S

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI
MTL101 (LINEAR ALGEBRA AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS)
2023-24 SUMMER SEMESTER TUTORIAL SHEET-I

1. Let F be a field. Prove the following.

(i) If a, b ∈ F, with a ̸= 0 and b ̸= 0, then ab ̸= 0.
(ii) For all a ∈ F, −(−a) = a.
(iii) For all a, b ∈ F, (a)(−b) = (−a)(b) = −ab.
(iv) For all a, b ∈ F, (−a)(−b) = ab
(v) For all a ∈ F, a ̸= 0, (a−1 )−1 = a and (−a)−1 = −a−1
C
2. Prove that each subfield of the complex numbers contain every rational number. (A sub-
field F of C is a field contained in C)

3. Show that the set of all matrices of same order form an abelian group with respect to matrix
addition.

4. Let V be the set of all pairs (x, y) of real numbers, and let F be the field of real numbers.
Define
(x, y) + (x1 , y1 ) = (x + x1 , y + y1 )
c(x, y) = (cx, y).
Is V, with these operations, a vector space over the field of real numbers?.

5. Let V be the set of pairs (x, y) of real numbers, and let F be the field of real numbers.
Define
(x, y) + (x1 , y1 ) = (x + x1 , 0)
c(x, y) = (cx, 0).
Is V, with these operations, a vector space ?.

6. On Rn define two operations

S

x⊕y =x−y
c.x = −cx.
The operations on the right are the usual ones. Which of the axioms from vector space are satisfied
by (Rn , ⊕, .)?

7. Show that the real field R, is a vector space over the rational field. Is it finite dimensional?

√ Let l2 = { Collection of all infinite sequences with real elements (a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . . . .) such that
8.
a21 + a22 + . . . . . . + a2n + . . . . . . < ∞ }. Define vector addition as a component wise addition
Ra

and c(a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . . . .) = (ca1 , ca2 , ca3 , . . . . . .) ∀ c ∈ R. Show that l2 is a vector space.

o
S 2

9. Show that the set of all polynomials in an indeterminate x, over a field of real numbers form a
vector space relative to addition of polynomials and multiplication of a polynomial by a real number.

V
10. If W is any subspace of a vector space V (F ), then show that the set W of all cosets
W + x where x is any vector in V (F ) forms a vector space over F, under the operations defined
by
(W + x) + (W + y) = W + (x + y), x, y ∈ V
α(W + x) = W + αx, α ∈ F.
(The coset W + x is defined as: W + x = {w + x : w ∈ W }
Also prove
V
dim( ) = dimV − dimW.
W
C
11. Prove that the set V of all real valued continuous functions defined on [0, 1] forms a vector
space over the field R of real numbers under addition and scalar multiplication defined by

(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) f, g ∈ V

(αf )(x) = αf (x) α∈R
for all x ∈ [0, 1].

12. Show that {1, i} is linearly dependent in C(C), but linearly independent in C(R)?

13. Let V be a vector space over a subfield F of the complex numbers. Suppose x, y, z are
linearly independent vectors in V. Prove that (x + y), (y + z) and (z + x) are linearly independent.

14. If none of the elements appearing along the principal diagonal of a lower triangular ma-
trix is zero, show that row(column) vectors are linearly independent.

15. Show that the set {(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1, )} is a basis of C 3 (C). Is it a basis of C 3 (R)
also?. Determine the coordinates of (2i, 3 + 2i, 5i) with respect to the given basis.

16. Show that the set of all real valued continuous functions y = f (x) satisfying the differ-
S

ential equation
d3 y d2 y dy
3
+ 6 2
+ 11 + 6y = 0
dx dx dx
is a vector space over R. Find a basis of this.

17. Which of the following are subspaces of (a) C n (R) (b) C n (C)
(i) {(z1 , z2 , . . . . . . , zn ) : z1 is real }
(ii) {(z1 , z2 , . . . . . . , zn ) : z1 + z2 = z3 }
(iii) {(z1 , z2 , . . . . . . , zn ) : | z1 |=| z2 | }

18. Let V be the vector space of all 2 × 2 matrices over the field F. Prove that V has di-
Ra

mension 4 by exhibiting a basis for V which has four elements.

o
S 3

19. Let
M = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) : x1 + x2 + 4x3 = 0}
N = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) : x1 + x2 + x3 = 0}.
Determine bases for M + N and M ∩ N as subspaces of R3 .

20. Let W1 and W2 be subspaces of R8 and dim (W1 ) = 6, dim (W2 ) = 5. What are pos-
sible dimensions of W1 ∩ W2 ?.

21. Does there exist subspaces M, N of R7 such that dim M = 4 =dim N and dim (M ∩ N ) = 0.

22. Show that the union of two subspaces of a vector space is a subspace if and only if one
is contained in the other.
C
23. Let V be the vector space of problem 9. Let W1 be the set of matrices of the form
[ ]
x −x
y z

and let W2 be the set of the matrices of the form

[ ]
a b
.
−a c

(a) Prove that W1 and W2 are subspaces of V.

(b) Find the dimensions of W1 , W2 , W1 + W2 and W1 ∩ W2 .

24. Let V be set of all 2 × 2 matrices A with complex entries which satisfy A11 + A22 = 0.
(a) Show that V is a vector space over the field of real numbers, with usual operations of matrix
addition and multiplication of a matrix by a scalar.
(b) Find a basis for this vector space.
(c) Let W be the set of all matrices A in V such that A21 = −A12 (the bar denotes complex
conjugation). Prove that W is a subspace of V and find a basis for W.

25. Let V (F ) be a vector space. Let W1 , W2 , . . . . . . , Wn be subspaces of V. Suppose

S

V = W1 + W2 + . . . . . . + Wn

and
∑
n
Wi ∩ { Wj } = {0}, 1 ≤ i ≤ n.
j=1, j̸=i

Prove that
V = W1 ⊕ W2 ⊕ . . . . . . ⊕ Wn .

26. Let V be the vector space of all functions from R into R; let Ve be the subset of even
Ra

functions, f (−x) = f (x); let Vo be the subset of odd functions, f (−x) = −f (x).
(a) Prove that Ve and Vo are subspaces of V .
o
S 4

(b) Prove that Ve + Vo = V.

(c) Prove that Ve ∩ Vo = {0}.

27. Find the coordinates of the vector (1, 0, 1) in the basis of C 3 (C) consisting of vectors
(2i, 1, 0), (2, −1, 1), (0, 1 + i, 1 − i), in that order.

28. Let W be the subspace of C 3 (C) spanned by x1 = (1, 0, i) and x2 = (1 + i, 1, −1)

(a) Show that x1 and x2 form a basis for W.
(b) Show that the vectors y1 = (1, 1, 0) and y2 = (1, i, 1 + i) are in W and form another basis for
W.
(c) What are the coordinates of x1 and x2 in the ordered basis {y1 , y2 } for W ?

29. If  
3 −1 2
A=
 2 1 1 
.
C
1 −3 0
Find all solutions of AX = 0 by row reducing A.

30. Find a row reduced matrix which is row equivalent to

 
1 −(1 + i) 0
A=
 1 −2 1 
.
1 2i −1

31. Let  
3 −1 2

A= 2 1 1 
.
1 −3 0
For which triples (y1 , y2 , y3 ) does the system AX = Y have a solution?

32. Consider the matrix  

1 2 2 1

A= 0 2 0 1 
.
−2 0 −4 3
S

(a) Find an invertible matrix P such that P A is a row reduced echelon matrix R.
(b) Find a basis for row space W of A.
(c) Say for which vectors {b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 } are in W.
(d) Find the coordinate matrix of each vector {b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 } in W in the
ordered basis chosen in (b).
(e) Write each vector {b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 } in W as a linear combination of the rows of A.
(f) Give explicit definition of the vector space V of 4 × 1 column vector X such that AX = 0.
(g) Find a basis for V ?
(h) For what 4 × 1 vector the vector Y does the equation AX = Y have a solution?
Ra
o