Lecture 7 Horizontal layers become defaulted by a mix Elements within the mineral are arranged in a Carbonates - (Calcites, Dolomites),
arranged in a Carbonates - (Calcites, Dolomites), Evaporites Transportation: Sediment transported Contact Metamorphism (Heat): Marble, Quartzite
Crustal Shortening: Crumpling of crust - of faults (Vertical) and folds (Horizontal). specific order - giving specific shapes - (Halite), Metallic Mineral Ores - (Magnetite, downslope into a basin Regional Metamorphism (Pressure): Amphibolite, Gneiss
folded and faulted - thickened and shortened Vulcano: Original Volcano Defining a Mineral: Combination of the Hematite, Galena, Sphalerite) Deposition: Where sediments come to rest Hydrothermal Metamorphism(Fluid circulation moving
area of land Stromboli: Lighthouse of the Mediterranean Crystal Lattice and the actual Chemical - the Ores: Concentration of minerals Lithification: The pores in the sedimentary chemicals from one place to another): Serpentinite, Skarn
Volcanic Island Arc = Oceanic-Oceanic Strombolian Eruption: Mild fountaining of arrangement of set shapes ultimately give PDAC: Prospectors & Developers rock become glued to each other Metamorphic Grades (Increasing Metamorphism): Shale,
(Around Pacific Rim) lava (little bit of magma going up in the air minerals different properties Association of Canada Importance of Sediments: Biggest source of Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss
Magmatic Arc = Oceanic-Continental with smoke) Bancroft (Canada): Mineral Capital of Life Cycle of a Mine: Exploration Paleo-environmental information - sediments Mylonite: Product of intense shear (Stretching out)
(Around Pacific Rim) - Example: The Andes Mt. Vesuvius: Buried the Roman Settlements Canada, has wide variety of minerals (Geoscience surveys, Prospectors + interact with Earth, telling what happens Migmatite: When Gneiss starts to melt
Mountain Ranges = - Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis Hydrothermal Circulation: Old rock can let Companies), Discovery (Investment/Planning, around the Earth and during it’s timeline Index Mineral: Use of metamorphic minerals as
Continental-Continental - Example: The Pyroclastic Flows: Chaotic mixture of ash and fluids circulate through and heat up which can Economists), Development (Building of Mechanical Weathering: Taking something paleothermometers
Himalayas gas moving rapidly from eruption move chemical constituents from one place to Mine), Production (Extraction, milling, solid and mechanically breaking it into smaller Andalusite: High in the Curst, Low Temperature, Low
The Tethys: Dead ocean which closed during Arabian Plate: Acting as an indentor into another processing), Reclamation (Creating value to pieces of itself (Clastic Rock) Pressure
the breakup of Pangea Eurasia, lifting the Zagros and Caucasus Identifying Minerals: Colours (Most the land after finishing extraction) Chemical Weathering: Breakdown of mineral Sillimanite: Middle of the Crust, High Temperature, Mid
India: Moving upwards, indenting Eurasia mountains Noticeable but least accurate), Streak Prospectors: Panning and field work, finds by water Pressure
with escape tectonics and obduction Gneiss: Turning of Sedimentary Rocks into a (Dragging mineral cross porcelain plate to placer deposits Modes of Sedimentary Transportation: Kyanite: Deep/Low in the Crust, Low Temperature, High
Continental Shelves (Passive margins): metamorphic rock - Shows how the continents produce fine powder), Crystallography (Based Placer Deposits: Finding viable sources for Environment, Bedford, Deposit Pressure
Shallow Submarine Terrace, forming the are getting soft underground on crystal shape), Cleavage (Shape of mineral potential minerals (Cross-bedding)
continents landmass edge Mountain Raising: Generates sediment when broken), Lustre (The way light is Hydrothermal Alteration: Metals Sedimentary Structures: Evidence of surface Lecture 9
Closing of Oceans: Caused by subduction, through erosion, has LT impact on global reflected), Hardness (Scratchability) concentrated in old rocks that change in processes Grand Canyon: Comprised of the strata and basement
until continents come together at a suture - climate due to sediment reacting with Vitreous Lustre: Reflects white light (i.e composition - occurs with faults and magmatic Mud Cracks: When wet surface drys out (distinct division between lower igneous less-structured
(place stitched together) atmosphere (pulling Carbon dioxide from glass) bodies Ichnofossils: Evidence of life rocks and upper flat-layered strata)
Delamination (Squiggly Line): Layer that atmosphere) - Changes global climate & Mica (Mineral): Resistant to heat, used as a Veins: Cracks in the rock which have been Provenance: Finding the source of the grains, Relative Dating: Seeing that relative date of something (ex.
gets stripped off and descends into mantle causes glaciation lubricant, reflective filled with something gives information about the environmental rock), and building up stories of events in order to get that
Orogeny: The process of mountain building Kathmandu (Nepal): Built on bowl of Mohs Hardness Scale (MHS): Qualitative Igneous Rock/Magma: Constantly evolving processes and plate tectonics (ex. rock) into THAT perceived position
through Continent-Continent collision. The sediment, amplifying risks when dealing with scale to see each minerals fluid - the composition of magma is never the Biochemical Rocks: Limestone, Dolostone Absolute Dating: Able to determine the specific age of an
“Mountain” itself is an orogen Earthquakes durability/scratchability same as the initial pre-melted rock. Magma is Chemical Rocks: Evaporites, Cherts object
Accretionary Wedge: Fine grained sediments Depression: Small bowls in continents where Vickers Penetrometer: How far can a needle more silica-rich than the melting rock. Evaporites: Rocks produced by evaporation of Absolute Dating Techniques: Layer counting, Radiocarbon
scraped off oceanic crust sediment can get trapped (near raised of a known MHS be pushed into a mineral Sedimentary Rock: Made up of sediments aka seawater dating, Uranium-lead Radiometric dating
Alpine-Himalayan Orogeny: Records the mountains i.e. Himalayas) Use of Diamonds: Jewelry (Most used), Drill bits (loose material). Result of the breakdown Facies Analysis: Groups types of rocks in Strata: Layer of rock, accumulated in basins - made up of
closure of the tethys ocean and crumpling of heads, Polishing of surface different environments and helps interpret sediments which flown downhill to reach a basin
former ocean rocks (i.e. Island Arcs, Lecture 8 Silicate Minerals: Minerals that contain a Crystallization: Crystals growing in a magma what we are seeing Accommodation Space: Every basin has one, occurs when
Continental shelves, ophiolites, intraplate Rock: Composition of grains of A collection combination of silicon and oxygen, accounting chamber to solidify into a new rock Stratigraphy: Using layers to reconstruct a so much sediment is accumulated that it will bypass the
volcanoes, accretionary wedge) (can just be 1) of minerals for 90% of minerals Differentiation: Chemistry evolves sequence of events basin to continue to move downslope
Swiss Alps (Switzerland): Matterhorn - Minerals “Building Blocks of Rocks”: Silica Properties: Low Silica = Low Viscosity Pegmatites: Extreme magma differentiation Resources in Sedimentary Rock: Water (Most Base Level of Erosion: Sediments filled in a basin with
4478m High - Layers of sedimentary oceanic Inorganic, Crystalline solid that is a pure = Runny Lava = Shield Volcanoes gives rise which have large crystals (Enriched important), Hydrocarbons, Coal, Metals conformable succession of strata as long as it stays below the
rock, forms into steeper peak due to material (Chemical Comp.) High Silica = High Viscosity = Sticky/Thick in Lithium, Rare earth elements, Industrial Hydrogeology: Deals with sedimentary rock, base level
glaciation. Nappes - Folded tethys ocean rock Granite: Quartz + Feldspar + Biotite Lava = Steep Volcanoes minerals like Mica) water resources, sediment Disconformities: Mark pauses in sedimentation and misses
Fold and Thrust Belt: Crystal Lattice: Non Silicate Minerals: Weathering: The breakdown of rock into Metamorphic Rocks: Product of the alteration information from the geologic time
sediment without melting
Law of Superposition: Oldest rocks are on the Greenstone Belts: Gold-rich metamorphic Lecture 11
bottom and strata young upwards basalts Ontario 4 Layer Model: Precambrian Rocks which have been transported by ice and Baseflow (Groundwater): Water moving
Law of Cross-Cutting Relations: Feature Ophiolites: Ancient oceanic crust Basement ( >1000Ma), Phanerozoic/Paleozoic deposited elsewhere through ground
which cuts across or disrupts another feature Shatter cones: Fractures left by meteorite Cover Rocks (600 - 2Ma), Glacial Sediment ( Holocene: Interglacial period we live in Eutrophication: Sucks up oxygen in water as
must be younger than the feature that is impact (Shock wave caused by impact) < 2Ma), Built Landscape and Historic fill Till: Sediment produced by a glacier a result of algae
disrupted Bolides: Large meteorites, 10-15 km materials (i.e Buildings and geologic changes) Drumlin: Hill where it represents the ice flow Turbid Water: Clarity of water, lower is better
Law of Intrusions: The intrusion that cuts Grenville Orogeny (1.3Ga - 1Ga): Formation Epicontinental Seas: Seas on the surface of Fill: Filling in an area to manipulate it
across a formation is younger than the rock of supercontinent Rodinia by continental rock Lecture 12 Site Remediation: Phase 1 - Produce a Fire
that was cut Continent-Continent collision. Consists of two Great Unconformity: Gap between Anthropocene: Start of Industrial Revolution map, Phase 2 - Land Analysis, Phase 3 Site
Law of Original Horizontality: Strata are sections Central Metasedimentary Belt (CMB) Precambrian (1000Ma) and Paleozoic 1700’s, with the Steam Engine Assessment (Cost Benefit)
originally horizontal, deviations like tilting are & Central Gneiss Belt (CGB). CMG was (450Ma) rocks Greenfields: Area of uncontaminated land - Fire Map: History of the land, what it has
due to later structural changes thrust upon and buried the CGB. They were Unconformity: Gap in the geologic record Mainly used for agriculture, farmland, rich been used for, what it currently is used for
Law of Lateral Continuity: Strata should fill thrust upon the older rocks of the southern and where nothing was preserved, mark episodes soil DDT: Insecticide used in agriculture to omit
the basin and extend in all directions of the superior provinces at the Grenville Front of uplift, erosion, and non-deposition Permafrost: Frozen soil (currently is melting the scents of landfill dumps
basin Tectonic Zone (GFTZ) Foreland Basins (Appalachian Mountain which is destroying infrastructure) Confined Aquifer: High permeability (Fluid
Rock Folds: Ductile “wrinkling” of layers CMBBZ: Thrust zone where CMB was Belt): Where the crust is flexing downwards Great Acceleration: 1950 - Current, travels through easily)
occurring below the surface. pushed - Large fault producing seismic energy adjacent to a mountain range. Ex: Western Advances in the infrastructure, economy, and Aquitards: Low permeability confining beds
Anticline Fold: Folding Upwards A-Shape Stromatolites: Ancient bacterial colony Interior Alberta increase in societal levels Water Table: Upper surface of groundwater
Syncline Fold: Folding Downwards U-Shape Ediacaran Fauna: End of Precambrian Intracratonic Basins: Cold Mantle Plume Lake Crawford GSSP (Global Stratotype Aquifer: Layers that are very permeable
Recumbent Fold: Old rock at Top, Young Phanerozoic: Visible life going down, in the middle of continents Section and Point): One Place, Globally (easily allow fluids to run through)
rock below. - Limbs get turned upside down Hadean (4.567 Ga): Meteorites bombarded Appalachian Orogeny: Far traveled displaced Recognizable, Well dated, Preserved and Recharge Area: Where water gets absorbed
Rock Faults: Brittle breaks across which crust to initiate subduction crust (terranes) accessible and goes to the ground
slides Convergent Margins (WetMagma): Granite Logan’s Line: Limit of deformation that is Megacities: Greater than 10 million people - Oak Ridges Moraine: Groundwater recharge
Normal Faults: Creates Space (Extends) and Andesite are Silica Rich attributed to the appalachian orogeny - where usually double the population of the next zone
Reverse Faults: Decreases Space (Compress) Divergent Margins (DryMagma): Basalt and the rocks are stopped being folded largest city in the country. Highly concentrated Moraine: Large Sediment ridge at the end of
James Hutton: Recognized unconformities, Gabbro are Silica Poor Canada’s History: Quebec - Fish Evolution, with high urban shadow an ice sheet
proposed concept of uniformitarianism Making Continental Crust: Oceanic Crust + New Brunswick - Plant Evolution, Nova Urban Shadow: Broader region affected by Leachate Plume: Bateria leached out of water
Half Life: Time it takes for half an amount of Water, Melted Scotia - Tree Fossils urban resource usage affects the area around it. Water into a landfill
radioactive material to decay Continental Growth: Terrane Accretion (Crust Ice Age: Time Period where thick ice sheets Risk Concentration: Hazard has a larger risk will go through permeable area which goes
collecting terranes around edges over time to cover vast areas of land. (roughy 35% - 40% due to higher population in a concentrated into Groundwater stream
Lecture 10 create Craton), Craton collides to form of Northern Hemisphere). There were 50 Ice region compared to the same population over Gotextile: Layer that does not let fluid out
Canadian Shield: Landform - Exposed part Supercontinent, Cover Rocks (Makes Ages in the last 2.5Ma a vast region LNAPL (Light, Non Aqueous phase liquid):
of North American Craton at surface, Gneiss is continents thicker and wider) Glaciation: Times of colder temperatures and Lloyd’s City Risk Index: Analyzes potential Floats in water and does not mix with water
the most common found North America 5 Stages: Artica Formation glacier advancements impact of economic output of 301 of the DNAPL (Dense, Non Aqueous phase liquid):
Cover Rocks: Covering wide parts of North (2.5 Ga) Trans-Hudson Orogen, Nena/Nuna Last Glacial Maximum (LGM): Most recent world’s major cities Sinks in water and does not mix with water
American Craton Formation (1.8 Ga) Penokean Orogeny, glacial period 17,000 - 18,000 years ago Phases of Coastal Erosion: Deforestation, Thaw Ponds: Formed during Hypsithermal
“No Oceans, No Granites, No Continents”: Rodinia Formation (1.3 Ga) Grenville Laurentide Ice Sheet: Formed repeatedly Watershed Hardening warm period
No continents until the placement of granites, Orogeny, Pangea Formation (600-300 Ma) during last 2.5Ma. Created the Great Lakes. Greenbelt: Preservations of large areas of land Active Layer: Thaws each summer and
and no granite until there is oceans Alleghanian Orogeny, Pangea Break (250Ma) Milankovitch Cycle: Eccentricity - Shape of protected from contamination expands, difficult to build on top
Craton: Process by which continents grow Province Timeline: Southern Province orbit around the sun. Obliquity - Tilt. Watershed Hardening: Reduced infiltration
(Older than 500-600Ma) (Kenoran Orogeny), Southern Province Precession - Direction of Earth’s tilt relative to and base flow, increase the runoff
Province: Old crust embedded in (Penokean Orogeny, Grenville Orogeny, Mid other celestial objects. Hydrograph: Measures the rate of stream flow
continents/Sections of crust the same age Continent Rift and Exposure of the Canadian Erratic Boulders: over time - how much water is moving
Terrans: Another term for above Shield through a section
Alpine-Himalayan
Orogeny →
Migmatite
Fold and Thrust Belt ↓
Law of Original
Horizontality
Law of Cross-Cutting
Law of Superposition & Intrusion
Law of Lateral Continuity
Delamination
Rock Cycle
Metamorphic Rock Cycle
Mylonite
