VFR Navigation
Uploaded by
airbusflyVFR Navigation
Uploaded by
airbusflyNavigation
Night Before:
1. Circle turning points
2. Pick fixes (4x2 lines)
3. Draw tracks and measure TP-TP distances
4. Find Track (True) and convert to Track (Mag) using local variation
5. Draw 10nm markers along tracks
6. Draw 10° drift lines
7. Find MSA for each leg (10nm radius from track + 1000ft)
8. Draw log circles and HATs
9. Choose altitudes for each leg (N Hdg = odd+500ft, S Hdg = even + 500ft)
10. Choose IAS (110kts)
11. Find radio frequencies for route (nearby airfields and FISCOM)
Before Flight:
1. Note FZL level
2. Find W/V (True) at assigned altitudes and convert to W/V (Mag)
3. Find TAS using IAS and temperature at assigned altitude (altitude window)
4. Find GS and Hdg (Mag) using W/V (Mag), TAS and Track (Mag)
à vert w/v, turn TR, x TAS, vert down drift, Θ GS
5. Calculate EET using GS and distance
6. Fill in fuel sheet to find min fuel required (10% + reserve)
7. Calculate planned fuel using EET and 35 litres/hr
8. Adjust Hdg (Mag) to Hdg (Comp) using aircraft deviation card
9. Fill in Hdg, altitudes and EET on map
10. Draw wind vectors on map
11. Calculate the first SARTIME (ETD from next TP + 30min)
12. Submit a flight plan (IFIS)
Horizontal Hazard Avoidance Vertical Hazard Avoidance
60° = ETA + t Cruise Climb (90kts) and Cruise Descend (110kts)
45° = ETA + ½ t Over top, fly at: IAS – 2kts/1000ft climbed
30° = ETA + ¼ t There should be no ETA amendment
Record technique used in the PLOG clearance box
Track Amendment Techniques
1:60 à Commercially expeditious and good for remote areas with few fixes. Use 10° drift lines.
Calc method: TE = 2nm in 40nm = 3 in 60 = 3°
CA = 2nm in 20nm = 6 in 60 = 6° à Hdg alteration = TE + CA = 9°
DTE à Regains track quickest. Use a drift line to find TE and apply 2xTE to the heading to return
back on track in the same time it took to get to the fix.
SCA à On Track Navigation applied as soon as TE detected in a calculated way:
SCA = 60 / TAS (nm/min) = 30°
Fly 30° for number of nm off track (min) to return back on track
Record technique used in the PLOG clearance box
Diversion Procedure
- Select feature as start point
- Draw line
- Find Hdg (True) and convert to Hdg (Mag), then Hdg (Comp)
- Apply drift to Hdg (Comp) using Max Drift method:
Max Drift = W/V / TAS (nm/min) = W/V / 2
Minutes of the hour related to degrees at which W/V displaced from nose/tail
- Set heading and note time
- Find distance and ETA to destination
- Select a mid-point fix and ETA
- Calculate fuel required and check against fuel reserve
- Find MSA for track area
- Assess airspace
- Select required radio frequencies
- Amend SARTIME and diversion call
- Select any navaids of use
Uncertain of Position Procedure (2 fixes missed)
- Fly planned heading
- HAT check: H – DG/compass aligned, heading agrees with plan, variation applied correctly
A – MSA, consider climbing (better view)
T – Time from last fix, establish probable position
- Draw circle of uncertainty (2nm/min, 10% of time since last positive fix)
- Map to ground orientation
- Consider useful radio aids, alerting ATC for radar fix, fuel situation and ECT
- If reaching a TP time, turn onto next heading to keep parallel to track
Lost Procedure (friendly weather/terrain)
- Turn on time if TP due
- Establish probable position
- Draw circle of uncertainty (2nm/min, 10% of time since last positive fix)
- Select line feature outside of circle and set heading to aim you at middle of feature
- Climb if practicable (improve view and radio)
- CLEAROF
- Pan call with ATC agency, squawk 7700
- Check endurance, ECT and weather
- Potential precautionary landing areas
- On reaching line feature decide which way to follow it
- Determine position
Lost Procedure (hostile weather/terrain)
- Hold at a prominent feature and note time
- HAT check to look for error
- Draw circle of uncertainty (2nm/min, 10% of time since last positive fix)
- Fix position visually (ground to map)
- Make and carry out a plan
- Call CH Control if needed
- Potential precautionary landing areas
Radio Aids
10° full scale deflection check on ground
Align OBS with intended track, not reciprocal
T – Tune
I – Identify
F – Flag clear
T – Test
A – Align track bar (CDI)
Rotate OBS until track bar indicates on track (from) and note radial and time. Apply variation to convert
to True and draw line on map. Do same for another aid to verify position fix.
Start/TP Procedure
- Pre-HAT check: H – What is required heading?
A – What is required altitude? Try to reach it before
T – Check timepiece
- Begin to identify TP 4 min before ETA
- Pick beam feature for when overhead
- When overhead: T – Time out loud (no log yet)
T – Turn
O – Big picture orientation
- Post-HAT check: H – Read off DG, check standby, check plan
A – Check plan, note airspace
T – Log ATD and ETA on plog/map
- What is next event and when? Say out loud (4 min before fix ETA)
- CLEAROF (also update forced landing parameter)
Fix Procedure
- 4 min before ETA look for fix (big to small)
- Pick beam fixture for when overhead
- When above fix, note time and amend ETA if necessary
- Why of track?
- Check fuel against reserve and PLOG
- CLEAROF
- What is next event and when? Say out loud (4 min before fix ETA)
PA Brief:
1. Welcome aboard
2. Time to destination
3. Weather en-route/destination
4. No smoking
5. No PED/mobile phone
6. Approaching aircraft/props
7. Entering/exiting aircraft (normal/emerg)
8. Fasten/unfasten seat belts
9. Heating/ventilation/sick bags
10. Handling controls
11. Interruptions
12. Reporting traffic
13. Emergency equipment (ELT/F Aid/F Ext)
14. Brace position
15. Life jacket
