FLUID DYNAMICS
Finite Control Volume Analysis:
Application of Reynolds Transport Theorem
MEC 164
Finite Control Volume Analysis
Control System
- the collection of mass particles Combination of
✓ Mass (Continuity Equation)
✓ Energy (Newton’s 1st Law)
Control Volume -Power
- the region or space for analysis -Efficiencies
- A geometric characteristic ❑ Impulse-Momentum (Newton’s 2nd Law)
-Hydrodynamics
\
The impulse momentum equation, together with
the energy equation and the continuity equation
provides the basic mathematical relationships
for solving various engineering problems in fluid
mechanics.
Finite Control Volume Analysis
Nozzle Executing Flow Moving Helicopter Inflating Balloon
Fixed Control Volume Moving Control Volume Deforming Control Volume
Mass Conservation: Continuity Equation
Ideal Actual
(Incompressible Fluid) (Compressible Fluid)
Energy Conservation: Bernoulli’s Principle
• This principle can be
considered to be a statement
of energy principle
appropriate for flowing fluids
• Bernoulli effect is the lowering
of the fluid pressure in regions
where the flow velocity is
increased
Energy Conservation: Torricelli's Law
- derived from Conservation of Energy
- liquid at a greater depth in the container is
under higher pressure, which forces the
liquid through a hole in the container at a
greater speed
- can be stated mathematically as the
equation
Answer: 10.8 kPa
Conservation of Energy and Mass: Concept of Orifice
h
Ac
v
Ao Vena Contracta
Answer: 10.8 kPa
Conservation of Energy and Mass: Concept of Orifice
Answer: 10.8 kPa
Conservation of Energy and Mass: Concept of Orifice
Example 1
What is the actual volumetric flow rate for the discharge of the tank as shown? The
coefficient of contraction for the orifice is 0.61, and the coefficient of velocity is
0.98.
Ans: Q = 6.78 ft³/s
Impulse-Momentum Principle
- used to determine the
resultant forces exerted on
the boundaries of a flow
passage by a stream of
flowing fluid
(as the flow changes its
direction or the magnitude of
velocity or both)
Answer: 10.8 kPa
Impulse-Momentum Principle
Impulse-Momentum Principle: Forced Exerted by the Jet
Impact of Jets
• The jet is a stream of liquid that comes out
from a nozzle with a high velocity under
constant pressure.
• When the jet impinges on plates or vanes, its
momentum is changed, and a
hydrodynamic force is exerted.
• Vane is a flat or curved plate fixed to the rim
of the wheel
Impulse-Momentum Principle: Forced Exerted by the Jet
From Newton’s 2nd Law:
F = ma = m (V1 – V2) / t
Ft = m (V1 – V2) = ρAV
Ft = mV1 – mV2 = (Initial Momentum) – (Final Momentum)
1. Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate
a) Plate is vertical to the jet
b) Plate is inclined to the jet
c) Plate is curved
2. Force exerted by the jet on a moving plate
a) Plate is vertical to the jet
b) Plate is inclined to the jet
c) Plate is curved
Impulse-Momentum Principle: Forced Exerted by the Jet
From Newton’s 2nd Law:
F = ma = m (V1 – V2) / t Ft = m (V1 – V2) = ρAV Ft = mV1 – mV2
1. Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate
a) Plate is vertical to the jet
Impulse-Momentum Principle: Forced Exerted by the Jet
From Newton’s 2nd Law:
F = ma = m (V1 – V2) / t Ft = m (V1 – V2) = ρAV Ft = mV1 – mV2
1. Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate
b) Plate is inclined to the jet
Finite Control Volume Analysis (example 1)
A hydraulic jump is in place downstream from a spillway. Upstream of the jump, the depth of the
stream is 0.6 ft and the average stream velocity is 18 ft/s. Just downstream of the jump, the average
stream velocity is 3.4 ft/s. Calculate the depth of the stream, h, just downstream of the jump.
Ans: 3.18 ft
Finite Control Volume Analysis (example 2)
At cruise condition, air flows into a jet engine at a steady rate of 65 lbm/s. Fuel enters the engine at a
steady rate of 0.60 lbm/s. The average velocity of the exhaust gases is 1500 ft/s relative to the engine.
If the engine exhaust effective cross-sectional area is 3.5 ft², estimate the density of the exhaust
gases in lbm/ft³.
Ans: 0.0125 lbm/ft³
Finite Control Volume Analysis (example 3)
A water jet pump involves a jet cross-sectional area of 0.01 m² and a jet velocity of 30 m/s. The jet is
surrounded by entrained water. The total cross-sectional area associated with the jet and entrained
streams is 0.075 m². These two fluid streams have the pump thoroughly mixed with an average
velocity of 6 m/2 through a cross-sectional area of 0.075 m².
Determine the pumping rate (entrained flowrate) involved in liters/s
Ans: 150 Liters/sec
Finite Control Volume Analysis (example 4)
When an airplane is flying 200 mph at 5000-ft altitude in a standard atmosphere, the air velocity at a
certain point on the wing is 273 mph relative to the airplane. What suction pressure is developed on
the wing at that point? What is the pressure at the leading edge (at stagnation point) of the wing?
Ans: P3 = - 76 lb/ft² Ans: P2 = 88 lb/ft²
Finite Control Volume Analysis (example 5)
Seatwork
Water is siphoned from the tank as shown.
Determine the flowrate from the tank and the
pressure and points (1), (2), and (3) if
viscous effects are negligible.
Ans: Q = 0.141 ft³/s
Ans: P1 = - 499 lb/ft² P3 = - 312 lb/ft² P2 = - 312 lb/ft²
