ENVIRONMENTAL

SAFETY
 Objectives
At the end of the module, the participants would be able to:

➢Explain the principles of Industrial Hygiene; and

➢Identify health hazards in the Construction Industry.
➢Discuss the importance of Working Environment Measurement;
➢Discuss the general principle of controlling health hazards in the
workplace; and
➢Identify the different methods of control and their importance in the
control of health hazards.
The science and art devoted to
identification, evaluation and control of
environmental factors and stresses arising
in or from the workplace, which may cause
sickness, impaired health and well-being,
or significant discomfort among workers or Adobe Stock

among citizens of the community.

Health Hazard
Any agent or activity posing a potential
hazard to health Any organism,
chemicals, conditions, or circumstance
that may cause illness. Ehs.Princeton.edu
Recognition
◼ Identification of
workplace health hazards
Physical Chemical

Biological Ergonomic
Psychosocial
CHEMICAL
HAZARD
• Chemical Hazard is the danger
caused by chemicals to the
environment and people.

https://www.grainger.com/know-how/safety/safety-management/safety-compliance/kh-five-workplace-hazards
CHEMICAL HAZARD

ORGANIC
SOLVENTS
 What is a solvent?
• A solvent is a
substance, that
becomes a solution by
dissolving a solid,
liquid or gaseous
solute.
https://www.sixclasses.org/videos/some-solvents
 Uses of organic solvents (OS)

TO DISSOLVE TO EXTRACT ONE AS MEDIA FOR AS CLEANING

SUBSTANCES (SUCH MATERIAL FROM CHEMICAL AGENTS
AS OIL, FATS, ANOTHER REACTIONS
RESINS, RUBBER AND
PLASTICS)
 Hazards of OS
Flammability Health Hazard

Hazardous to the
Irritant Environment
Nature of Exposure to Solvents

Vapors
- a chemical, or other item, that
is either solid or liquid when at
normal room temperature and at
normal pressure may turn into a
vapor when heated sufficiently,
or when the pressure is
increased.
 Occupational Exposure to
Organic Solvents
Jobstreet.com

• Painting jobs using Paints,

Thinners and Coatings
• Degreasing of metal parts
• Installation of insulation
using glues and adhesives https://www.equipmentandcontracting.com/wet-hosing-vs-onsite-fuel-tanks/

• Filling Heavy equipment with

gasoline, diesel and other
fuels.

https://www.pfonline.com/articles/vapor-degreasing-a-fresh-look-at-an-old-process
CHEMICAL HAZARD

ACID
and BASE
https://byjus.com/chemistry/acids-and-bases/
What is an ACID?

• Have a sour taste. (If Edible)

• Change the color of acid-base
indicators (litmus paper) to red
• Some acids react with metals to
release hydrogen gas.
• Reacts with bases to produce
salts and water. (neutralization)
• Acids conduct electric current.
What is a BASE?
• Taste bitter
• Change the color of acid- base
indicators (litmus paper) to blue.
• Dilute aqueous solutions of bases
feel slippery. (like soap)
• Bases react with acids to
produce salts and water.
• Conducts electricity.
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/
Acids and Bases USES

• Sulfuric acid is one content in car batteries

• Muriatic acid used for cleaning
• Bases are in soaps, and found in other cleaning products
• Drain declogger contains sodium hydroxide

https://www.tennantco.com/en_ca/blog/2021/11/lead-acid-battery-watering-tips.html
Nature of Exposure to Acids

Mists
- Dispersion of liquid
particles in the air.
Hazards of Acids and Bases
 Occupational Exposure to Acids

• Wastewater treatment
• Installation of Polyvinyl
Chloride (PVC) to carry
water underground
• Cleaning of toilets with the
use of Muriatic Acid
CHEMICAL HAZARD

DUST
DUST
Suspension of solid particles in air that
is released whenever processes
involve free falling or handling of such
materials, e.g., transferring, dumping,
filling (bagging) or emptying bags or
other containers, dropping material
from a hopper to a weighing station,
weighing, mixing, conveying and other
mechanical processes like grinding,
crushing, drilling etc.
https://www.hse.gov.uk/skin/employ/exposure.htm
Classification of Industrial Dust

• Metals and metal compounds (Metallic Dust)

• Example: Lead, cadmium, nickel, beryllium dust
• Plant and animal dust (Organic and vegetable dust)
• Example: Flour, wood, cotton, tea dust, pollens
• Quartz and mixtures containing quartz
• Example: Coal, mineral, ores, rock, sand
• Asbestos and mixtures containing asbestos
• Example: Raw asbestos, asbestos cement, talc
https://www.duroair.com/solutions/dust-collection
Nature of Exposure to Dust

Particulates – are microscopic

particles of solid or liquid matter
suspended in the air.
Ambient Particulate Matter

• PM 2.5 are inhalable

particles that are generally
2.5 micrometers and
smaller
• PM 10 are inhalable
particles with diameters
that are generally 10
micrometers and smaller

https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/what-we-study/ambient-outdoor-matter
 Hazards of Dust

Explosion hazard
• Example: Starch, sugar,
flour, coal, wood, plastic,
metallic dust with sulfur
• Note: These type of dust are
sometimes ignited by
electrical discharges or
mechanical friction.
 Occupational
Exposure to Dust

• Furniture or cabinet making

• Fabrication of Metal
• Silica found in Construction jobs
• Refining of Metals
• Concrete Highway work
• Refractory
• Sandblasting
https://www.hsmemagazine.com/article/airborne-hazards/
CHEMICAL HAZARD

HEAVY METALS

https://www.steadfastnutrition.in/blogs/news/detrimental-effects-of-heavy-metals
What are Heavy Metals?
they cannot be degraded or destroyed

to a small extent they enter our bodies via food, drinking water and air

as trace elements, some heavy metals (e.g. iron, copper, zinc) are essential to maintain the
metabolism of the human body but can be toxic in larger amounts or certain forms.

however, at higher concentrations they can lead to

poisoning (cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic)

Hazard of Heavy
Metals
 Nature of Exposure to Heavy Metals
FUMES
▪ OSHA defines fumes as “particles
formed when a volatilized solid, such
as a metal, condenses in cool air.

The particles may be metal or metal

compounds and are often have a particle
size smaller than one micrometer (<1um) https://workshopwelding.com/are-welding-fumes-poisonous/
of the width of human hair.
 Examples of Heavy Metals

https://www.health-metric.com/blogs/water-quality-blog/what-are-the-health-effects-of-heavy-metals
Examples of Occupational
Exposure to Heavy Metals

• Metal Fabrication of Racks

• Smelting
• Welding Activities
• Soldering
• Heating of Metals
• Painting
https://www.cruxweld.com/blog/the-difference-between-soldering-and-brazing/
CHEMICAL HAZARD

GASES
What is a Gas?

• Is a swarm of
molecules moving
randomly and
chaotically, constantly
colliding with each
other and anything
else around them. https://stock.adobe.com/sg/search?k=solid+liquid+gas
 What is a Gas?
• Air is a mixture of gases, any deviation than the normal poses a
serious threat in the working environment

• Gases can be lighter, heavier or about the same density as air.

• Gases can have an odour or be odourless.

Ishn.com
• Gases can have colour or be colourless.

If you can’t see it, smell it or touch it, it doesn’t mean that it is not there
Characteristics of Gases
According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, gaseous
particles are in a constant state of motion,
moving at random speeds and in many
different directions. That’s why gases can:
• Expand
• Flow
• Have low densities
• Be compressed
• Undergo diffusion and effusion
 3 Basic Kinds of Gas Hazards

• Oxygen • Methane • Carbon Monoxide

Deficiency • Butane • Hydrogen Sulfide
• Propane • Chlorine
• Ammonia
• Pentane
• Nitrogen Dioxide
• Sulfur Dioxide
Examples of Occupational
Exposure to Gases
CONFINED SPACES
• A space that has limited or restricted means of
entry,
• is not designed for continuous occupancy,
• and is large enough and configured so that a
person can enter the space and maneuver well
enough to perform tasks.

https://ohsonline.com/articles/2020/03/17/the-dangers-of-working-in-confined-
spaces.aspx
Examples of Occupational Exposure to Gases

• Welding And Flame Cutting Breathing

(e.g., Emergency Rescue)
• Fuel For Vehicles (e.g., Fork-Lift Trucks)
• Extinguishing Fires
• Heating And Cooking
PHYSICAL
HAZARD grainger.com
 DEFINITION

▪ An agent, factor or
circumstance that can
cause harm with
contact.
grainger.com
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
▪ are factors or conditions within the environment that can
harm the worker’s health (Physical Hazards, n.d.). Physical
hazards monitored by industrial hygienist include exercise
level of Noise and Vibration, pressure, Illumination,
Temperature Extremes, Oxygen deficiency and Radiation.
 NOISE
• Unwanted and
excessive sound

• One of the most

common
occupational health
hazard.
Uchealth.com
 Noise Measurement Units

Noise is measured in units of sound pressure levels called

decibels, named after Alexander Graham Bell, using A-
weighted sound levels (dBA).

Decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale which means

that a small change in the number of decibels results in a
huge change in the amount of noise and the potential
damage to a person's hearing

osha.com
 Types of Noise
1. Continuous / Steady Noise - noise that is produced constantly
2. Intermittent / Fluctuating Noise - is a noise which continues for >1 second
and is then interrupted for >1 second
3. Impulse / Impact Noise - is characterized by a change of sound pressure of
at least 40 dB within 0.5 second with a duration of < 1 second

Frontiers.com
 Sources of Noise

Industrial jet noise / air jets

Uchealth.com

•
• Ventilator and Exhaust Fans
• Compressors
• Electrical Equipment
• Wood and Metal working
machines
Woodcraftsupply.com

• Pneumatic tools
Jll.com
PHYSICAL HAZARD

VIBRATION
 Vibration
Refers to mechanical oscillations
about an equilibrium point. The
oscillations may be periodic such ww.issa.int

as the motion of a pendulum or

random such as the movement of a
tire on a gravel road; continuous
low frequency oscillation that is
more likely felt than heard; affects
the body through direct contact.
Safetyfirstgroup.com
Two Types of Vibration

Hand-Arm Vibration - is vibration transmitted to the hand

and arm during the operation of hand-held power tools and
hand-guided equipment, or holding materials being
processed by machines.
(e.g. Power tools)

Aecblogpost.com
Two Types of Vibration

Whole Body Vibration – vibration where operators,

drivers and passengers of machines and vehicles in
workplaces can be exposed to harmful levels of whole
body vibration
(e.g. Vehicle Activity)

Iosh magazine
Examples of occupational vibration exposure per industry
Industry Type of Vibration Common Source of Vibration
Agriculture Whole body Tractors

Boiler making Hand-arm Pneumatic tools

Construction Whole body Hand-arm Heavy equipment vehicles Pneumatic tools,

Jackhammers

Diamond cutting Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools

Forestry Whole body Hand-arm Tractors Chain saws

Foundries Hand-arm Vibrating cleavers

Furniture manufacture Hand-arm Pneumatic chisels

Iron and steel Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools

Lumber Hand-arm Chain saws

Machine tools Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools

Mining Whole body Hand-arm Vehicle operation Rock drills

Rubber Hand-arm Pneumatic stripping tools

Sheet Metal Hand-arm Stamping Equipment

Shipyards Hand-arm Pneumatic hand tools

Shoe-making Hand-arm Pounding machine

Stone dressing Hand-arm Pneumatic hand tools

Textile Hand-arm Sewing machines, Looms

Transportation Whole body Vehicles

PHYSICAL HAZARD

INADEQUATE
ILLUMINATION
ILLUMINATION Lumen – a measure of the total visible light
output of a light source
➢ is the intensity of light emitted
from a surface per unit area in
a given direction.. Candela – a measure of the intensity of a
light source in a particular direction
LUMINANCE
➢ The measure of light coming Lux and Foot-candle - unit of measurement
from a surface. of illumination. (1 foot-candle = 10.764 lux)
When will it
become a hazard?
• If the light is insufficient
for the task
• If it is poorly distributed
• If the light (luminaires or
natural light) are too
bright

LINKEDLN
 SOURCES OF LIGHT
Natural light or Daylight
There is no electric lighting which can compete
with daylight. However, daylight by itself does not
usually provide sufficient illuminance throughout
the whole working area.
https://www.disd.edu/blog/daylighting-interior-design/

Artificial or Electric light

Better lighting does not mean that more light
bulbs must be bought.
The way lighting is arranged and maintained is
https://www.diotech.ee/en/why-prefer-led-lights-to-other-light-sources-fluorescent-hid-hps-etc/
equally important.
 TYPES OF LIGHTING

• General Lighting – Provides a fairly

uniform lighting over the whole
working plane.
• Localized / General Lighting –
Uses overhead fixtures in addition
to ceiling fixtures to increase lighting
levels for particular task
• Local Lighting – Directed on the
object that we are working with
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/lighting/lighting_general.html
PHYSICAL HAZARD

TEMPERATURE
EXTREME
Heat Stress
(Hyperthermia) occurs
when the body produces
or absorbs more heat than
it can dissipate.
https://www.saif.com/safety-and-health/how-to-avoid-heat-stress-for-masked-workers.html
Factors Affecting Heat Stress
Air temperature is a measure of how hot or cold the air is. It is the most commonly measured weather
parameter. More specifically, temperature describes the kinetic energy, or energy of motion, of the
gases that make up air. As gas molecules move more quickly, air temperature increases

Relative humidity (RH) - is a measure of how much water vapor is in a water-air mixture
compared to the maximum amount possible..

AIR VELOCITY with high humidity can be considered as a positive factor in the occurrence of heat strain.
Therefore, the incidence of heat stress decreases with the increase of humidity and reduction of air
velocity or with increase of air velocity and reduction of humidity

WORK – REST REGIMEN Continuous work in the heat is not advisable—you must take rest breaks
periodically to allow your body to cool down. •A variety of work/rest schedules are available that can be
adapted to your worksite. Relying on self-pacing alone may not be sufficient.
 https://www.safeopedia.com/

Occupational
Exposure • Roadway works
• Works in areas with inadequate ventilation
Temperature • Hot Works
Extreme • Works in direct sunlight
Cold Stress (Hypothermia)
▪ is a condition in which core
temperature drops below that
required for normal metabolism
and body functions which is
defined as 35.0 °C (95.0 °F).
https://www.wiseworksafe.com/blog/view/how-to-protect-workers-from-cold-stress-infographic-
Occupational Exposure to Cold Stress

•Workers in Cold Storage for

Pharmaceutical Products
•Snow Clean-Up Crews in
https://www.freightwaves.com/news/cold-
storage-real-estate-market-is-hotter-than-ever

Countries with Winter

Season
•Personnel Responding to
Emergencies
PHYSICAL HAZARD

PRESSURE
Pressure

▪ is an effect which occurs when a force

is applied on a surface. Pressure is the
amount of force acting on a unit area; is
the atmospheric force that is constantly
applied on the body, as a result of
normal changes in altitude or artificially
induced conditions; Pressure changes
cause body stress.
Osha.com
Pressure Conditions

Hyperbaric – High Hypobaric – Low

atmospheric pressure atmospheric pressure
“Underwater” “Altitude”

Wikipedia.com Canberratimes.com
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE OF ABNORMAL PRESSURE

Exposure occurs when there is an extreme change in pressure due to

change in the altitude or atmospheric pressure.

• Possibility of rupture of
the lungs. Mining

• Nitrogen absorption and Underwater diving

bubbles of gas formation Scuba.com

into the body tissues

• Decompression sickness
indeedcom
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE OF ABNORMAL PRESSURE
UNDERWATER TUNNELING DRAINAGE WORKS AVIATION
Underwater
tunneling
Sewage
Construction

Aviation

abany.com Wikipedia.com Atlantic aviation.com

PHYSICAL HAZARD

RADIATION
 WHAT IS RADIATION?

• It is an energy in the form of waves or

particles that comes from a source and
travels through space or through a
material medium at the speed of light.
Types of Radiation
Ionizing Radiation – is a form of energy that acts by removing
electrons from atoms and molecules of materials that include air,
water, and living tissue.
Examples: X Rays, Gamma Rays, Alpha Particles, Electrons and
Protons.
 Types of Radiation

Non-ionizing radiation – It does not

have enough energy to break
chemical bonds but can vibrate atoms.
Examples: Microwave Frequency
Radiation, Laser, Ultraviolet Radiation

https://deq.utah.gov/waste-management-and-radiation-control/non-ionizing-radiation
Sources of Radiation

• Welding
• Communications
Satellite Nwtc.com

• Ultraviolet radiation
defenseone.com

• Cigarette Smoking

cdc.com
ERGONOMIC
HAZARD
 Ergonomics
▪ The scientific discipline concerned
with the understanding of the
interactions among human & other
elements of a system, & the
profession that applies theory,
principles, data, & methods to design
in order to optimize human well-being
& over-all system performance.
https://www.flexjobs.com/blog/post/work-from-home-ergonomics-101/
Work
Elements
• Job design
Task (Job
• Skill requirement
Content & • Physical activities
Design
oBody movements
oTarget-oriented phase
oManual handling of materials
• Mental activity
• Workload
• Handling loads
Work
Elements
Task (Job
Content & •Selection considerations
Design
Tool •Design
•Handle
•Vibrations
Work Elements
Task
(Job Content
& Design)

Tool
• Workstation dimensions
• Seating arrangement
• Room to grasp & move things
• Sufficient auxiliary support
Workstation • Displays
Work Elements
Task
(Job Content
• Working hours
& Design)
• Break schedules
Tool • Night work & shift work
• Compensation
o Piecemeal
o Daily
o Monthly
• Training & promotion
Organization Workstation • Organization’s commitment
o Effective OSH regulations
o Organization’s role in individual role
conflicts & ambiguities
o Follow-up action for accident/injury
management
Work
Elements
Task
(Job Content
& Design)

Environment Tool
• Lighting
• Noise & vibration
• Indoor climate
• Dust, smoke, & toxicants
Organization Workstation
• Radiation
 Maintenance of body position for
Static posture prolonged periods

Postures not returning to neutral

Awkward posture position

Ergonomic Forceful exertions Performing the same act

Risk Factors
repeatedly

Performing the same act

Repetitive movements repeatedly

Mechanical stress produced

Contact stress when part of the body comes in
contact with an external object
BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/biological-risk-how-manage-hazards-workplace-dr-yashoda-tammineni/
▪ Also known as Biohazards, refer to biological
substances that pose a threat to the health of
living organisms, primarily that of humans. This
can include medical waste or samples of a
microorganism, virus or toxin (from a biological
source) that can impact human health; these are
the factors that cause infectious and contagious
diseases. These are common problems among
health care workers and laboratory personnel
handling biologic specimens.
Examples of Occupational Exposure
to Biological Hazards

• Workers encounter venomous wildlife and

insects, and plants.
• Co-workers with vector borne diseases.
• Pigeon droppings in an abandoned building.
PSYCHOSOCIAL
HAZARD
Some Psychological Hazards
encounter in the workplace

• Stress
• Bullying
• Discrimination
• Drug and substance abuse
• Sexual harassment https://www.ontarioconstructionnews.com/construction-workers-at-high-
risk-of-suicide-due-to-psychosocial-hazards-in-the-workplace/
Identification of different health hazards in workplaces
can be done by:

• Conducting walk-thru survey/ocular inspection

• Reviewing processes
• Knowing the raw materials, product and by-products
• Gathering workers’ observations and complaints
• Using GHS labels and Safety Data Sheets
 CHEMICAL LABELS
 It is the first source of information about the chemical being used.
❖ Trade name of the substance
❖ Identity and concentration
❖ Danger markings; safety precautions
❖ Manner of destroying the package
❖ Risks associated with the use of the chemical
❖ Name of manufacturer & address
https://www.istockphoto.com/photos/chemical-label
Product
Identifier
Pictograms

Hazard
Statement

Precautionary
Statement

Supplier
Identification
What is SDS?

A summary of the
important health, safety
and toxicological
information on the chemical
or the mixture ingredients.
https://www.amazon.sg/MSDS-Wall-Station-Material-
Bilingual/dp/B08YQSKHHL
 Safety Data Sheet 1.
2.
Identification of the Chemicals 14. Transport information
Hazards identification 15. Regulatory information
3. Composition / 16. Other information
Information on
ingredients
4. First-aid measures
5. Fire fighting measures
6. Accidental release measures
7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure control and
personal protection
Contents of Safety Data
Sheet

9. Physical and chemical

properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
https://www.amazon.sg/MSDS-Wall-Station-Material- 13. Disposal considerations
Bilingual/dp/B08YQSKHHL
EXAMPLE OF SDS
GLOBALLY HAMONIZED SYSTEM
GLOBALLY HAMONIZED SYSTEM
 Evaluation of
Health Hazards
 Refers to the determination
WORK of environmental stresses
ENVIRONMENT and their hazardous effects
MEASUREMENT on worker’s health through
direct measurement of
hazards using Industrial
Hygiene Equipment.
OSH LEGISLATIONS
Rule 1070 – Occupational Health and Environmental Control
 Work Environment Measurement

▪ The measurements to be conducted periodically (e.g. once a year or

as maybe necessary) shall include the following:
✓ Temperature and Humidity (relative humidity)
✓ Pressure (i.e. atmospheric/ barometric)
✓ Illumination / Lighting
✓ Noise (sound pressure, intensity)
✓ Concentration of substances (chemical agents)
✓ Ventilation (Air velocity)

“Rule 1077, 03:Occupational Safety and Health Standards”

 Smoke Tube

Samples Ambient Temperature

Relative Humidity
Gas and VOC
Monitor
of IH
Equipment

Supply Air, Air

Heat Stress
Velocity
Lux Meter Sound Level Meter Dry Bulb Thermometer
Evaluation of WEM Results

Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

“Airborne concentrations of substances and represent
conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers
may be repeatedly exposed to day after day without adverse
health effects.”

ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

 TLV of Airborne Contaminants
GASES ACIDS VAPORS
• CO 50ppm • HCl 5ppm • Acetone 1,000ppm
• CO2 5,000ppm • H2SO4 0.25ppm • Benzene 25ppm - C

• Cl2 1ppm • HNO3 2ppm • Toluene 100ppm

19.5 % 5ppm Methanol 200ppm
• O2 • Formic
10 ppm 10ppm • Ethanol 1,000ppm
• H2 S • Acetic
• Methyl Chloride 500ppm – C
Asbestos – 0.1 fiber/cc
Dust (resp.) - Dust 5 mg/m3
(total) - 10 mg/m3

PPM: Parts Per Million – Toxic Gas Measurement

Permissible Noise Exposure Level*
Duration/day, Hours (hr.) Sound Level, dB(A)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1½ 102
1 105
1/2 110
1/4 115**

* OSHS (Table 8b), DOLE

** Ceiling value: No exposure in excess of 115 dBA is allowed.
 Lighting of Work Areas (OSHS : Table 8C)
Type of Works Minimum Illumination Level in Lux
▪ Fine Machining, Color Grading, Finish Inspection, Fine 2000 and above (200 foot candles)
Assembly
▪ Grinding, Chipping, Accounting, Pattern Making,
Inspection and Assembly
1000 (100 foot candles)
▪ Welding, Shearing, First Aid Station, Rough
Sanding, Metal Pouring 500 (50 foot candles)
▪ Packaging, Tank, Plating, Rest room, Locker room,
Turbine 300 (30 foot candles)
▪ General Construction plants and shops,
Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Rooms,
barracks, Tunnel and Shaft Heading during 100 (10 foot candles)
Drilling, Carpenter Shops
▪ Tunnels, Shaft and General Underground Areas,
Warehouses, Corridors, Hallways, Exitways 50 (5 foot candles)
Permissible Heat Exposure TLV
Control Measures
of Health Hazards
 Principles of Control of Health Hazards

• Control – Management of health hazards

• Protect – Safeguard workers against health hazards
• Comply - Compliance with OSH policies and government
laws
Control of Hazards
 Engineering Control

• Elimination of the hazards or its sources

through proper design
• Replacement / Substitution of equipment
or materials used
• Modifications and re-engineering in the
process and equipment
• Isolation or enclosure of work or hazards
• Ventilation System, etc…
Ventilation System

▪ Ventilation is the natural or mechanical

system that brings in "fresh" outdoor air
and removes the "contaminated" indoor
air. Used to control exposure to airborne
contaminants.

▪ It is commonly used to remove contaminants

such as fumes, dusts, and vapours, in order to
provide a healthy and safe working
environment
DO 224-21:
Guidelines on
Ventilation for
Workplaces and
Public Transport
to Prevent and
Control the
Spread of COVID-
19
DO 224-21:
Guidelines on
Ventilation for
Workplaces and
Public Transport
to Prevent and
Control the
Spread of COVID-
19
DO 224-21:
Guidelines on
Ventilation for
Workplaces and
Public Transport
to Prevent and
Control the
Spread of COVID-
19
 Administrative Control
• Proper guidelines & procedures, SOP Signage / Labeling
• Reducing exposure through adjusting work schedules or limiting
the exposure
• Regular Health and Medical Exam
• Regular housekeeping, maintenance and Appropriate
supervision
• Training and Education, Employee information and awareness
• Emergency preparedness and response plans
EXAMPLES OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS

➢ Scheduling maintenance and other high

exposure operations for time when few
workers are present (e.g., evenings,
holidays, weekends)
➢ Using job rotation schedules that limit the
amount of time an individual worker is
exposed to a substance.
➢ Using a work-rest schedule that limits the
length of time a worker is expose to hazard
Personal Protective Equipment
• Helmets (Hard Hat)
• Safety Glass / Goggles / Spectacles
• Face Shields / Visor
• Earplugs / Earmuffs
• Dust / Gas Respirators
• Gloves
• Safety Shoe
• Protective clothing / Aprons
• Fall Protection
Bostonuniversity.com
 • Industrial Hygiene is the science and art
devoted to the identification, evaluation
and control of hazards.

• The different types of health hazards are

MODULE physical, chemical, biological,
SUMMARY ergonomics and psychosocial.

• Safety Officers have the role of

classifying their establishments through
proper identification of the different
health hazards as part of the risk
assessment process
 • Identification of different health hazards in
workplaces can be done by:
• Conducting walk-thru survey/ocular
inspection
• Reviewing processes
• Knowing the raw materials, product and
MODULE by-products
SUMMARY • Gathering workers’ observations and
complaints
• Using GHS labels and Safety Data Sheets

• Employers shall exert effort to maintain,

control and carry out WEM to their workplace.
 • The conduct of WEM through area or personal monitoring is
important to know the levels of exposure of the workers to
the different hazards in the workplace.

• Threshold Limit Value is defined and categorized into three:

Time Weighted Average, Short-term Exposure Limit and
Ceiling.
MODULE
• Measured values in action level or has exceeded the TLVs
SUMMARY should be appropriately controlled.

• Control involves changes in the operation or process and

may involve substitution, technological changes, process
modification, ventilation, use of PPE, procedural or
administrative changes with the aim of reducing the
formation, release, transmission of or contact with hazards.
 • Controls should be introduced as a means to
protect the health or comfort of workers along
with other objectives, including employee safety,
reduction in environmental pollution and
reduction in economic loss.

MODULE • The Safety Officer shall ensure that effective

SUMMARY controls are being implemented regularly
monitored and maintained.

• Correct identification and careful evaluation of the

hazards are extremely important and will
constitute the basis of appropriate control
measures.
Thank You!