i
2
ei  ei
iv) i sin    sinh i
2
1
v)  cis   vi) cis .cis  cis    vii) cis1  cis   
1 2
cis 1 2 1 2
cis2
Note:
 
   i 

iii) i  cis   e 2    
i
i) 1  cis2  e i 2
 ii) 1  cis  e i
 iv) i cis
 2 
e 2
2  

 General mod-amp form of a complex number: Let z  x  iy be a complex number. Then

z  r cis 2k  , k  I is the general mod-amp form of z
i) arg  z n   n arg  z   2k , for some k  {1, 0,1}
z  z 
ii) arg  1    then arg  2  2k  , K  I
z z
 2  1 
 If z1  r1 cos1  i sin1  and z2  r2 cos2  i sin2  . Then
i) | z  z |2 = | z |2  | z |2 2 | z || z | cos   = r2  r2  2rr cos  
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
ii)  z  z   r 2  r 2  2r r cos    
2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

iii) | z1  z 2 |2  | z1  z 2 |2  2  r12  r22 

iv) | z  z |2  | z  z |2  4rr cos  
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

4
LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:  y
log  x 2  y2   i tan1  
1
 If z  x  iy  C , then log z  log x  iy 
2  x 
i.e., logx  iy  log | z | i argz
Note:

i) log i   i 
2
a  ib 
ii) log b
 2i tan1 
a  
   
SOME IMPORTANT GEOMETRICAL RESULTS:
ib
a
 Distance formula: Distance between A z1 and B  z2  is given by AB  z2  z1
 Section formula: The point which divides the join of the segment AB in the ratio m : n is given by
mz  nz1
z 2
mn
1
The midpoint M  z  of the segment AB is given by M  z    z  z  

2 1 2
 Condition (s) for four non-collinear points : A z1 , B  z2  ,C z3  and D  z4  to represent
vertices of a
i) Parallelogram  z1  z3  z2  z4
ii) Rhombus  z1  z3  z2  z4 and z2  z1  z4  z1

iii) Square  z1  z3  z2  z4 , z1  z3  z2  z4 and z2  z1  z3  z2  z4  z3  z1  z4

iv) Rectangle  z1  z3  z2  z4 and z3  z1  z4  z2

 Collinear points : z1, z2 , z3 are collinear points iff
z1 z1 1
z3  z1
i) z2 z2 1  0 ii ) is purely real
z2  z1
z3 z3 1
iii) argz2  z1   argz3  z1 
iv) Three complex numbers z1, z2 , z3 are in A.P.
 z1  z3  z2  z4 
 Concyclic points: Four points z , z , z and z are Concyclic if and only if is purely
1 2 3 4  z  z  z  z 
1 4 2 3

real.

 Triangle: Let ABC be a triangle with vertices Az1 , B  z 2 and C  z3  then

1
i) Centroid G  z  of the ABC is z   z  z  z 


3 1 2 3
az1  bz2  cz3
ii) Incentre I  z of the ABC is where, a  z  z ,b  z  z ,c  z  z
abc 2 3 3 1 1 2
z1 z1  z2  z3  z1 sin 2 A  z2 sin 2B   z3 sin 2C 
iii) Circumcentre S  z of the ABC is z  z  z


 also sin 2 A  sin 2B  sin 2C

1 2 3

5
 
iv) Orthocentre H  z of the ABC is z 1  z 2  z 3   z 1  z 2  z 3 also
2 2

  z1z2  z1z2 

z
tan A z1  tan B z2  tan C  z3 a sec A z1
or z 
tan A  tan B  tan C  a sec A
 If ABC is an equilateral then
i) z2  z2  z2  z z  z z  z z
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
ii)  z  z 2   z  z 
2 2
z z 0
1 2 2 3 3 1

1 1  1 0
iii) 
z1  z2 z2  z3 z3  z1
iv) If z0 is circumcentre of ABC then z12  z22  z32  3z02

Note: i) If z2  z z  z2  0 then the origin and z , z form an equilateral triangle.

1 1 2 2 1 2
ii) If z2  z z  z2  0 then the origin and z , z form an isosceles triangle.
1 1 2 2 1 2
iii) If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an isosceles right angle triangle and right angled at z2 then
z2  z2  2z  z  z  z 
1 3 2 1 3 2

 Area of a Triangle:
1 2
i) The area of triangle whose vertices are z,iz, z  iz is z .
2
3 2
ii) The area of triangle whose vertices are z,iz, z  iz is z .
2
3 2
iii) The area of triangle whose vertices are z, z, z z is z , where is complex cube roots of
4
unity.
LOCUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:
 Straight Line:
i) Non-parametric form: An equation of a straight line joining the two points A z1 and B  z2  is
z z 1
z z 1  0 or z  z1  z  z1
1 1
z2  z1 z2  z 1
z2 z2 1
ii) Parametric form: An equation of the straight line joining the points A z1 and B  z2  is
z  tz1  1 t  z2 where t is a real parameter
iii) General equation of a straight line is az  az  b  0
 Complex Slope of Line:
(i) If A z1  and B  z2  are two points in the complex plane, then complex slope of AB is
z1  z2

z1  z2
a
(ii) Complex slope of the line az  az  b  0 is , where ‘a’ is non-zero complex number and ‘b’
a
is a real number.
 Parallel and perpendicular lines: Two lines having complex slopes1 and 2 which are
i) Parallel iff 1  2 ii) perpendicular iff 1  2 (or) 1  2  0

6
  Angle between two lines: IfA  z1  , B  z2  , C  z3  , D  z4  are four points in the Argand plane then
 z z 
the angle θ between the lines AB and CD is given by   arg  z1  z2 
 3 4 
 Reflection of a line :
i) Reflection of the line az  az  0 in the real axis is az  a z  0
ii) Reflection of the line az  az  0 in the imaginary axis is also az  a z  0
 Length of the perpendicular from a point to a line: The length of the perpendicular from a point
az  az1  b
z1 to the line az  az  b  0 is given by 1 .
2a
 Circle:
i) The equation of a circle having centre z0 and radius is z  z0  r or zz  z0 z  z0 z  z0 z0  r2  0
ii) The equation of the circle described on the line segment joining z1 and z2 as diameter is
 z  z  z  z    z  z  z  z   0 (or) z  z 2  z  z 2  z  z 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2

iii) The general equation of a circle is zz  az  az  b  0 where b is a real number.

The centre of the circle is ' a ' and its radius is aa  b .
z  z1
iv) The equation  k, k  1 represents a circle
z  z2
z  z1
v) The equation  k, k  1represents the perpendicular bisector of line segment joining z1, z2 .
z  z2
 z  z1
vi) vi)  Arg  z  z1  or is purely imaginary, represents a circle with z & z as ends of a
  2


 2 
z  z2
1 2

 z  z
 z  z1 
diameter. z  z1
vii) Arg  0, (or) is purely real, represents a straight line joining the points z & z .
 

 
1 2
z  z2
zzzz21
viii) Arg   (fixed angle) represents a part of the circle.
 
z  z2 
ix) ix) z  z 2  z  z 2
 k  R represents a circle if k  1 z  z .
1 2
2 1 2

 Ellipse:z  z1  z  z2  k represents
i) an ellipse if k  z1  z2 with z1, z2 as its foci, k is the length of major axis
ii) an empty set if k  z1  z2
iii) a line segment if k  z1  z2

 Hyperbola:z  z1  z  z2  k represents
i) a hyperbola if k  z1  z2 with z1, z2 as its foci and k is length of transversal axis
ii) an empty set if k  z1  z2
iii) two rays if k  z1  z2

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  Coni’s Theorem: Ifz1, z2 , z3 are affixes of the vertices of a triangle ABC described in anticlock wise
z3  z1  z3  z1 i
sense, then  e
z2  z1 z2  z1




 z3  z1 CA
From diagram  cos  i sin   (or) z3  z1  z3  z1 cos  i sin 


z2  z1 BA z2  z1 z2  z1
z3  z1  z3  z1 i
  e
z2  z1 z2  z1
DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM:
 Demoivre’s theorem for integral index : If n is an integer, then
i)  cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n  cis  n 
n

ii)  cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n  cis  n 

n

iii)  cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n  cis  n 

n

iv)  cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n  cis  n 

n


 Demoivre’s theorem for rational index:
If n is a rational number, then one of the values of  cos   i sin   is cos n  i sin n
n

p p p
then one of the values of  cos   isin  is cos   i sin 
p/ q
If n 
q q q
 Some Standard Results:  
i)  a  ib    a  ib   2r n cos n  
n n

b
ii)  a  ib    a  ib   2ir n sin n where r  a2  b2 ,   tan1
n n

a
For example:  n 
a) 1 i   1 i   2n/21 cos
n n

 4 
 
    n 

n n
b) 1 i 3  1 i 3  2n1 cos 
 3 
 n  
   
n n
c) i   i  2n1 cos 
3 3  6 
 
iii)  a  ib    a  ib    m b
m/2n
 2 a 2  b2
m/n m/n
cos  tan 1 
n a 

8
  1 cos  i sin n
 cis n
iv)  1 cos  i sin 
 1 sin  i cos  
n

v) 1 sin  i cos   cis n    
  2 n    n 
vi) 1 cos   i sin    1 cos   i sin    2n1 cos n
n
.cos 
2  2 
   
 

vii) If x  cis then,
1 1
a) x   2 cos , x   2i sin ,
x x
1 1
b) x 
n
 2 cos n , xn   2i sin n
n
x xn
 If cos  cos   cos   0  sin   sin   sin then
i) cos3  cos3  cos3  3cos     
ii) sin 3 sin 3 sin 3  3sin     
iii) cos 2  cos 2  cos 2  0
iv) sin 2  sin 2  sin 2  0
v) cos 2n  cos 2n   cos 2n  0
vi) sin 2n   sin 2n   sin 2n  0
vii) cos2   cos2   cos2   3 / 2
viii) sin2   sin2   sin2   3 / 2
ix) cos     cos     cos    0
x) sin    sin      sin    0
xi) cos2       cos2      cos2      3
xii) sin2      sin2      sin2      0

If 1 x   c  c x  c x 2  ..........  c x n then

n

0 1 2 n
n
i) c  c  c  c  ..........  2 cos 
n/2

0 2 4 6
4
n
ii) c  c  c  c  ..........  2 sin 
n/2

1 3 5 7
4
 Extraction of nth roots of a Complex number: Let z  x  iy  r cos  i sin 
1 1  2k   
 z  r cis 2k   then z n  r ncis ; K  0,1, 2,...n 1
 n 
 
Note: Product of nth roots of a complex number ‘z’ is  1
n1
z.
 nth roots of Unity: The roots of the equationzn 1  0 are called nth roots of unity denoted by
2 
i 2
1,, ,.... where   e
2 n1 n  cis
n
2
i
i) n roots of unity form a G.P. with common ratio   e
th n .

9
 n1
2k 
ii) The sum of nth roots of unity is zero i.e.,  cis 


0 
k 0 n
n1 n1 2k n1
iii) The product of n roots of unity is 1
th  1
i.e.,  cis
n k 0
iv) The sum of Pth powers of nth roots of unity is zero, if P is not a multiple of n
v) The sum of Pth powers of nth roots of unity is n, if P is a multiple of n
vi) Modulus of each of nth roots of unity is 1 and all the nth roots of unity lie on unit circle centre at
2
origin and they are equally spaced at the centre of the circle with angular distance radians.
n
They will be vertices of a ‘n’ sided regular polygon
 
vii) The length of side of polygon   i  i1  2 sin  
 n 
viii) The area of polygon  n sin  2 
2

 n   

  
ix) If z1, z2 , ....zn be the vertices of a regular polygon having n sides & z0 be its centroid then
z2  z2 .....  z2  n.z2
1 2 n 0

 Note: If 1,1,2 ,3....n1 are nth roots of unity then

i) 1112 13 ...1 n1  n
ii) 1 1 1 ...1 1, If n is odd
1 2 3 n1

0, If n is even
1 1 1 n 1
iii)   ...  
1 1 1 2 1 n1 2
 Cube roots of unity: The roots of the equation z3 1  0 are called cube roots of unity

 
 z 3 1   z 1 z 2  z 1  0  z  1, ,  2 are roots, where  
1 i 3 2 1 i 3
2
, 
2

i) 1   2  0 and 3  1
ii)3n  1, 3n1   , 3n2  2 and 3n  3n1  3n2  0 where n N
iii)   2 , 2  
iv) 2   ,   2
v) 2  1 3i , 22  1 3i
vi) 2i   3  i , 2i2  3  i
vii) Cube roots of unity lie on a circle z  1 and divide its circumference into a three equal parts
3 3
viii) In the Argand plane cube roots of unity form an equilateral triangle with area sq. units
4
 Use of Complex Cube roots of unity in factorization:
i) x2  y2   x  iy  x  iy 


ii) x2  x 1   x    x  2 

iii) x2  xy  y2   x  y   x  y2 
iv) x2  xy  y2   x  y    x  y2 

10
   
v) x3  y 3   x  y  x   y  x  2 y 
vi) x2  y2  z2  xy  yz  zx   x  y  z2  x  y2  z



 
vii) x3  y 3  z 3  3xyz   x  y  z  x   y  2 z x  2 y   z 


 Fourth roots of unity: The roots of the equationz4 1  0 are called fourth roots of unity.

i) The roots are 1,  i

ii) Sum of 4th roots of unity is 0
iii) Product of 4th roots of unity is –1
iv) In the complex plane the roots form a square.

11