MANGO PEEL AS AN ORGANIC DYE

A Research Paper

Presented to the Dean and the Faculty of

Senior High School Department

AMA COMPUTER COLLEGE

Santa Cruz Campus

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements of

Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion of

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS

ARBILO LIAN

SALOPARE ARVI

VILLANUEVA LORENZ

MAY 2024
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter includes the introduction, background of the study, theoretical

framework, conceptual framework, statement of the problem, research hypothesis,

scope and limitations, significance of the study and the definition of term used.

Introduction

The textile industry is among the worst polluters in the world, mostly because

of its significant reliance on synthetic dyes, which frequently contain hazardous

chemicals that are bad for the environment and people's health. There is a growing

demand for environmentally friendly substitutes in many industrial processes, such as

textile dyeing, as sustainability becomes an increasingly important concern.

An encouraging way to lessen the negative effects of traditional synthetic dyes

on the environment is to use natural dyes made from plant sources. Mango peel, a

byproduct of the fruit processing industry, is one of these natural sources that offers

an interesting potential. Mango peel is a good option for producing sustainable dyes

since it is abundant, reasonably priced, and mostly unused.

Natural dyes derived from plant sources have gained considerable attention in

recent years due to their eco-friendliness and sustainability, providing a viable

alternative to synthetic dyes that often pose environmental and health risks. Among

these natural sources, mango peel emerges as a particularly promising candidate for

dye extraction. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most popular fruits

globally, with significant production levels in tropical countries. However, along with

the consumption of mangoes comes the generation of substantial waste, particularly in

the form of peels, which constitute a significant portion of the fruit's weight. These

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discarded mango peels, typically considered as agricultural waste, possess untapped

potential as a valuable source of natural colorants.

The chemical composition of mango peel reveals the presence of a rich array

of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, carotenoids, and polyphenols, which

are responsible for the vibrant hues exhibited by the peel. These compounds not only

contribute to the visual appeal of mango but also possess antioxidant properties and

various health benefits. Flavonoids, for instance, are known for their antioxidant and

anti-inflammatory effects, while carotenoids are renowned for their provitamin A

activity and antioxidant capacity. Polyphenols, on the other hand, exhibit diverse

biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial

properties. The presence of such compounds underscores the potential utility of

mango peel not only as a natural dye but also as a source of functional ingredients

with applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

The extraction of dye from mango peel typically involves several steps,

beginning with the collection and drying of the peel to prevent spoilage and

degradation of bioactive compounds. Once dried, the peel is ground into a fine

powder or chopped into smaller pieces to facilitate the release of color pigments

during the extraction process. Subsequently, the powdered or chopped peel is

subjected to extraction using various solvents, including water, ethanol, or a

combination thereof, to obtain the desired dye solution. The extraction process may

involve maceration, reflux, or Soxhlet extraction, depending on factors such as

solvent polarity, temperature, and duration. Following extraction, the dye solution is

usually filtered to remove insoluble debris, yielding a clear or semi-clear solution

ready for dyeing applications.

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 The dyeing process with mango peel extract typically involves immersing the

textile substrate (e.g., cotton, silk, wool) into the dye bath containing the extracted dye

solution. The substrate is then subjected to appropriate treatment conditions, such as

heating, agitation, and duration of exposure, to facilitate the adsorption of dye

molecules onto the fabric surface. Various parameters, including dye concentration,

pH, temperature, and mordanting agents, can influence the dyeing efficiency and

color fastness properties of the dyed material. Post-dyeing treatments such as

washing, rinsing, and drying may also be employed to remove excess dye and

enhance color retention.

The objectives of this research aims to investigate the dyeing properties of

mango peel extracts on textile fibers. Furthermore, thist study aims to evaluate the

effectiveness, durability, and sustainability of mango peel dye.

Background of the Study

In tropical countries like the Philippines, where mangoes are abundant and

immensely popular, a significant amount of mango residue is generated, particularly

mango peels, which are often discarded as waste. However, as researchers, we're

determined to turn this seemingly redundant byproduct into a valuable resource. Our

focus lies in harnessing the natural pigments present in mango peels to create

environmentally friendly dyes.

By extracting and utilizing these pigments, we aim to develop a range of

vibrant and sustainable dyes suitable for various applications, from textiles to artwork.

This innovative approach not only addresses the challenge of mango peel waste but

also offers an eco-friendly alternative to conventional synthetic dyes, which often

pose environmental risks.

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 Through our research, we envision not only reducing pollution by repurposing

mango peels but also promoting sustainable practices in industries reliant on dyeing

processes. Our endeavor embodies a harmonious blend of environmental stewardship

and scientific innovation, paving the way for a greener, more sustainable future.

Theoretical Framework

Feng Lu, Wang Hua, Li Ming delved into the utilization of mango peel as a

natural dye alternative. The publication assessed its efficacy and ecological

implications, aiming to establish mango peel as a sustainable option for textile dyeing.

Through analysis of extraction techniques and dye characteristics, the publication

aimed to demonstrate the feasibility and environmental benefits of employing mango

peel in dyeing processes.

In 2020, Christian Geerkens, Andreas Nagel, Kathrin Meike Just, Petra Miller-

Rostek discovered that mango peels could yield a diverse array of color shades on

fabric through various drying and processing techniques. Their findings suggest that

by leveraging different drying or processing methods, individuals seeking

customization can effectively tailor the shades to suit their specific preferences or

requirements.

Angela Danila's research on "Renewable Dyes and Pigments" (2024)

emphasizes the environmental benefits of using plant-based dyes, exemplified by the

incorporation of mango peel as a sustainable source. This underscores the wide range

of natural resources suitable for eco-conscious dye production, offering hopeful

prospects for minimizing pollution in textile manufacturing procedures.

Mohammad Tajul Islam, Nur-Us-Shafa Mazumder, Syed Asaduzzaman

(2023) discovered a surge in interest in eco-friendly natural colorants within the

4
fashion and apparel industry. Their research identified various extraction methods for

natural dyes and pigments, highlighting both traditional and modern eco-friendly

approaches. They emphasized the effectiveness of these methods in textile coloration,

providing valuable insights for sustainable practices in the industry.

In a 2022 article published in "Environmental Progress & Sustainable

Energy," Mozhgan Hosseinnezhad, Kamaladin Gharanjig, Shohreh Rouhani, Narjes

Razani, Homan Imani address the reduction of industrial pollution in textiles. They

explore the use of plant-based dyes such as madder and reseda, along with eco-

friendly mordants including pomegranate peel, mango peel, and myrobalan, to

mitigate wastewater pollution. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and Fourier Transform

Infrared Spectroscopy were employed to analyze the changes in the water, showing

promise for pollution reduction.

Conceptual framework

A research paradigm was applied to provide a clear overview of this study

entitled “Mango Peel as an Organic Dye.”

Based on the theoretical framework of the study, the following were considered:

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Acceptability in

terms of:
Mango Peel as an
Effectiveness
Organic Dye

Durability

Sustainability

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 Figure 1 Figure 2

Statement of the problem

This study aimed to harness dye from abundant waste, specifically mango

peels, to provide a more sustainable option.

1. What is the product development of Mango peel dye?

2. What is the level of acceptability of Mango peel dye in terms of;

2.1. Effectiveness;

2.2. Durability;

2.3. Sustainability?

3. Is there a significant difference in the level of acceptability of mango peel dye

compared to synthetic dye?

Research Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the level of acceptability of mango peel

dye compared to synthetic dye.

Significance of the study

The purpose of this study is to promote resource conservation and waste

reduction, it’s crucial to recognize the value of mango peel as a potential source for

creating new products, since it is usually just discarded. This product not only

contributes to environmental sustainability but also offers a cost-effective and

practical alternative to its synthetic counterparts, thus benefiting both individuals and

the planet.

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Dye and Textile Manufacturers. People involved in dye and textile production can

benefit from using mango peel dye. It's eco-friendly and helps address environmental

concerns in the industry.

Food Industry Professionals. Given their access to abundant fruit waste like mango

peels, individuals in the food industry can extract dye and sell them in bulk.

Environmental enthusiasts. Those who prioritize sustainability, will appreciate

mango peel dye for its pollution-free properties. Unlike synthetic dyes, which

contribute to pollution and consume extensive energy, mango peel dyeing provides a

natural, eco-friendly alternative.

Crafters and artisans. They can create their own dyes for their crafts instead of

purchasing synthetic ones, by using peels from mangoes that are usually discarded.

Future Researcher. This study can serve them as their reference in their future

research.

Scope and limitation

This study aimed to assess the benefits of using mango peel as an organic dye

and its impact on the environment. It focused on identifying the advantages of mango

peel as an organic dye over synthetic ones, with an emphasis on durability,

sustainability, and effectiveness. This research is limited to using mango peel dye on

textiles. The study will be carried out at Barangay Patimbao by the researchers, with

the target respondents being 30 random individuals.

Definition of Terms

Abundant - Refers to something that is plentiful or widely available in large

quantities, easily accessible without significant depletion of resources.

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Artisans - Highly skilled craftsmen or craftswomen who meticulously create

handmade products, often imbuing them with unique qualities and artistic flair that

reflect their expertise and creativity.

Cost-effective - Describes an approach, method, or solution that delivers optimal

value for the resources invested, ensuring efficiency and wise allocation of funds or

efforts to achieve desired outcomes.

Dye - A substance, whether natural or synthetic, applied to alter or enhance the color

of materials such as fabrics, textiles, or surfaces, often through a process of immersion

or application.

Eco-friendly - Pertaining to products, practices, or initiatives designed to minimize

environmental impact, conserve resources, and promote sustainability, typically

through the use of renewable materials, energy-efficient processes, and waste

reduction strategies.

Enthusiasts - Individuals characterized by their fervent passion and deep interest in a

specific activity, hobby, or subject matter, often displaying dedication, knowledge,

and active participation within their chosen pursuits.

Durability - The capacity of an object, material, or structure to withstand wear,

pressure, or damage over an extended period, maintaining its structural integrity,

functionality, and aesthetic appeal despite regular use or environmental stressors.

Extract - The process of obtaining or isolating a specific substance or component

from a source material, often through methods such as extraction, distillation, or

filtration, to capture its essence or desired properties for various applications.

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Organic - Relating to agricultural or manufacturing practices that prioritize natural

processes, eschewing synthetic chemicals, pesticides, or genetically modified

organisms, and emphasizing sustainability, biodiversity, and soil health.

Peel - The outermost layer or skin of a fruit or vegetable, typically removed before

consumption or processing, serving as a protective barrier and often containing

valuable nutrients or flavor compounds.

Renewable - Refers to resources, energy sources, or practices that can be naturally

replenished or regenerated within a relatively short timeframe, such as solar, wind,

biomass, or hydropower, ensuring long-term availability and reduced environmental

impact.

Resource conservation - The responsible management, preservation, and sustainable

use of natural resources, ecosystems, and biodiversity, aimed at minimizing waste,

pollution, and depletion while maintaining ecosystem health and resilience.

Sustainability - The holistic approach to meeting present needs without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, encompassing

environmental, economic, and social dimensions to achieve long-term balance,

resilience, and well-being.

Synthetic - Refers to substances, materials, or products created through artificial or

human-made processes, often using chemical synthesis or industrial manufacturing

methods to mimic natural counterparts or achieve specific properties or

functionalities.

Textiles - Versatile materials, including fabrics, fibers, and yarns, used in the

production of clothing, furnishings, and various goods, typically created through

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processes such as weaving, knitting, or felting, and valued for their comfort,

durability, and aesthetic appeal.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researcher

considered in strengthening the importance of the present study. It also presents the

synthesis of the art to fully understand the research for better comprehension of the

study.

Related Literature

Mango peel as an organic dye

Clarissa Hamaio Okino Delgado (2018) observed that agro-industrial wastes

from vegetal sources have historically been perceived as problematic in industrial

processes. However, there is a growing recognition of their potential as raw materials

for various applications, including active enzymes and bioprospecting. Understanding

the composition of these wastes can be challenging, as their names and constituents

may vary depending on the equipment used, as seen in the case of wastes generated

from orange and mango processing. Therefore, defining specific waste types and

providing comparisons between botanical and industrial descriptions can aid in

comprehending studies on agro-industrial wastes. Delgado's review aimed to provide

context by compiling definitions, pertinent information, and research findings on

agro-industrial wastes and by-products, the international enzymes market, and recent

studies on bioactive compounds. Waste from orange and mango processing holds

particular interest due to the global significance of these fruits in the market.

Additionally, the processing methods typically employed do not involve steps that

could potentially disrupt the biomolecules present in these wastes.

 Omayra Ferreiro (2019) introduced an innovative approach to repurpose

mango waste into valuable textile fibers, with a focus on mango peel's potential as an

organic dye source. The study aimed to transform mango fibrous by-products into

durable materials suitable for textile manufacturing. By emphasizing lignin

quantification, the research highlighted mango peel's composition. This underscores

mango peel's potential to provide durable coloration to textiles, contributing to

sustainable and long-lasting fabric production.

Kučuk, N., & Primožič, M. (2021) investigated the bioactive compounds in

mango peels obtained through different extraction methods. Their study demonstrated

significant antioxidant activity and bioactive compound content, particularly in dried

mango peel extracts. This emphasizes the potential of mango peels as sustainable

sources of bioactive substances for value-added products in the food industry.

Utilizing mango peels for dye production not only provides a sustainable alternative

to synthetic dyes but also adds value to agro-industrial waste.

According to Malaiporn Wongkaew et al. (2021), concerns regarding the

depletion of natural resources have spurred the exploration of biodegradable plastics

derived from food waste. Additionally, there's a burgeoning interest in utilizing pectin

across various industries, necessitating the discovery of alternative pectin sources for

sustainability. Mango peels, a byproduct of farming, have emerged as a valuable

resource for producing biodegradable plastics from complex sugars. However, the full

potential of mango peel pectin remains untapped, particularly regarding its properties

relevant to dietary fiber applications in cooking. The quality of mango peel pectin

hinges on factors such as its size and structure, underscoring the importance of

isolating and studying pectin from this novel source. This article provides a

comprehensive overview of utilizing mango peel for obtaining mango peel pectin,
discussing various extraction methods and applications of the pectin in industries like

medicine and biotechnology. The review underscores the significance of mango peel

pectin as a sustainable avenue for enhancing food and medicine.

Effectiveness

Million Ayele (2020) explored the utilization of mango peel waste as a

precursor for activated carbon (MPAC) production, specifically focusing on its

effectiveness in removing dyes from aqueous solutions. Their study revealed that

chemically activated MPACs exhibited superior adsorption capacity for Rhodamine B

compared to thermally activated ones.

Nur Shakinah Raza (2022) focused on the utilization of mango seeds and peels

as precursors for high-surface-area-activated carbon (MSMPAC) synthesis,

emphasizing its efficacy in removing cationic dyes from aqueous environments. Their

findings showcased the remarkable adsorption capacity of MSMPAC for methylene

blue, further emphasizing the potential of mango peels as an effective organic dye

adsorbent in wastewater treatment applications.

Atta ul Haq (2019) conducted a comparative study on the sorption of ions

using mango peels as a biosorbent, highlighting its effectiveness in getting absorbed

by textiles easily. Their findings revealed the high sorption capacities of mango peels

for both, emphasizing its potential as an effective organic dye adsorbent in addition to

its applications in heavy metal removal.

Million Ayele (2020) highlighted the growing interest in addressing

environmental issues linked to synthetic coloring agents by using natural dyes. This

study focused on extracting natural dyes from mango leaves and mango peel,

exploring sustainable methods for dyeing cotton fabric. The dyes were extracted using
an aqueous extraction technique, and the cotton fabric was dyed with these extracts

followed by mordanting with various mordant types. The dyeing performance was

evaluated based on color values, dye absorption percentage, color fastness properties,

and color strength. The study also proposed mechanisms for the mordanting process.

It was found that dyes extracted from mango leaves produced more vibrant colors

compared to those from mango fruit extracts, with the leaf-derived dyes showing

deeper shades. Additionally, cotton fabric dyed with the same extract but different

mordants displayed a range of colors. Moderate to good fastness values (4–5) were

recorded. The findings suggest that natural dyes from various parts of the mango

plant, due to their excellent color fastness, can serve as effective coloring agents for

cotton fabrics.

Durability

Mohammad Mahbulbul Hassan (2021) investigated the use of mango seed

kernel polyphenols as a green alternative for introducing multifunctional properties to

wool fabrics, emphasizing durability. The study demonstrated the excellent surface

hydrophilicity, antibacterial activity, and insect-resistant properties of mango peel

dyed-treated fabrics, suggesting the durability of mango peel-derived polyphenols as

organic dye agents for textile functionalization.

Scolastica Manyim (2023) explored the effects of mango bio-mordants on the

dyeing properties of natural dye extracts on cotton fabric, with a focus on

colorfastness and durability. The research identified mango bio-mordants as effective

enhancers of color strength, indicating improved dye durability on cotton fabric. This

suggests that mango peel derivatives can contribute to enhancing the durability of
natural dye-based textiles, offering eco-friendly alternatives to traditional dyeing

processes.

Nika Kučuk (2024) investigated the biological activity of compounds

extracted from mango peels, highlighting their potential as durable organic dye

sources. It revealed mango peel extracts' rich bioactive compounds, indicating

successful preservation during extraction processes. This suggests that mango peel

extracts can provide durable coloration to textiles, contributing to the development of

sustainable and long-lasting textile products.

Islam, M. T., Rahman Liman, M. L., et al. (2022) explored the sustainable use

of mango peels as an organic dye for cotton fabric. Their study focused on utilizing

mangiferin enriched mango seed kernel bio-waste, containing various polyphenolic

chromophores, for fabric coloration. The research optimized dyeing conditions and

investigated the role of transition metals in enhancing chromophore fixation. Results

indicated improved color strength and chromophore exhaustion with metallic cross-

linkers and cationic electrolytes, ensuring excellent colorfastness properties. This

highlights mango peels as a sustainable source for natural dye production, reducing

the environmental impact of synthetic dyes.

BANDI SOBANDI (2023) conducted an experimental study on dyeing batik

cloth with mango peel extract, focusing on colorfastness and durability. The research

demonstrated the durability of mango peel extract as an eco-friendly dye for batik

clothes, with dyed fabrics exhibiting good colorfastness against washing and sun

exposure. This suggests that mango peel extract can provide durable coloration to

textiles, supporting the promotion of green industry practices in textile production.

Sustainability
 Ferreiro, O., Mallorquín, R., (2024) introduced an innovative approach to

repurpose mango waste into valuable textile dyes, aligning with circular economy

principles. The study focused on valorizing mango peel, seed, and fibrous material for

textile manufacturing. Through comprehensive physicochemical characterization and

alkaline hydrolysis, the research demonstrated the potential of mango fibers as high-

value materials for sustainable dye production. This highlights the versatility of

mango peels in sustainable practices, showcasing their potential to reduce waste and

environmental impact across various industries.

Nika Kučuk and Mateja Primožič (2021) emphasized mango peels as

sustainable sources of bioactive substances, possessing antioxidant, enzymatic, and

antimicrobial properties. Their study investigated different extraction methods to

obtain highly bioactive compounds from fresh and dried mango peels. Results

indicated that dried mango peels had higher total phenolic content and various

phenolic compounds, suggesting successful preservation during air drying.

Additionally, mango peel extracts exhibited outstanding polyphenol oxidase,

superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipase activities, showcasing their potential for

value-added products in the food industry.

Ferreiro, Omayra, Rodrigo Mallorquín, et al. (2024) addressed the

environmental challenges posed by the global textile sector and proposed a

sustainable solution by repurposing mango waste into valuable textile fibers. Their

study focused on the lignocellulosic constituents of mango waste, particularly the

peel, seed, and fibrous material, traditionally considered as refuse. By employing

innovative techniques, such as washing, drying, and alkaline hydrolysis, mango fibers

were transformed into high-value materials suitable for textile manufacturing. This
approach aligns with circular economy principles, offering a sustainable alternative to

conventional textile production while valorizing agricultural by-products.

Benessoubo Kada Danièle (2021) investigated the modification of mango

peels with phosphoric acid for biosorption of methylene blue from wastewater. Their

study highlighted the efficient removal of methylene blue by mango peels biosorbent,

underscoring the favorable adsorption kinetics and mechanisms involved. This

underscores the potential of modified mango peels as sustainable biosorbents for

organic dye removal in wastewater treatment.

Related Studies

Mango peel as an organic dye

According to Gabriela Mourad Vicenssuto (2020), mango peels are abundant

in nutrients and unique compounds suitable for antioxidant production. Fermentation

of mango peels with kefir enhances their utility by creating products with health

benefits. The study investigated the impact of adding mango peels dye

microorganisms and the antioxidant levels in the final product.

Sara Marca (2021) highlight mango peel's richness in fiber, vitamins,

phenolic compounds, and carotenoids, as evidenced by 212 recent research papers.

Various methods, such as infra-red and hot-air drying, preserve these bioactive

compounds effectively. Incorporating mango peel powders into food products

enhances their nutritional and antioxidant profiles. Furthermore, mango peel extracts

serve as valuable co-pigments and lipid peroxidation inhibitors, with potential

applications in eco-friendly packaging materials. Future research directions include

optimizing milling techniques, preservation conditions, and food safety protocols,

aiming to maximize mango peel utilization without compromising taste.

 According to GC Jeevitha (2023), mango peels, a byproduct of mango

processing, offer a rich source of nutrients and antioxidants. They possess high

mineral content and beneficial compounds like carotenoids and phenolic compounds,

making them valuable for health and wellness. Modern extraction methods such as

ultrasound or microwaves are preferable for extracting these compounds efficiently

and sustainably.

According to Mudassir Hussain Tahir (2021), mango peel holds promise as a

source of bioenergy and valuable chemicals. Utilizing pyrolysis, the study

investigated the breakdown of mango peel and the resultant gas composition under

different heating rates. The analysis revealed the release of beneficial compounds

including antioxidants and chemicals suitable for bioenergy and other product

manufacturing.

Effectiveness

Bose et al. (2020) showcased the remarkable potential of waste mango fruit

peels as a source for creating activated carbon, a discovery that not only enhances its

effectiveness but also its reusability. By incorporating nickel nanoparticles, the

researchers found that the activated carbon efficiently removed 98% of Rhodamine B

dye and 93% of manganese ions from water, even after multiple cycles of use.

Additionally, they identified a specific mathematical model governing the adsorption

process, underscoring the mango peel-derived material's capability as an effective and

sustainable solution for water pollutant removal.

A study by A Nor Adilah (2018) examines the incorporation of Mango Peels

Extract (MPE) into fish gelatin films for active food packaging. Films containing

MPE exhibit improved physical, barrier, mechanical, and antioxidant properties.

Higher MPE concentrations result in films with reduced water vapor permeability,

lower solubility, and enhanced stiffness. However, these films also display decreased

transparency and a colored tint due to MPE presence.

According to Nika Kučuk (2024), mango peels represent a sustainable

reservoir of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, enzymatic, and antimicrobial

properties. Effective processing methods are vital for extracting potent bioactive

compounds to create value-added products in the food industry. The study compared

the biological effects of compounds extracted from fresh and dried mango peels using

various conventional and unconventional methods, such as supercritical fluids. Dried

mango peels were found to be rich in bioactive compounds, with notable enzyme

activities and strong antibacterial properties, especially in ethanolic extracts.

Rind (2021) explored the application of hydrochar derived from mango peels

for lead ion removal from drinking water, highlighting its effectiveness and potential

for large-scale water treatment systems. By optimizing the activation process, the

researchers demonstrated the efficient removal of lead ions, positioning hydrochar as

a viable alternative to conventional activated carbon. Mathematical modeling further

validated its utility in continuous water filtration systems, showcasing its adaptability

and efficacy in real-world scenarios. This innovative approach underscores the

versatility of mango peels in addressing water pollution challenges, offering a

sustainable solution for safeguarding public health and environmental integrity.

Sustainability

Danièle (2021) delved into the transformative properties of mango peels

modified with phosphoric acid, harnessing their natural attributes to combat

wastewater pollution. Their analysis highlighted the rich composition of mango peels,
primarily cellulose, followed by lignin and hemicellulose, rendering them highly

porous and conducive to adsorption. Notably, the mango peels exhibited a negative

surface charge, enhancing the adsorption process. Furthermore, the researchers

identified a two-step adsorption mechanism, with the pseudo-second order model

providing insights into the rapid initial removal of methylene blue dye, followed by a

slower adsorption rate until equilibrium is reached. This thorough examination

underscores the mango peel's potential as an organic dye adsorbent, offering a

sustainable solution for wastewater treatment.

Haq (2019) conducted a comprehensive study on the utilization of mango

peels for the removal of chromium ions (Cr3+ and Cr6+) from water, shedding light

on its promising sorption capabilities. Through meticulous analysis using microscopy,

surface area analysis, and spectroscopy, the researchers demonstrated the mango

peel's efficacy in removing chromium ions, particularly under optimized conditions.

The study revealed a spontaneous and exothermic sorption behavior, indicating the

mango peel's suitability for environmental remediation efforts. These findings

emphasize the valuable role of mango peels as an eco-friendly solution for water

purification, contributing to sustainable resource management practices.

Desalegn (2019) pioneered the synthesis of a novel iron nanoparticle, GMP-

nZVI, utilizing extracts from mango peels, thereby unlocking a cost-effective and

environmentally friendly approach to nanoremediation. Through meticulous surface

analysis, the researchers elucidated the unique structure and composition of GMP-

nZVI, highlighting its potential for waste recycling and environmental remediation

endeavors. This groundbreaking study underscores the value of mango peels as a

renewable resource for sustainable nanotechnology applications, paving the way for

innovative solutions to complex environmental challenges.

 Ana Carolina Barbosa Ribeiro (2021) explore the potential of pectin and

extracts from Tommy Atkins mango peels in creating specialized films rich in

polyphenols. These films exhibit reduced water vapor permeability and enhanced

flexibility, along with strong antioxidant properties. Such films hold promise for food

packaging or coating applications.

Jhumur Banerjee (2018) introduce an eco-friendly method for extracting

pectin from mango peels using water and heat, yielding substantial amounts of pectin

from various mango varieties. The extracted pectin, along with other useful

compounds like polyphenols and sugars, underscores mango peels' potential as a

multifaceted resource. This streamlined extraction process reduces both labor and

material requirements, enhancing the feasibility of utilizing mango peels in various

applications.

Durability

M. Tauhidul Islam and Md Luthfar Rahman Liman (2020) reported a

sustainable and efficient approach to coloring cotton fabric using mangiferin-enriched

mango peel bio-waste. The extract primarily contains mangiferin and various

polyphenolic chromophores, such as hydrolysable tannin, flavonoids (like quercetin),

betacyanin, and saponin, confirmed by phytochemical screening. Optimal dyeing

conditions were found to be at 90°C for 60 minutes, with an overall fixation rate of

chromophores ranging from 56% to 71%. Different transition metals (Fe² ⁺, Cu² ⁺,

Al³⁺, and Sn²⁺) were utilized to enhance the fixation of mangiferin-enriched dye

(MED) chromophores. The higher absorption mechanisms of MED chromophores

were analyzed in terms of molecular orientation (TCI, LOI) and inter- and intra-

molecular hydrogen bonding configuration (HBI, EH, R). The total amount of

anchored chromophores was quantified by the asymmetric factor (AF). The Fe² ⁺-
treated samples exhibited the maximum dye-fiber bonding behavior, with an

improvement in color strength (K/S) from 5.97 to 7.20. Additionally, the inclusion of

electrolytes in the dye bath further enhanced the chromophores' exhaustion (K/S =

8.4). The combination of metallic cross-linkers and cationic electrolytes resulted in

diverse colorimetric values (L*, a*, b*, c*, h, BI, ΔE) for the dyed samples and

ensured excellent colorfastness properties compared to other natural dyeing processes.

Md. Ramjan Ali and Moon Jeong Yong (2019) conducted a study comparing

the antioxidant properties of flesh and peel extracts from five different mango

varieties. The study revealed that the Fozli peel (FP) extract exhibited the highest

antioxidant activity. This high level of antioxidants is often associated with more

vibrant and stronger colors, indicating that FP extract could serve as a natural dye for

textiles. The vibrant color of the FP extract, combined with its strong antioxidant

properties, suggests its potential use as a natural dye in the textile industry. The

phenolic and flavonoid compounds responsible for these properties not only enhance

color vibrancy but also provide durability, making FP extract an attractive alternative

to synthetic dyes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the FP extract

identified 2,5-dihydroxyphenol as the most abundant compound, along with other

significant compounds such as 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde,

pentadecanoic acid, (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-

6-methyl. These compounds contribute to the strong biological activities and vivid

coloration observed in the FP extract, making it suitable for applications as a natural

dye in the textile industry.

According to Xin-Yue Jiao (2019), mango peels have garnered attention for

their potential in creating carbon dots (CDs), tiny particles with strong fluorescent

properties. Through pyrolyzation with oxygenolysis, CDs were derived from mango
peel without additional treatments, resulting in particles ranging from 2 to 6

nanometers in size. These CDs exhibited robust fluorescence and stability, even when

subjected to salt and ultraviolet light exposure. Moreover, their fluorescence could be

modulated by altering the environmental acidity or basicity. Notably, the CDs were

non-toxic and compatible with living cells, enabling successful cellular labeling.

Additionally, their fluorescence reduction in the presence of iron ions facilitated iron

detection in certain tablets. This research underscores mango peel's potential for

diverse applications, especially in fluorescence-based technologies.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter gives an outline of research design, techniques, the research

methods, and procedures on how the researchers do the study. It provides information

on the participants that is the criteria for inclusion in the study, who the participants

were and how they were sampled.

Research Design

In this study, the research design adopted was quantitative research, which

involves the collection and analysis of numerical data. This method is employed to

identify patterns, calculate averages, make predictions, examine causal relationships,

and draw conclusions that can be applied to broader populations (Bhandari, 2020). To

gather data from both current and potential customers, the researchers used sampling

techniques and distributed hardcopy multiple-choice survey/questionnaires, as

opposed to online surveys or polls.

Furthermore, the researcher utilized an experimental research design.

Experimental research involves testing independent variables to ascertain their

influence on dependent variables (Creswell, 2012). In this case, the research focuses

on tracking and monitoring students' research activities using a specific system.

Research Instrument
 A likert scale is a type of rating scale that is used to assess opinions, attitudes

or

behaviours. It consists of a statement or inquiry, followed by five or seven answer

statements. Respondents select the choice that best expresses their feelings about the

statement or topic. Because respondents are given a variety of viable responses. Likert

scales are excellent for eliciting a more nuanced level of agreement or opinions about

a topic. (Bhandari, 2020)

The checklist was the primary instrument used in the study to collect data. To

evaluate the suitability of mango peel as organic dye.

The researchers used the rating scale below with associated interpretation to interpret

the level of acceptability of the mango peel as organic dye.

Scale Range Description Verbal Interpretation

5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Agree Highly Acceptable

4 3.41-4.20 Agree Moderately

Acceptable
3 2.61-3.40 Fair Acceptable

2 1.81-2.60 Disagree Fairly Acceptable

1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree Poorly Acceptable

Table 1: Likert Scale

This Likert scale utilizes a 5-point range to measure levels of agreement,

divided into the following categories: 1.00-1.80 (Strongly Disagree, Poorly

Acceptable), 1.81-2.60 (Disagree, Fairly Acceptable), 2.61-3.40 (Fair, Acceptable),

3.41-4.20 (Agree, Moderately Acceptable), and 4.21-5.00 (Strongly Agree, Highly

Acceptable). These defined intervals ensure precise categorization of responses,

facilitating consistent and accurate analysis of participant attitudes. This approach

provides a clear framework for interpreting the data collected in the survey.
Research Respondents

The respondents of the study were 30 random individuals living in Barangay

Patimbao, Laguna. We will demonstrate the mango peel dye on a small piece of

clothing so it will dry quickly, allowing them to see the results promptly. After that,

they will answer a questionnaire to share their perceptions about the mango peel dye.

Sampling Techniques

The study uses convenience sampling, it is a non-probability sampling

method, because they are the easiest way for the researcher to access the data to be

gathered. According to Julia Simkus in 2023, A Convenience sampling (also called

accidental sampling or grab sampling) is a method of non-probability sampling in

where the researchers will be able to choose their sample based solely on the

convenience.

Data Gathering Procedure

A letter of request to conduct the study was prepared. The researcher

conducted a questionnaire checklist, validated by the professor of the subject then the

questionnaire checklist are distributed. The researcher conducts the research in Brgy.

Patimbao, Laguna through survey, because of the advantages of the survey method.

The researcher explains to the respondents the importance of their response to the

study and clarifies some terms to the respondents so that the respondents can answer

the questionnaire with full knowledge of their responsibility as the subject of the

study. The researcher requested the respondents to answer with all honesty.

The researcher uses a convenience sampling, it is a non-probability sampling

method, because they are the easiest way for the researcher to access. According to

Julia Simkus in 2023, Convenience sampling (also called accidental sampling or grab
sampling) is a method of non-probability sampling where researchers will choose

their sample based solely on convenience. In this study since the researcher's goal is

to determine the acceptability of Mango peel as organic dye in terms of;

Effectiveness, Durability, and Sustainability. The researcher believes that this method

is the most appropriate in choosing the sample for the researcher. After the

respondents answered the questionnaire, the researcher collected data and tallied the

data for interpretation. The researcher asks a statistician to help in determining the

appropriate statistical tools to be used and in interpreting the data. Based on the data

researcher comes up with conclusion and recommendations for this study.

Research Procedure

In this part of the research was where the research product production would be said.

It is also in this part where the knowledge of how the product was made. And which

the materials, tools, and equipment will be listed.

Materials, Tools, & Equipment

Here is a list of used materials, tools, and equipment in the production of the product.

MATERIALS TOOLS EQUIPMENT

 Mortar and Pestle

Mango Peel Tray

Funnel

Table 2: Materials, Equipment, and Tools

Construction Procedure

In this part is where the construction of the product was written in step-by-step

process.

 First, gather your mango peels and spread them evenly.

 For the next step, place it under the sun to dry using a tray to speed up the

drying process. If you want a darker shade, you can leave it in the sun longer;

the longer it stays, the darker the dye will become.

 After drying it thoroughly and ensuring there's no remaining moisture, proceed

to refine it until it becomes a powder.

 Then, transfer the crushed peels into a dry container.

 Lastly, seal the container tightly to preserve the crushed peels

Statistical Treatment of Data

To determine the energy efficiency of Mango peel as an Organic dye in terms

of Effectiveness, Durability, and Sustainability. the data were tabulated as the basis

for the statistical treatment of data. The efficiency of Mango peel as an Organic dye

will be tested by 30 students in barangay Patimbao.

Standard deviation formula was for variability or dispersion of data. The

standard deviation of a random variable, statistical population, data set or probability

distribution was the square root of its variance.

Mean was used to determine the level of acceptability of Mango Peel as an

Organic Dye in terms of Effectiveness, Durability, and Sustainability.

T-test is a statistical test that compares the means of two groups. It is

frequently used in hypothesis testing to assess whether a process or treatment has an

effect on the population under consideration, or whether two groups differ from one

another.

To tabulate and compute study statistics, spreadsheet computer applications

and electronic forms were used. It was given to the statistician so that they could

compute, check, and confirm the outcomes