Question solve of 2021

1.
a. What is reflection transformation?
It is a transformation which produces a mirror image of an object. The mirror image can be
either about x-axis or y-axis. The object is rotated by180°.
Types of Reflection:
i. Reflection about the x-axis
ii. Reflection about the y-axis
iii. Reflection about an axis perpendicular to xy plane
and passing through the origin
iv. Reflection about line y=x

b. Define Pixel and Resolution

 Pixel:
 A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image or display.
 It represents a single point in a raster image or screen.
 This are typically square & have specific dimensions, like 1920x1080 for FHD display.
 The color & intensity of a pixel determine its appearance in an image or on a screen.
 Resolution:
 The number of horizontal and vertical pixels on a display screen is called Resolution.
 It determines the level of detail and clarity in the visual representation.
 Resolution is typically expressed as width x height, such as 1920x1080 for Full HD.
 Higher resolution results in sharper images with more precise details.

c. Distinguish between random scan and raster scan display system.

Random Scan Raster Scan

It has high Resolution Its resolution is low.
It is more expensive It is less expensive
Any modification if needed is easy Modification is tough
Solid pattern is tough to fill Solid pattern is easy to fill
Refresh rate depends or resolution Refresh rate does not depend on the picture.
Only screen with view on an area is displayed. Whole screen is scanned.
d. What do you mean by text clipping?
Text Clipping is a process of clipping the string. In this process, we clip the whole character or
only some part of it depending upon the requirement of the application.
 Question solve of 2021

e. State two application areas of computer graphics.

1. Entertainment and Media:
 Video Games: Computer graphics are extensively used in the development of realistic
and immersive video games and special effects.
 Animation: Computer graphics are employed in the creation of 2D and 3D animated
films and visually captivating storytelling.
2. Engineering and Design:
 Architectural Visualization: Computer graphics help architects and designers to create
virtual representations of buildings and spaces, allowing clients to visualize and
explore designs before construction begins.
 Product Design and Prototyping: Computer graphics facilitate the design enabling
engineers and designers to create detailed 3D models and evaluate aesthetics before
manufacturing.
2.
a. Write down Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm for | m | 1.
b. Discuss its advantages over DDA.
 Bresenham's Algorithm is faster than DDA Algorithm in line because it involves only
addition & subtraction in its calculation and uses only integer arithmetic.
 Bresenham's Line Algorithm is more accurate and efficient at DDA Algorithm.
 Bresenham's Line Algorithm can draw circle and curves with more accurate than DDA
Algorithm.
c. What are the applications of computer graphics?
3.
a. What are the differences between raster scan display and random scan display?
b. Describe the RGB color model.
 RGB is the most widely used color model, for the representation of color in computer
graphics.
Primary colors of this color model are: RED (R), GREEN (G) AND BLUE (B).
 Each primary color has an intensity from 0 to 1. All possible colors that are obtain, due
to different intensity of red, green and blue from the cubic shape called RGB color
space.
 The origin of the cube space corresponds to black (0, 0, 0)
& the diagonally opposite corner represents white (1, 1, 1).
 The diagonal line connecting black and white called gray
axis that represents gray color by combining black and
white.
 Color Specification using the RGB model is an additive
process, begin with black and adding the appropriate
primary component to generate desired color.

c. What do you mean by an aspect ratio?

 Aspect ratio in computer graphics refers to the proportional relationship between the
width and height of an image or display.
 It is expressed as a ratio of the width to the height, such as 16:9 or 4:3.
 Aspect ratio affects the visual appearance of images and videos, and is important for
ensuring proper display on different devices and screens.
 Question solve of 2021

4.
5.
a. Explain Sutherland-Hodgeman Polygon clipping algorithm
b. Write boundary-fill algorithm for region filling.
Procedure fill (x, y, color, color1: integer)
int c;
c=getpixel (x, y);
if (c!=color) (c!=color1)
{
setpixel (x, y, color)
fill (x+1, y, color, color 1);
fill (x-1, y, color, color 1);
fill (x, y+1, color, color 1);
fill (x, y-1, color, color 1);
}
c. Differentiate between Flood Fill and Boundary Fill algorithms.

Comparison on
Flood fill algorithm Boundary fill algorithm
the basis of
Several colors can be contained in
Basic A single color is defined by this area.
this area.
Consumption of Memory consumption in this Memory consumption in this algorithm
memory algorithm is very high. is very low.
For coloring the interior part a
With the help of continuous searching
Process of random color is used and after that
for the boundary color, the interior
painting the old color is updated with the
part is color
new one.
The complexity In this algorithm, the complexity of In this algorithm, the complexity of the
of the algorithm the algorithm is relatively simple. algorithm is relatively complicated.
Speed It is relatively slower than others. It is relatively faster than others.

6.
7.
a. Difference between window port and view port

Base Window Viewport

Defines the world coordinate system
Defines the portion of the window that
Definition and the area of interest in the virtual
is actually displayed on the screen.
world.
Defines the complete scene or area Determines the visible portion of the
Purpose
of interest to be rendered. scene that is displayed on the screen.
Window-to-viewport transformation No transformation is applied since
Transformation maps world coordinates to viewport already uses normalized
normalized device coordinates. device coordinates.

Size Can have arbitrary Usually has the same aspect

 Question solve of 2021

1.
c) Calculate the memory size required for a frame buffer to store an 8-bit color image for a
monitor having 1280×1024 resolution.

To calculate the memory size required for a frame buffer to store an 8-bit color image, we need
to multiply the resolution (in pixels) by the color depth (in bits) and divide by 8 to convert from
bits to bytes.

Given:
Resolution: 1280 × 1024
Color depth: 8 bits

Memory size calculation:

Memory size = (Resolution width × Resolution height × Color depth) / 8

Substituting the given values:

Memory size = (1280 × 1024 × 8) / 8

Simplifying the equation:

Memory size = 1280 × 1024

Calculating the result:

Memory size = 1,310,720 bytes

Therefore, the memory size required for the frame buffer to store an 8-bit color image for a
monitor with a resolution of 1280×1024 is 1,310,720 bytes.