ENTRY TEST LECTURE NOTES
PHYSICS
SESSION 2023
NMDCAT/NUMS/ETEA
In these lecture notes you will find:
Key points of the topics prescribed by PMC
Short cuts/ problem solving technique
COURSE INSTRUTOR: RAJA SHEHRYAR ALI
(1) LECTURER in PHYSICS,
PUNJAB COLLEGE, H-11 CAMPUS,
ISLAMABAD
(2) ENTRY TEST LECTURER
STEP by PGC,
ISLAMABAD CLUSTER.
CONTENTS OF LECTURE # 11 (UNIT 12B) (According to STEP SOS)
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Learning outcomes:
(1) Radiation Exposure
(2) Dose and Absorbed Dose
(3) Biological effects of Radiation
(4) Biological and Medical uses of Radiation
(5) FISSION/FUSION (BRIEFLY)
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LECTURE 11
RADIATION EXPOSURE
Dose & Equivalent Dose
RBE FACTORS
X-rays, Gamma rays & alpha particles of 30 keV or more is 1.0
Alpha particles of less than 30 keV is 1.7
Neutrons & protons below 10 MeV to body 10 and to eyes 30
Alpha particles from natural radioactivity have RBE is 10
Heavy recoil nuclei has RBE 20
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BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATIONS
10 mGy to hand will deposit less energy than 1mGy to entire entire body
Back ground radiations to which we are exposed on an average per year is 2mSv/year.
3 Sv dose will cause radiation burn and soreness on the skin
Dose of 1mSv is mainly considered safe for workers in nuclear facilities and mines
The damages of alpha particles is small unless source enters the body
Alpha and beta particles can cause redness and sores to skin
Chromosomes abnormalities or mutation may cause delayed genetic effects such as
cancer eye cataracts etc.
Nuclear wastes are of three types: (i) low level (ii) medium level (iii) high level
radiations
Some low level radiations effects are loss of hair, ulceration, stiffness of lungs, white
blood cells deficiency which causes sickness pattern of diarrhea, vomiting, fever known
as radiation sickness.
High levels of radiations may disrupt the blood cells, seriously leading to disease such
as anemia, leukemia
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DOSAGE IN MICRO-SIVERT & EFFECTS (μSv)
Radiation sickness 1,000,000
Temporary low fertility 150,0000
Sterility for two years 250,0000
Death of 60 % people exposed 400,0000
AVERAGE TYPE OF RADIATION DOSES FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
Watching TV for a year 10 mSv
Radiation from nuclear power station for a year 10 mSv
Wearing radioactive luminous watch for a year 30 mSv
Having a chest x-ray 200 mSv
Radiation from brick house 750 mSv
Maximum dose to general public from artificial source per year 1000 mSv
Workers working in a uranium mine for 1 month 1000 mSv
Typical doses received by members of general public from all sources per year 2500 mSv
Max dose allowed to worker exposed to radiation for year is 50000 mSv
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NUCLEAR REACTIONS
NOTE: PRACTICE MCQS WERE PROVIDED IN THE LAST LECTURE OF
NUCLEAR PHYSICS WHICH INLCUDE BOTH LECTURES OF NUCLEAR
"To improve is to change; to be
perfect is to change often."
—Winston Churchill
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