GENERATOR AND UPS

By Engineer Ahmed Mahdy / Khadija Academy

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 GENERATOR SIZING

• We need generator for emergency in case of power outage.

• We will use this website to size it https://powersuite.cummins.com/en.
 TYPES OF GENERATORS

• Emergency standby.
• Prime power.
• Limited time prime.
• Continuous power.
 TYPES OF GENERATORS
INDUSTRY STANDARD RATINGS
(ISO-8528-1:2005)
• This is an industry standard that
defines the performance parameters
required in various onsite power
applications.
 TYPES OF GENERATORS
EPA EMISSION RATINGS
(GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS
ON ENGINE EMISSIONS)

• The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has environmental ratings and

regulations for generator sets that vary by drive-engine horsepower and
application.
• Stationary emergency,
• Stationary nonemergency,
• Mobile generator set engines.
 SITE CONSIDERATIONS

• An engine requires a certain quantity of air for combustion to achieve its rated
power.
• Altitude, temperature and humidity will all affect the air density.
• The environment or site conditions also impact an engine or generator rating, thus
impacting the rating of the entire generator. These Conditions include:
• Ambient Temperature,
• Altitude,
• Corrosive Atmospheres,
• Humidity,
• Dust.
 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
• The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) generator ratings are
based on the generators “temperature rise” limit.
• Outside the United States,(IEC) has limits on temperature rise for generators; these
may be found in IEC 6034-22 (1996) and IEC 6034-1 (2004).
• Temperature rise is the increase in winding temperature above the ambient
temperature.
• Ambient temperature is the temperature of the cooling air as it enters the
ventilating openings of the machine.
• This temperature rise occurs because of the flow of current in the windings and
internal losses that occur in the machine during operation.
 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
• The most common classes of generators are the “F” and “H” class.
• For all classes, NEMA assumes operation at 40°C ambient or lower.
• The temperature rise limits also allow for a 10°C margin for hot-spots.
• A hot-spot is the spot in stator windings with the highest temperature.
• Table-2 shows temperature rise for F and H class generators at various ratings.
 ALTITUDE
• The higher the altitude, the lower the air density.
• The altitude/temperature de-rating chart can be found for proper de-rating
information for generators and each specific engine.
 TRANSIENT RESPONSE FOR
GENERATOR
• Whenever a load is applied to or removed from a generator set, the engine speed
rpm, voltage and frequency are temporarily changed from its steady-state
condition.
 TRANSIENT RESPONSE
STANDARDS - ISO 8528
VOLTAGE DROP
 EFFECT OF VOLTAGE DROP

• Electric Motor: The torque is proportional to the square of the supply voltage.
Therefore, if the voltage drops the starting torque will also decrease, making it more
difficult to start up motors, the maximum torque will also decrease .
• Incandescent Lamp: The more the voltage drops the weaker the beam becomes.
• Electronic Appliances: They are very sensitive to
variations in voltage and that is why they are often fitted with internal stabilizer
 EXCEPTIONS TO THE IEC
60364-5-52 STANDARD

• A greater voltage drop may be accepted for:

1. Electric motors during starting period.
2. For other electrical equipment have high in-rush current.
• Provided that in both cases it is ensured that the voltage variations remains within
the limits specified in the relevant equipment standard.

The following temporary conditions are excluded from the voltage drop restrictions
in the table above:
1. Voltage transients.
2. Voltage variation due to abnormal operation.
VOLTAGE DROP
CALCULATION
EXAMPLE ON VOLTAGE
DROP
 SOLUTIONS OF VOLTAGE
DROP

• Increase CSA of the cable as area increases, the resistance decreases.

• Increase number of parallel cables, which will reduce total resistance.
• Reduction of distance from supply to load which will reduce total resistance as
length is reduced.
• Power factor correction which will improve voltage profile.
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
 SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

• We have to sum all of resistances.

• We have to sum all of the reactances.
 IMPEDANCE OF NETWORK
• The 3-phase short-circuits fault
level in kA or in MVA is given
by the power supply authority
concerned, from which
equivalent impedance can
be deduced.
• If 11KV network then 500 MVA
short circuit.
• If 22KV network then 750 MVA
short circuit.
TRANSFORMER IMPEDANCE
TRANSFORMER IMPEDANCE
TRANSFORMER IMPEDANCE
 CIRCUIT BREAKER AND
BUSBAR IMPEDANCE

• In LV circuits, the impedance of circuit breakers upstream of the fault

location must be taken into account. The reactance value
conventionally assumed is 1.15 mΩ per CB, while the resistance is
neglected.
• The resistance of bus bars is generally negligible, so that the impedance
is practically all reactive, and amounts to approximately 0.15 mΩ/meter
length for LV busbars (doubling the spacing between the bars increases
the reactance by about 10% only).
 CABLE IMPEDANCE

• Note than 0.08 is for 3 phase wire but

for single phase we will use 0.12.
• Usually CB, Upstream Network and
Busbar impedances are neglected,
neglecting means higher short circuit
current which means more safety in
design.
 EXAMPLE ON MANUAL
CALCULATION OF SHORT
CIRCUIT : METHOD 1
• Neglect CB, Upstream Network and Busbar impedances.
• Transformer from datasheet has the following:
• Z%=4, Wc=5500 watt.
• Short circuit at MDP:
 EXAMPLE ON MANUAL
CALCULATION OF SHORT
CIRCUIT : METHOD 2
• Neglect CB, Upstream Network and Busbar impedances.
• Transformer from datasheet has the following:
• Z%=4, Wc=5500 watt.
• Short circuit at MDP:

• Short circuit power=

Srated/Z%=500/0.04=12.5 MVA.
• Isc=12.5/(400**1.73)= 18 KA.
 EXAMPLE ON MANUAL
CALCULATION OF SHORT
CIRCUIT: METHOD 2
• Neglect CB, Upstream Network and Busbar impedances.
• Transformer from datasheet has the following:
• Short circuit at DP-1:
• R cable=(22.5*20)/50= 9 milliohm.
• X cable= 0.08*L=0.08*20= 1.6 milliohm.
• R total= 12.52 milliohm.
• X total= 13.9 milliohm.
MANUAL CALCULATION
MANUAL CALCULATION
 AIR CONDITION

• For closed areas we assume that each 1 HP can cover 10 m^2 at height of 3 m.
• For open areas we assume that each 1 HP can cover 8 m^2 at height of 3 m.
• For closed areas we can divide volume of room by 30 = required HP.
• For open areas we can divide volume of room by 25 = required HP.
• Circuit breaker usually= I rated*1.25 but in air conditioning due to presence of high
starting current we can say 2.5* I rated.
• Disconnecting switch is usually same rating as circuit breaker or higher.
• Example of available single phase air conditioning: 1.5,2.25,2.5,3,4,5 HP.
• Higher than 5 is a three phase air conditioning.
 HVAC IN BUILDINGS

• HVAC is abbreviation for heating, ventilation and air conditioning.

• HVAC also known as central air condition.
• We use HVAC for cooling or heating atmosphere in the building.
• We can use fans to allow entering air to building or remove air from building by
pulling it outside to reduce bad smells.
• This is used in hospitals, hotels and large theaters.
• It consists of chiller, pump, FCU and AHU.
 HVAC IN BUILDINGS

Normal Water Chiller Cold Water

• d
 LOAD ESTIMATION
• Before we start a project as hotel or residential building or an office,.. Etc, we have
to estimate the load or the total Kva in our project before we start creating the
project.
• We have to do a contract with the electrical distribution company that I would like
certain amount of power for my project, so the electrical distribution company will
prepare this amount of power before the project is finished, so that I can start
operating it as soon as possible without delay.
• So in order to this, we have to estimate the required load in my project.
• Also we need to know the number of transformers and the rooms required for them
in the plan so we need to estimate the load at first.
• Load estimation by electrical engineer and mechanical engineer as HVAC system.
• Also if we have light current system, then we need to add these loads to system.
 LOAD ESTIMATION
• By using the code, we can get how many VA per m^2 per one floor.
• So Total load= number of floors* area of one floor * kVA/m^2.
• Each floor assumed to have 3 meters in height.

kVA/100 m^2 For Less Than 15 Floors kVA/100 m^2 For Greater Than 15 Floors
Residential Administration Residential Administration
Low: 1.5-2 6-12 8-10 12
Medium: 2.5-4
High: 6-10

Area Name: Shoubra, kVA/100m^2 Less Than 15 floors

Residential Office or Shops
3 12
 LOAD ESTIMATION
ACCORDING TO NEC CODE
 EXAMPLE
• Residential and administration building of 600 m^2 have the following:
• 1 basement floor.
• 2 Administration floors.
• 16 residential floors with 5 apartments in each one.
• 3 electrical elevators, each is 15 kW.
• Plumbing system needs 3 motors, each of 17.5 mechanical horse power and
efficiency of 88%, one of them is for emergency.
• Water sweeping system needs 2 motors, each of 6.5 mechanical horse power and
efficiency of 87%, one of them is for emergency.

• Calculate transformer required.

 EXAMPLE
kVA/100 m^2 For Less Than 15 Floors kVA/100 m^2 For Greater Than 15 Floors
Residential Administration Residential Administration
Low: 1.5-2 6-12 8-10 12
Medium: 2.5-4
High: 6-10

• This is a building greater than 15 floors.

• Basement= 2*(600/100)= 12 kVA.
• Administration=12*(600/100)*2=144 kVA.
• Residential=10*(600/100)*16= 960 kVA.
• Surface loading as stairs, roof, entrance,… can be taken similar to basement= 12
kVA.
• Total kVA of loads= 1128 kVA.
 EXAMPLE

• 3 elevators= (15*3)/0.85= 53 kVA.

• 2 Plumbing motors= (2*17.5*0.746)/(0.88*0.85)= 35 kVA.
• 1 Sweeping motor= (6.5*0.746)/(0.87*0.85)= 6.6 kVA.
• So Total kVA of system= 1223 kVA.
• Now we assume 80% operation of oil transformer.
• Required transformer= 1223/0.8= 1528.75 kVA.
• So we select 2 MVA transformer.
• Since all loads not working at same time so we can multiply lighting load by
diversity factor of 0.6 or 0.7 or from the code.
 UPS FUNCTION
• An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that allows a
computer to keep running for at least a short time when the
primary power source is lost.
• UPS devices also provide protection from power surges.
• A UPS contains a battery that "kicks in" when the device senses
a loss of power from the primary source.
• If an end user is working on the computer when the UPS notifies
of the power loss, they have time to save any data they are
working on and exit before the secondary power source (the
battery) runs out.
• When power surges occur, a UPS intercepts the surge so that it
does not damage the computer.
• Used to supply critical loads as hospital or data center or
lighting in a building,..etc.
• UPS can be classified according to on line or off line.
 UPS BASIC
CONFIGURATIONS

• UPS contains rectifier/charger, batteries, and an inverter as shown.

• The rectifier/charger converts incoming AC mains power to DC, which charges the
batteries and feeds the inverter, which in turn supplies the load.
• While the UPS is on line, using either mains or battery power, the static switch is in ‘On
UPS’ state, connecting the inverter output to the load.
 UPS BASIC
CONFIGURATIONS

• If a UPS fault causing either the voltage or frequency at the inverter output to exceed
acceptable levels, or an overload beyond the UPS’s capacity appears, the static
switch changes over without power interruption to ‘Load on Bypass’.
• Once the overload is cleared or other problems rectified, the static switch transfers
the load back to the inverter output and normal operation continues.
• It can be single mains, dual mains, single mains without bypass.
 VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY
INDEPENDENT (VFI)

• UPS systems are called dual or double conversion because incoming AC is

rectified to DC to keep batteries charged and drive the inverter.
• The inverter re-creates steady AC power to run the IT equipment.
 VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY
INDEPENDENT (VFI)

• When power fails, the batteries drive the inverter, which continues to run the IT load.
• When power is restored, either from the utility or a generator, the rectifier delivers DC
to the inverter and recharges the batteries, the inverter runs full time.
• Utility input is completely isolated from the output, and bypass is only used for
maintenance safety or if there is an internal electronics failure
 VOLTAGE INDEPENDENT
(VI)

• Voltage independent (VI), or line interactive UPSs have a controlled output voltage,
but the same output frequency as the input.
• Utility power feeds directly to the output and IT equipment, and the rectifier keeps
the batteries charged.
• The inverter is paralleled with the output, compensating for voltage dips and acting
as an active filter for voltage spikes and harmonics
 VOLTAGE INDEPENDENT
(VI)

• When incoming power fails, or the voltage goes out of range, the bypass quickly
disconnects from the input and the battery drives the inverter.
• When input power is restored, the bypass re-engages the input, re-charges the
batteries and keeps output voltage constant.
• UPS vendors who use paralleled power sources claim no loss of reliability.
• The result is around 98% energy efficiency.
 VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY
DEPENDENT (VFD)

• Voltage and frequency dependent (VFD), or standby UPS, is operationally similar

to VI .
• In conventional VFD systems, the inverter is turned off, so it can take as long as 10
to 12 milliseconds to start creating power.
• That break can crash servers, making legacy VFD UPSs a bad fit for data centers.
 VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY
DEPENDENT (VFD)

• VFD concepts have the inverter producing power within 2 ms after being activated.
• The bypass is normally just as with VI, so equipment operates directly from the utility
or generator.
• Since the inverter isn't working until power fails, there is no voltage control or power
consumed, enabling efficiencies as high as 99%.
 ADVANTAGES OF UPS

• No delay between switching from the primary power source to the UPS.
• Can better support critical instruments compared to generators.
• Consumers can choose the type and size of UPS, depending on the amount of
power they need to supply to a device.
• UPSs are silent.
• Maintenance of UPS systems is cheaper compared to generators.
 DISADVANTAGES OF UPS

• The inability to run heavy appliances- because UPSs are run off of batteries.
• If substandard batteries are used, users may end up replacing the batteries often.
• UPSs may need professional installations.
UPS SPECS
 UPS SPECS

• Space of UPS unit from wall is from 0 to 600 mm.

• Free space above UPS greater than 500 mm or temperature rise will occur.
• Free space in front of UPS greater than 1000 mm so that you can open UPS door
easily