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PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

CONVENTIONAL HALL
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

NITHISHKUMAR S (20BCE049)
SANJEEV S P (20BCE066)
KRITHICKSUNDAR S M (20BCE035)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the


Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Post Box No: 2034, Coimbatore – 641049
NOVEMBER 2023

i
KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY
COIMBATORE – 641049
CIVIL ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF


CONVENTIONAL HALL (G+2)” is the bonafide work of “ NITHISHKUMAR S

(20BCE049), SANJEEV S P (20BCE066), KRITHICKSUNDAR S M (20BCE035)” who

carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

DR. V. GAYATHRI DR. SELVAN V

SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering

Kumaraguru College of Technology Kumaraguru College of Technology

Coimbatore – 641049 Coimbatore - 641049

The candidates with college roll/ register number 20BCE049, 20BCE066, 20BCE035 was
examined in the Project Viva-Voce examination held on ………………

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ii
ABSTRACT

The report presents the comprehensive planning, analysis, and design of a

conventional hall (G + 2) and intended for various events and gatherings. The

project's primary objective is to provide a detailed insight into the process of

conceiving, planning, and executing the construction of a multipurpose facility

that adheres to conventional architectural principles.

The functional requirements and aspects of aesthetics are locked into normally

be the architect while the aspect of the safety, serviceability, durability, and

economy of the structure are attended by structural designer.

For this purpose, a site is selected in which the building has three floors

including a ground floor, it consists of all the rooms required for a conventional

hall like room, toilet, dining, kitchen, and storeroom.

AutoCAD is a software tool to design functional design of any plan. It involves

outer appearance of the plan. Staad Pro is a software tool to design structural

design of any plan and it can give loads of that structure. In this project work, an

attempt is made according to Building Bye laws and design of commercial

building as per IS: 456-2000, IS 875 PART-1, 2, 3 & 5 specifications and IS

1893- 2002.

iii
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

At the end of our project work, I would like to thank all the people who have

contributed with us to complete our project successfully. And I would like to

thank the following people. First, we express our profound gratitude to

DR. D. Saravanan, Principal for providing the necessary facilities for the

successful completion of this Design project.

We deem great pride in expressing heartfelt gratitude and sincere thanks to

Dr. V. Selvan, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Civil

Engineering, for allowing us to carry out our design project.

We are much obligated to express our deem gratitude and sincere thanks to

our guide DR. V. Gayathri, Associate professor, Department of Civil

Engineering for her valuable guidance, immense effort, and support to finish

the project successfully.

We heartfully express our gratitude to our class advisor Mrs. S. Anita,

Assistant Professor II, Department of Civil Engineering, for her valuable

advice, inspiring guidance and moral support which played a vital role in

carrying out this work.

We thank all staff members, supporting staff members and friends for their

selfless support and cooperation and all of those who have rendered help

directly or indirectly at various stages of this design project.

iv
LIST OF SYMBOLS

SYMBOLS ABBREVATIONS
Ast Area of tension reinforcement
B Breadth of beam
bf Breadth of flange of beam
bw Breadth of beam web
D Effective depth of beam or slab
D Overall depth of beam or slab
Fck Characteristic compressive strength of
concrete
fy Characteristic yield strength of steel
Lo Effective length of beam
Lx Slab length along the shorter span
Ly Slab length along the longer span
Mu Design moment for limit state design
Mu lim Limiting moment of resistances
Pt Percentage of steel
S Spacing
Vu Shear force
Vs Strength of shear reinforcement
Ꞇv Nominal shear stress
Ꞇc Shear stress in concrete
Ꞇc max Maximum shear stress in concrete with
shear reinforcement
Ø Diameter of bar
M20 Grade of concrete
Fe415 Grade of steel

v
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
NO CONTENTS NO

LIST OF FIGURES viii


LIST OF TABLES ix

1 CHAPTER 1 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1.1 ADVANTAGES 1
1.2 GENERAL THEORY 3
1.2.1 TENSILE STRENGHT 3
1.2.2 ELASTICITY 4
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROJECT 9
1.3.1 MATERIALS 9
2 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 METHOD OF FLEXIBILITY
COEFFICIENTS 10
2.1.1 LIMITATIONS 10
2.2 SLOPE DISPLACEMENT METHOD 10
2.2.1 LIMITATIONS 11
2.3 KANE'S METHOD 11
2.3.1 ADVANTAGES 12
2.3.2 LIMITATIONS 12
2.4 APPROXIMATE METHOD 12
2.4.1 HORIZONTAL CASES 13
2.5 MATRIX ANALYSIS OF FRAMES 13

2.6 DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED


CONVENTIONAL BUILDING 14
2.6.1 GENERAL 14
2.6.2 LIMIT STATE METHOD 15
2.6.3 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE 15
3 CHAPTER 3 - DESIGN OF SLAB 16
3.1 ONE WAY SLAB 16
vi
3.2 TWO WAY SLAB 17
3.3 DESIGN OF SLAB: 19
4 CHAPTER 4 - DESIGN OF BEAMS 27
4.1. THEORY 27
4.2 ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED
SECTIONS: 28
4.2.1 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS 28
4.3 DESIGN OF BEAM: 29
5 CHAPTER 5 - DESIGN OF COLUMN 36
5.1. THEORY 36
5.1.1 NECESSITY OF REINFORCEMENT
IN COLUMNS 36
5.2 TYPES OF COLUMNS 37
5.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN 38
6 CHAPTER 6 - DESIGN OF FOOTING 46
6.1 DESIGN OF FOOTING 47
7 CHAPTER 7 - DESIGN OF STAIRCASE 50
7.1 TYPES OF STAIRCASES 51
7.2 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE 51
CHAPTER 8 - STAAD PRO DESIGN AND
8 ANALYSIS 57
8.1 METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF
STATISTICALLY
INDETERMINATE PORTAL FRAMES 60
8.1.1 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 60
8.1.2 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD 61
9 CHAPTER 9 - CONCLUSION 68
10 REFERENCES 69

vii
LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO FIGURES NAME PAGE NO
1.1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN FOR
1 CONVENTIONAL BUILDING 7
1.2 FIRST FLOOR PLAN FOR CONVENTIONAL
2 BUILDING 8
1.3 SECOND FLOOR PLAN FOR
3 CONVENTIONAL BUILDING 8

4 4.1 DESIGN OF BEAM 32

5 4.2 SPACING OF BEAM 34

6 5.1 COLUMN ORIENTATION 38

7 5.2 DESIGN OF COLUMN 45

8 6.1 ELEVATION 47

9 6.2 PLAN 47

10 6.3 STABILITY CHECK 49


11 8.1 BEAM DIMENSION ASSIGNING 63
12 8.2 BEAM ASSIGNED PARTS 63
13 8.3 SLAB THICKNESS ASSIGNING 64
14 8.4 COLUMN ASSIGNING 64
15 8.5 RESULT 65
16 8.6 DEFLECTION & BENDING MOMENT 65
17 8.7 FINAL OUTPUT 66
18 8.8 FOOTING DETAILS 66
19 8.9 3D VIEW 67

viii
LIST OF TABLES
S.NO TABLE NAMES PAGE NO
1.1 Minimum Grade of Concrete for different
1 exposure conditions 3
1.2 Unit weight of common Building Materials
2 (From IS 875 part 1) 4
3 Live loads on Floors (From IS 875 part 2) 5
4 3.1 DIMENSIONS OF ROOM 19
8.1 DESIGN PARAMETRES OF BEAM &
5 COLUMN 62
6 8.2 DESIGN PARAMETERS OF SLAB 62

ix
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Project involves planning, analysis, and design of multi-story


building G+2 [Conventional Hall]. Using a designing software STAAD
Pro v8i because of the following advantages.

1.1.1 Advantages:

 3D Modeling and Visualization.


 Easy to use interface.
 Comprehensive Analysis.
 Integration with Design Codes.
 Time and Cost Efficiency.
 Reporting and Documentation.
STAAD. Pro v8i features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization
tools, powerful analysis and design engines with advanced finite element and
dynamic analysis capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to
visualization and result verification, STAAD. Pro v8i is the professional’s
choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminium and cold-formed steel design of
low and high-rise buildings, culverts, petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges,
piles and much more. STAAD. Pro v8i consists of the following:

The STAAD. Pro v8i Graphical User Interface: It is used to generate the
model, which can then be analysed using the STAAD engine. After analysis and
design is completed, the GUI can also be used to view the results graphically.
The STAAD analysis and design engine: It is a general-purpose calculation
engine for structural analysis and integrated Steel, Concrete, Timber, and
Aluminium design.

To start with I have solved some sample problems using STAAD Pro and
checked the accuracy of the results with manual calculations. The results were
to satisfaction and were accurate. In the initial phase of my project, I have done

1
calculations regarding loadings on buildings and considered seismic and wind
loads. Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics
required to study and predicts the behaviour of structures.

To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine


such information as structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and
materials properties. The results of such an analysis typically include support
reactions, stresses, and displacements. This information is then compared to
criteria that indicate the conditions of failure. Advanced structural analysis may
examine dynamic response, stability, and non-linear behaviour. The aim of
design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being
designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an
appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations
of normal construction and use and have adequate durability and adequate
resistance to the effects of seismic and wind. Structure and structural elements
shall normally be designed by Limit State Method. Account should be taken of
accepted theories, experiment and experience and the need to design for
durability. Design, including design for durability, construction and use in
service should be considered. The realization of design objectives requires
compliance with clearly defined standards for materials, production,
workmanship and maintenance and use of structure in service.

The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements


as prescribed in the Indian Standard Codes. The minimum requirements
pertaining to the structural safety of buildings are being covered by way of
laying down minimum design loads which must be assumed for dead loads,
imposed loads, and other external loads, the structure would be required to bear.
Strict conformity to loading standards recommended in this code, it is hoped,
will not only ensure the structural safety of the buildings which are being
designed.

2
1.2 GENERAL THEORY

Table 1.1 Minimum Grade of Concrete for different exposure conditions:

EXPOSURE MINIMUM GRADE OF CONCRETE FOR RCC

Mild M20

Moderate M25

Severe M30

Very severe M35

Extreme M40

1.2.1 Tensile Strength:

The tensile strength of concrete is very low and hence it is not taken in to

account in the design of reinforced concrete. But it is an important property

which affects the extent and width of cracks in the structure. According to IS

456-2000, the tensile strength of concrete can be calculated from the

compressive strength using the following relation.

𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 0.7√𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Where fck is the characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete.

3
1.2.2 Elasticity:

Modulus of elasticity of concrete is an important property required for

computation of deflections of structural concrete members. In the absence of

test data, the modulus of elasticity fck concrete is related to compressive

strength by the following relation as per IS 456-2000

𝐸𝑐 = 5000√𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Where Ec is the short-term static modules of elasticity in N/mm2 Unit weight:

The unit weight of concrete depends up on the type of aggregates and number of

voids.

Table 1.2 Unit weight of common Building Materials (From IS 875 part 1)

S.NO MATERIAL UNIT WEIGHT KN/M^3

1 plain concrete 24

2 reinforced concrete 25

3 brick masonry 20

4 stone masonry 24

5 wood 8

6 steel 78.5

7 floor finish 0.6-1.2

Table 1.3 Live loads on Floors (From IS 875 part 2)

4
S.N MINIMUM LIVE LOAD

O TYPES OF FLOORS KN/M^3

Floors in dwelling houses, tenements,

1 hospital wards, hostels, and dormitories 2

2.5-4.0 (2.5, when separate storage

Office floors other than entrance halls, work rooms facility is provided,

2 floors of light other wise 4.0)

Floors of banking halls, Office entrance

halls

3 and reading rooms 3

Shops, educational buildings, assembly

4 buildings, restaurants 4

Office floors for storage, assembly floor

space without fixed seating, public

rooms in hotels, dance halls and waiting

5 halls 5

Warehouses, Workshops, and factories

(a)light weight loads 5.0

(b)Medium weight loads 7.5

6 (c)Heavy weight loads 10.0

3.0
Stairs, landing, Balconies, and corridors
7 5.0
for floors mentioned in 1, but not liable
5
to overcrowding stairs, landings and

corridors for floors mentioned in 1, but

liable to overcrowding and for all other

floors

Flat slabs, sloped roofs

(a)Access provided 1.5

8 (b)Access not provided 0.75

6
PLAN OF CONVENTIONAL HALL:

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Fig 1.1 Ground floor plan of residential building

7
FIRST FLOOR PLAN

Fig 1.2 First floor plan of residential building

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

Fig 1.3 Second floor plan of residential building

8
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROJECT:

Utility of building: Conventional Hall

No of stories: G+2

Type of construction: R.C.C framed structure

Types of walls: brick wall

Floor height: 4m.

Walls: 230 mm thick brick masonry walls

1.3.1 Materials:

Concrete grade: M30

All steel grades: HYSD bars of Fe415 grade.

9
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Method of analysis of statistically indeterminate portal frames:

1. Method of flexibility coefficients.

2. Slope displacement method (iterative method)

3. Kane’s method

4. Approximate method

5. Matrix method

2.1 Method of flexibility coefficients

The method of analysis is comprises reducing the hyper static structure to a

determinate structure form by removing the redundant support (or) introducing

adequate cuts (or) hinges.

2.1.1 Limitations: It is not applicable for degree of redundancy>3.

2.2 Slope displacement method

It is advantageous when kinematic indeterminacy <static indeterminacy. This

procedure was first formulated by axle bender in 1914 based on the applications

of compatibility and equilibrium conditions. The method derives its name from

the fact that support slopes and displacements are explicitly comported. Set up

10
simultaneous equations is formed the solution of these parameters and the joint

moment in each element or computed from these values.

2.2.1 Limitations:

A solution of simultaneous equations makes methods tedious for manual

computations. This method is not recommended for frames larger than too bays

and two stories. This method involves distributing the known fixed and

moments of the structural member to adjacent members at the joints in order

satisfy the conditions of compatibility.

Limitations of hardy cross method:

It presents some difficulties when applied to rigid frame especially when the

frame is susceptible to side sway. The method cannot be applied to structures

with intermediate hinges.

2.3 Kane’s method

This method over comes some of the disadvantages of hardy cross method.

Kane’s approach is like H.C.M to that extent it also involves repeated

distribution of moments at successive joints in frames and continues beams.

However, there is a major difference in distribution process of two methods.

H.C.M distributes only the total joint moment at any stage of iteration. The

most significant feature of Kane’s method is that process of iteration is self-

corrective. Any error at any stage of iterations corrected in subsequent steps

11
consequently skipping a few steps error at any stage of iteration is corrected

in subsequent consequently skipping a few steps of iterations by oversight of

by intention does not lead to error in final end moments.

2.3.1 Advantages:

It is used for side way of frames.

2.3.2 Limitations:

The rotational of columns of any storey should be functioning single rotation

value of same storey. The beams of storey should not undergo rotation when the

column undergoes translation. That is the column should be parallel. Frames

with intermediate hinges cannot be analysis.

2.4 Approximate method

Approximate analysis of hyper static structure provides a simple means of

obtaining a quick solution for preliminary design. It makes some simplifying

assumptions regarding Structural behaviour so to obtain a rapid solution to

complex structures. The usual process comprises reducing the given

indeterminate configuration to determine structural system by introducing

adequate no of hinges. It is possible to sketch the deflected profile of the

structure for the given loading and hence by locate the print inflection. Since

each point of inflection corresponds to the location of zero moment in the

structures. The inflection points can be visualized as hinges for the purpose of

12
analysis. The solution of structures is sundered simple once the inflection points

are located. The loading cases are arising in multi-storeyed frames namely

horizontal and vertical loading. The analysis carried out separately for these two

cases.

2.4.1 Horizontal cases:

The behaviour of a structure subjected to horizontal forces depends upon its

heights to width ratio among their factors. It is necessary to differentiate

between low rise and high-rise frames in this case.

Low rise structures: Height< width

It is characterized predominately by shear deformation.

High-rise buildings: Height > width

It is dominated by bending action.

2.5 Matrix analysis of frames

The individual elements of frames are oriented in different directions unlike

those of continues beams, so their analysis is more complex. nevertheless, the

rudimentary flexibility and stiffness methods are applied to frames stiffness

method is more useful because its adaptability to computer programming

stiffness method is used when degree of redundancy is greater than degree of

freedom. However, stiffness method is used degree of freedom is greater than

degree of redundancy especially for computers.

13
2.6 Design of multi storied residential building.

2.6.1 General:

A structure can be defined as a body which can resist the applied loads without

appreciable deformations. Civil engineering structures are created to serve some

specific functions like human habitation, transportation, bridges, storage etc. in

a safe and economical way. A structure is an assemblage of individual elements

like pinned elements (truss elements), beam element, column, shear wall slab

cable or arch. Structural engineering is concerned with the planning, designing

and the construction of structures. Structure analysis involves the determination

of the forces and displacements of the structures or components of a structure.

Design process involves the selection and detailing of the components that

make up the structural system. The main object of reinforced concrete design is

to achieve a structure that will result in a safe economical solution. The Design

of each part may be designed separately as follows.

1. Beam design

2. Column design

3. Slab design

4. Foundation design

These all are designed under limit state method.

14
2.6.2 Limit state method

The object of design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an

acceptability that a structure will not become unserviceable in its lifetime for the

use for which it is intended. I.e., it will not reach a limit state. In this limit state

method, all relevant states must be considered in design to ensure a degree of

safety and serviceability.

Limit state: The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements

before failure occurs is called a limit state.

2.6.3 Limit state of collapse:

This is corresponding to the maximum load carrying capacity. Violation of

collapse limit state implies failures in the source that a clearly defined limit state

of structural usefulness has been exceeded. However, it does not mean complete

collapse.

This limit state corresponds to:

a) Flexural

b) Compression

c) Shear

d) Torsion Limit State of Serviceability.

15
CHAPTER 3

DESIGN OF SLAB

Slabs are plane structural members whose thickness is small as compared to its

length and breadth. Slabs are most frequently used as roof coverings and floors

in various shapes such as square, rectangular, circular, triangular etc, in

building. Slabs supports mainly transverse loads and transfers them to the

supports by bending action in one or more directions. Beams or walls are the

common supports for the slabs.

Types of Slabs:

Depending up on the ratio of longer span to short span(ly/lx) the slabs are

classified in to:

a. One way slab

b. Two-way slab

3.1 One-way slab

Slabs which are supported on all four edges and the ration of longer span to the

shorter span (ly/lx) are greater than 2 are called as one-way slabs. One-way

slabs bend in one direction. along the shorter span and hence span and hence it

needs main reinforcement in one direction only (along the shorter span) to resist

one way bending However minimum reinforcement known as distribution steel

16
is provided along the longer span above the main reinforcement to distribute the

load uniformly and to resist temperature and shrinkage stresses.

3.2 Two-way slab

When the slabs are supported on all the four edges and the ratio of longer span

to the shorter span (ly/lx) is less than or equal to 2, the slabs are likely to bend

along the two spans and such slabs are called as two-way slabs. The load is

transferred in both the direction to the four supporting edges and hence main

reinforcement has to be designed in both directions to resist two ways bending.

General Design Requirements for slabs as per IS 456:2000

A. Effective Span:

The effective span of a simply supported slab shall be taken as clear pan plus

effective depth of the slab or centre to centre distance between the supports

whichever is less.

The effective span of a cantilever slab shall be taken as its length to the face of

the support plus half the effective depth except where it forms the end of a

continuous slab where the length to the centre of support shall be taken.

B. Limiting Stiffness:

The stiffness of slabs is governed by the span to depth ratio. As per Clause 23.2

of IS 456 for spans not exceeding 10m, the span to depth ration (Basic values)

should not exceed the limits given below.

17
Cantilever – 7

Simply supported – 20

Continuous – 26

Depending upon the type of steel and percentage of steel, the above values have

to be modified as per Fig .4 of IS-456

For two-way slabs, the shorter span be used for calculating the span to effective

depth ration.

C. Minimum Reinforcement:

The reinforcement in either direction of span shall not be less than 0.15% of

gross cross-sectional area if mild steel is use. However, this value is reduced to

0.12% where high strength deformed bars or welded wire fabrics are used.

(Clause 26.5.2.2 of IS -456)

D. Maximum Reinforcement:

the diameter of the bars shall not exceed one eighth of the total thickness of slab

(clause 26.5.2.2 of IS-456)

18
E. Spacing of Main Reinforcement:

The spacing of main reinforcement in slabs shall not be more than three times

the effective depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is less (clause 26.3.3 of

IS-456)

3.3 DESIGN OF SLAB:

TABLE 3.1 DIMENSIONS OF ROOMS

S.NO DESCRIPTION DIMENSION (IN m)

1 Dish Washing Room 2.085 X 3.12

2 Kitchen 4.34 X 6.47

3 Storeroom 2.085 X 3.12

4 W.C 2.085 X 2.2

5 Dining Hall 31.76 X 10.05

6 Staircase 4.27 X 4.89

For design of slab:

Here length lx = 4.27 m; ly = 10 m.

ly/lx = 10/4.27 = 2.34 > 2 (one way slab) as per IS 456: 2000

D = 125 mm

19
d = 125 – 20 – 12/2

d = 99 m

Calculation of Effective Span:

Clear span + Effective Depth = 4.27 + 0.099 = 4.369 m

Clear span + support width = 4.27 + 0.3 = 4.57 m

So, Effective span = 4.369 m

Load calculation:

Live load = 4 KN/m2 (as per IS 875 part -2)

Floor load = 1.5 KN/m2

Dead load = area x unit weight = 0.125 X 1 X 25 = 3.125 KN/m2

Weathering course = 2.25 KN/m2

Total load = 4 + 1.5 + 3.125 + 2.25 = 10.875 KN/m

Factored load = 10.875 X 1.5 = 16.3125 KN

Now we have calculated the bending moment.

Moment calculation:

Mu = Wl2/8 = 38.922 KN-m

Depth calculation.

20
M30 & Fe 415, assuming it as a balance section

From pg. no 96 as per is 456: 2000.

Mu = 0.36 (Xu max / d) [1- 0.42(Xu max / d)] bd2 Fck

(after solving with concrete grade and steel grade)

38.922 X 106 = 0.36 x 0.48 x [1-(0.42x0.48)] x 1000 d2 x 30

[assume b =1000mm]

d = 96.97 < 99 mm

Taking nominal cover =20mm; diameter = 12mm

Calculation of Ast:

Assuming it as a under reinforced section, from pg. no: 96

IS456: 200

Mu = 0.87 X fy X Ast X d X [1- (Ast X fy / b X d X fck)]

21
38.922 x 106 = 0.87 X 415 X Ast X 100 [1- (415 X Ast / 1000 X 99 X 30)]

1088.911550 = Ast – Astx2 (0.000139731)

Ast = 1339.7 mm2

Minimum Ast = 0.12% of b D

= (0.12/100) X 1000 X 125

= 150 mm2

Ast > Ast min

Assume 12 mm Ø bar.

Spacing:

As per IS 456: 2000 spacing for the slab is taken as follows.

1. spacing = ¿/4 X D2) / Ast] X 1000 [D=12mm; Ast = 1339.7 mm2]

22
= 323.66 mm

2. 3d = 297 mm

3. 300mm

Provide 12 mm Ø bar @ 80 mm c/c.

Distributors:

Minimum Ast = 0.12%bD = 150 mm2

1. Spacing = ¿/4 * D2 *1000) / Ast [D=10 mm ; Ast = 150 mm2]

= 523.57 mm

2. 5d = 495 mm

3. 450 mm

Provide 10 mm Ø @ 450 mm c/c spacing.

Check for shear:

τv = Vu/ (b x d) [ from pg. no : 72 IS456 :2000]

Vu = w*l /2 – w*d [ for simply supported]

23
Vu = 35.63 KN

τv = 35.63 x 10 3
/ 1000 x 99

= 1.35 N/mm2

Shear strength of concrete:

From table 19 from IS 456: 2000

(As / b x d) x 100 = (1339.7 / 1000 x 99) x 100

= 1.35 %

τc = 0.72 N/ mm 2

24
here τv < τc, so minimum reinforcement should be provided.

Hence Safe.

Check for deflection:

To find k1:

Fs = 0.58*fy (area of cross-section of steel required / area of cross-section of steel

provided)

Fs = 0.58 (415) (1339.7 / ¿122 X1000/80)

Fs = 228.1

25
K1 = 1.4 [ from pg no:38 form IS 456 :2000]

(dx/d) < (l/d)

4.369/99 < 32 k1

44 < 45

It is safe

CHAPTER 4

DESIGN OF BEAMS

4.1. Theory

26
Concrete is strong in compression but very weak in tension. Hence Plain

concrete cannot be used in situations where considerable tensile stresses

develop. If flexural members like beams and slabs are made of plain concrete

their load carrying capacity is very low due to its low tensile strength.

Since steel is very strong in tension, steel bars are provided to resist tensile

stresses at a place where the maximum tensile stresses are developed.

In case of simply supported beam, tensile stresses are induced in bottom layers

because of positive bending moment (sagging bending moment) and hence steel

bars are provided near the bottom of the beam.

In cantilever beams steel bars are placed near the top of the beam to resist the

tensile stress developed in top layers due the negative bending moment

(hogging bending moment)

There are three types of reinforced concrete beams:

(A) Singly reinforced beams

(B) Doubly reinforced beams

(C) Singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams.

4.2 Analysis of Singly Reinforced Sections:

If the reinforcing bars are provided only on tension side in the beam section, it

is called as singly reinforced beams.

27
Consider a simply supported beam subjected to bending under factored loads.

Since plane sections are assumed to remain plane before and after bending

strain are proportional to distance from the neutral axis. Above the neutral axis,

the entire cross section is in compression and below the neutral axis, the cross

section is in tension. All the tensile stresses are assumed to be resisted by the

steel bars as the tensile strength of concrete is ignored. The resultant tensile

force thus acts at the centroid of reinforcing bars.

4.2.1 Doubly Reinforced Beams

Beams which are reinforced in both compression and tension sides are called as

doubly reinforced beam. These beams are generally provided when the

dimensions of the beam are restricted, and it is required to resist moment higher

than the limiting moment of resistance of a singly reinforced section. The

additional moment of resistance required can be obtained by providing

compression reinforcement and additional tension reinforcement.

Situations Under which Doubly Reinforced Beams are used:

(1) When the depth of the beam is restricted due to architectural or any

construction problems

28
(2) At the supports of a continuous beam where bending moment changes its

sign

(3) In precast members (during handling bending moment changes its sign)

(4) In bracing members of a frame due to changes in the direction of wind loads

(5) To improve the ductility of the beams in earth quack regions

(6) To reduce long term deflection or to increase stiffness of the beam

4.3 DESIGN OF BEAM:

Data:

Width of beam = 300 mm

Depth of beam = 700mm

fck = 30 N/mm2

fy = 415 N/mm2

Effective Length of beam = 4.57 m

Floor load = 1.5 KN/ m

Live load = 4 KN/ m

Dead load = 0.3 x 0.7 x 25 = 4.57 KN/ m

Floor load carried by beam = 1.5 x 4.57

29
= 6.855 KN/ m

Live load carried by beam = 4 x 4.57

= 18.28 KN/ m

Total load = 29.635 KN/ m

Factored load = 44.45 KN/ m

Moment calculation:

Mu = w x l2/8

Mu = 44.45 x 4.57 2 / 8

Mu = 116 KNm

D = 700 mm

d = 700 – 30 – 12/2

d = 664 mm

Calculation of Ast

So as per IS456 :2000, Mu<Mu limit, so single reinforcement is provided.

(fy x Ast
)
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x(1− fck x b x d )

( 415 x Ast
)
116 x 10 6 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 664 x (1− 30 x 1000 x 664 )

Ast = 548 mm2

30
Mu lim = 0.36 (Xu max / d) [1- 0.42(Xu max / d)] bd2 Fck

Mu lim = 1724 x 10 6 KNm

Mu lim > Mu max

It is under reinforced section.

Minimum reinforcement = Ast /b x d = 0.85 /fy [as per IS 456:2000 pg. no :47]

= 408 mm 2

Maximum reinforcement = 0.04bD =7968mm2

To calculate number of rods,

No. of rods = Ast / Ast per one rod = 548 / (π x 122/4)

No. of rods = 6 nos

31
Fig 4.1 Design of Beam

The solved Ast is within the minimum reinforcement and maximum

reinforcement.

Check for shear:

Shear force, Vu = 72 KN

Vu
Shear stress, τv = ( b x d )

3
72 x 10
=( )
300 x 664

= 0.87 N/mm2

% of Ast = ( Ast bprovided


xD ) x 100

( 678
)
= 250 x 664 x 100

= 0.34
32
From IS 456: 2000 table 19, pg. no: 73,

τc = 0.29 N/mm2

τv > τc

It is safe.

Shear reinforcement will be provided.

Vus = Vu - τc bd

= 72 – ( 0.29 x .300 x .664) = 71.942 KN

Asv = 0.785 x 2 x 82 = 100.5 mm2

i) Sv = ( 0.87 x fyVusx Asv x d )


= ( 0.87 x71.942
415 x 100.5 x 664
x 10
3 )= 692.90 mm

ii) Sv = ( 0.87bxxfy0.4x Asv )=( 0.87300


x 415 x 100.5
x 0.4 )=302.3 mm

iii) 0.75 x d = 498 mm

iv) 300mm

33
Fig 4.2 Spacing of beam

Check for anchorage:

Ld ≱ (( ))
M1
V
+ Lo

Ast x fy
M1 = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1−( b x d x fck )¿

= 0.87 x 415 x 548 x664 x ¿)

M1 = 126.37 KNm

1)Lo = d = 450mm

2)Lo = 12 x Diameter of rod = 12 x 12 = 144 mm

Taking the greatest value as 450mm

(( ))
M1
V
+ Lo = 126.37/72 x10^3 + 1175.2=2930.3 mm

Ld = ¿τbd))

25 x 0.87 x 415
= ( 4 x 1.6 x 1.2 ) = 1175.2 mm

Ld ≱ (( ))
M1
V
+ Lo. Hence, it is safe.

34
Check for deflection:

L
1) ( d ) actual = ( 4570 /664 ) =6.88

2) Allowable deflection = 20 x k1, k2, k3

3) K1 depends on fig 4-pg no: 38. K1 = 1.2 from fig-4

Allowable deflection = 20 x 1.4 = 28

6.68<22

Hence, it is safe.

35
CHAPTER 5

DESIGN OF COLUMN

5.1. Theory

A vertical member whose effective length is greater than 3 times its least lateral

dimension carrying compressive loads is called as column. Column transfer the

loads from the beams or slabs to the footings or foundations. The inclined

member carrying compressive loads as in case of frames and trusses is called as

struts. Pedestal is a vertical compression member whose effective length is less

than 3 times its least lateral dimension. Generally, the column may be square,

rectangular, or circular in shape.

5.1.1 Necessity of Reinforcement in columns

Even though concrete is strong in compression, longitudinal steel bars are

placed in the column to reduce the size of the column or to increase the load

carrying capacity and to resist any tension that might develop due to bending of

column due to horizontal loads, eccentric loads, or moments. To resist any

tensile stresses likely to develop, the reinforcement should be placed as near the

surface as possible and should be evenly distributed ensuring the minimum

cover. Transverse reinforcement in the form of lateral ties or spiral

reinforcement are provided to resist longitudinal splitting of the column or

36
splitting of concrete due to development of transverse tension and to prevent

buckling of longitudinal bars.

5.2 Types of Columns

 Based on type of Reinforcement

(A) Tied column

(B) Spiral column

(C) Composite column

 Based on type of loading

(A) Axially loaded column

(B) Eccentrically loaded column (Uniaxial or Biaxial)

 Based on Slenderness ratio

(A) Short column

(B) Long column

37
COLUMN ORIENTATION:

Fig 5.1 Column Orientation

5.3 Design of column:

Load calculation requirements:

1.column self-weight x no. of floors

2.beam self-weight per running meter

3.wall load per running meter

4.total load acting on slab

38
Design of Column:

No. of Stories =3

Floor Height =4m

Size of Column = 300 mm x 450 mm

Wall Thickness = 230 mm

Load on roof slab:

Thickness of slab = 125 mm

Self-Weight = 0.125 x 25

= 3.125 KN / m

Weathering Coarse = 2.25 KN / m

Live Load = 4 KN / m

Roof Live = 1.5 KN / m

Total Load = 10.875 KN / m

Factored Load = 16.3125 KN / m

Load on Floor Slab:

Thickness of Slab = 125 mm

39
Dead Load = 3.125 KN / m

Floor Finish = 1 KN / m

Live Load = 4 KN / m

Roof Live = 1.5 KN / m

Total Load = 9.625 KN / m

Factored Load = 14.4375 KN / m

Fig 5.2

Area of ABCD = 2.285 m X 5.225 m = 11.94 m 2

Load on beam:

Dead Load = 0.3 x 0.7 x 25


40
= 5.25 KN / m

Factored Load = 7.875 KN / m

Wall Load:

Height of the external Wall = Floor Height – Depth of Beam

= 4 – 0.7

= 3.3 m

Dead Load = 0.23 x 3.3 x 20

= 15.18 KN / m

Factored Load = 22.77 KN / m

Load transfer from roof to 2nd flood:

Roof Load = 16.3125 x 11.94

= 194.77125 KN

Beam Load = 7.875 x (2.285 + 5.225)

= 59.14125 KN

Wall Load = 22.77 x 7.51

= 171 KN

41
Total Load = 424.913 KN

Load from 2nd Floor to 1st Floor:

Floor Load = 14.4375 x 11.94

= 172.38 KN

Beam Load = 7.875 x (2.285 + 5.225)

= 59.14125 KN

Wall Load = 22.77 x 7.51

= 171 KN

Total Load = 402.521 KN

Load from 1st Floor to plinth

Floor Load = 14.4375 x 11.94

= 172.38 KN

Beam Load = 7.875 x (2.285 + 5.225)

= 59.14125 KN

Wall Load = 22.77 x 7.51

42
= 171 KN

Dead Load of Column = (0.3 x 0.45) x ((3 X 4 m) + 0.7 + 1) x 253

= 1.8495 x 25

= 46.2375 KN

Total load on column = 1276.193 KN

Use M30 and Fe 415 Steel.

Asc = 0.01 Ag; Ac = 0.99 Ag

Pu= 0.4 x fck x Ac + 0.67 x fy x Asc.

Assume 1% of steel.

1276.193 x 10 3 = 0.4 (30) (0.99Ag) + 0.67 (415) (0.01Ag)

Ag = 87049.75956 mm2

b x d = 87049.75956 mm2 [d = 2b]

d x d/2 = 87049.75956 mm2

d = 417.25 mm < 450 mm [provided]

b = 208.63 mm < 300 mm [provided]

Asc = 0.01 Ag

= 0.01 (300 x 450)

43
= 1350 mm2

Assume 12 mm Ø rod.

No. of rods = 1350 / (π/4 x 122)

No. of rods = 11.9 ≈ 12 nos

Provide 12 nos of 12 mm Ø bar.

Check 0.65 x (l/500) + D/30 >≠ 0.05(D)

0.65 x (4000/500) + 450/30 >≠ 0.05(450)

20.2 >≠ 22.5

It is safe.

Lateral ties:

1. ¼ (Dia of rod) = ¼ (12) = 3

2. 6mm

6mm ties will be provided.

Pitch:

1. Least lateral dimensions = 300 mm

2. 16(Dia) = 16 x12 = 192 mm

3. 48(Dia) = 48 x 12 = 228 mm

4. 300mm

44
Provide 175 mm pitch.

Fig 5.3 Design of Column

45
CHAPTER 6

DESIGN OF FOOTING

Foundation is an important part of the structure which transfers

the load of the super structure to the foundation soil. The foundation distributes

the load over a larger area so that the pressure on the soil does not exceed its

allowable bearing capacity and restricts the settlement of the structure within

the permissible limits.

Foundation increases the stability of the structure. Foundations

may be shallow or deep foundation depending up on the load and type of

foundation soil. if the load to be supported is very high and soil is of low

bearing capacity deep foundation like pile foundation well foundation etc are

provided if the soil with adequate bearing capacity is available at reasonable

depth, shallow foundations are provided.

46
6.1 Design of footing:

Fig 6.1 Elevation

Fig 6.2 Plan

47
48
Fig 6.3 Stability Check

Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is 3


nos @ 2 in o c.

49
CHAPTER 7

DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Stairs provide access for the various floors of the building the stairs consist of

series of steps with landing at appropriate intervals the stretch between the two

building is called flight. The rooms or space where stairs are provided is called

staircase.

The width of stair depends up on the type of building is which it is provided

generally in residential building the width of stair is kept as 1m and in case of

public buildings it may be to 2m. to allow free flow of users the width of

landings should be at least equal to the width of stairs.

Each steps have one tread (going) and one rise. Rise and tread are proportioned

to provide convenient and easy access. The rise may vary from 150mm to

200mm. the tread is in between 250mm and 300m. as per IS 456:2000, the slope

or pitch of the stairs should be in between 20degree to 40 degrees.

50
7.1 TYPES OF STAIRCASES:

Depending up on the geometry/shape

A. Single flight staircase

B. Quarter turn staircase

C. Dog legged staircase

D. Geometrical staircase

E. Open well staircase

F. Spiral staircase

7.2 Design of staircase:

Given Data:

Width = 2 m

Thread = 300 mm

Raise = 200 mm

Thickness of slab = 150 mm

Support width = 230 mm

Fy = 415 N/mm2

Fck = 30 N/mm2

51
Design of flight:

height
No of rise = rise

4
= 0.2

= 20 steps

Design of first flight:

Provide no of steps in first flight is 10.

No of thread for first flight = 10 – 1 = 9

230
Effective span = (9 x 300) +1000 + ( 2 )

= 3815 mm = 3.815 m

Weight of stairs = 0.5 x 0.2 x 0.23 x 25 x 1/0.23 = 2.5 KN/m²

= 2.5 KN/m²

Load calculation:

Assume 150 mm thick slab,

1 x 0.15 x 25
Dead load = cos ɵ

3.125
Dead load = 0.68

52
= 5.51 kN/m

Live load = 4 KN/m²

Weight of stairs = 0.5 x 0.2 x 0.23 x 25 x 1/0.23 = 2.5 KN/m²

Total load = 12.01 KN/m²

Factored load = 18.015 KN/m²

CALCULATION OF MOMENT:

w x l xl
Mu = 8

18.015 x 3.815²
= 8

= 32.77 KNm

Mu = 3.45 bd2

32.77 x 106 = 3.45 x 1000 x d2

d = 98 mm

D = 98 + 26 = 124 mm < (provided D = 150mm)

Therefore, D = 150 mm and d = 124 mm

32.77 x 10^6 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 124 - 4.99 Ast²

Ast = 804 mm²

53
Spacing:

i) ( 0.785 x 12804x 12 x 1000 )=¿ 145 mm


ii) 3 x124 = 372 mm

iii) 300mm

Provide 12mm nos, Fe415 @ 150 mm c/c spacing.

Distributors:

Minimum Ast = (0.12/100) x 150 x 1000 = 180 mm2

Spacing:

i) ( 0.785 x 8180x 8 x 1000 )=¿ 250 mm


ii) 5 x 124 = 5 x 124 = 620 mm

iii) 300mm

Provide 8mm nos, Fe415 @ 250 mm c/c spacing.

Design of Second flight:

Provide no of steps in second flight is 10.

No of thread for Second flight = 10 – 1 = 9

Effective span = (9 x 300) + ¿ + 1000) x 2

= 4930 mm = 4.93 m

54
w x l xl
Mu = 8

18.015 x 4.93²
= 8

= 54.73 KNm

Mu = 3.45 bd2

54.73 x 106 = 3.45 x 1000 x d2

d = 123 mm

D = 123 + 26 = 148 mm < (provided D = 150 mm)

Therefore, D = 150 mm and d = 124 mm

54.73 x 106 = 44770.2 Ast – 4.99 Ast²

Ast = 1460 mm2

Spacing:

i) ( 0.785 x 101460x 10 x 1000 )=¿ 75 mm


ii) 3 x124 = 372 mm

iii) 300mm

Provide 12mm# Fe415 @ 75mm c/c spacing.

55
Distributors:

Minimum Ast = (0.12/100) x 150 x 1000

= 180mm2

Spacing:

i) ( 0.785 x 8180x 8 x 1000 )=¿ 250 mm²


ii) 5 x d = 5 x 124 = 620 mm

iii) 300mm

Provide 8mm# Fe415 @ 250 mm c/c spacing.

56
CHAPTER 8

STAAD PRO DESIGN & ANALYSIS

Our project involves analysis and design of multi-storied [G+2] using a very popular

designing software STAAD Pro. We have chosen STAAD Pro because of its

following advantages:

 easy to use interface.

 conformation with the Indian Standard Codes,

 versatile nature of solving any type of problem,

 Accuracy of the solution.

STAAD. Pro features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful

analysis and design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis

capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to visualization and result

verification, STAAD. Pro is the professional's choice for steel, concrete, timber,

aluminium and cold-formed steel design of low and high-rise buildings, culverts,

petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and much more.

STAAD. Pro consists of the following:

The STAAD. Pro Graphical User Interface: It is used to generate the model, which

can then be analysed using the STAAD engine. After analysis and design is

completed, the GUI can also be used to view the results graphically.

57
The STAAD analysis and design engine: It is a general-purpose calculation engine

for structural analysis and integrated Steel, Concrete, Timber, and Aluminium

design.

To start with we have solved some sample problems using STAAD Pro and checked

the accuracy of the results with manual calculations. The results were to satisfaction

and were accurate. In the initial phase of our project, we have done calculations

regarding loadings on buildings and considered seismic and wind loads.

Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to

study and predicts the behaviour of structures. Structural analysis can be viewed

more abstractly as a method to drive the engineering design process or prove the

soundness of a design without a dependence on directly testing it. To perform an

accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine such information as

structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and materials properties.

The results of such an analysis typically include support reactions, stresses, and

displacements. This

information is then compared to criteria that indicate the conditions of failure.

Advanced structural analysis may examine dynamic response, stability, and non-

linear behaviour.

The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures

being designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an

appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations of

58
normal construction and use and have adequate durability and adequate resistance to

the effects of seismic and wind. Structure and structural elements shall normally be

designed by Limit State Method. Account should be taken of accepted theories,

experiment and experience and the need to design for durability. Design. including

design for durability, construction and use in service should be considered. The

realization of design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined standards

for materials, production, workmanship and maintenance and use of structure in

service. The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements as

prescribed in the Indian Standard Codes. The minimum requirements pertaining to

the structural safety of buildings are being covered by way of laying down minimum

design loads which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed loads, and other

external loads, the structure would be required to bear. Strict conformity to loading

standards recommended in this code, it is hoped, will not only ensure the structural

safety of the buildings which are being designed.

8.1 Method of analysis of statistically indeterminate portal frames:

8.1.1 Slope deflection method

59
 In this method, the joints are rigid i.e., the joints rotate. The rotation of the

joints is treated as unknowns.

 A series of simultaneous equations, each expressing the relation b/w

moments acting at the ends of the members, are written in terms of slope

and deflection.

 The solution of the slope deflection equation along with equilibrium

equations, gives the values of unknown rotations of the joints. Knowing

these rotations, the end moments are calculated using the slope

deflection.

equations.

Limitations:

A solution of simultaneous equations makes methods tedious for manual

computations. This method is not recommended for frames larger than two

storeys.

8.1.2 Moment distribution method:

60
 Useful for analysis of indeterminate beams and rigid jointed

frames.

 Less tedious compared to slope deflection and strain energy

methods.

Limitations:

1. This method is eminently suited to analyse continuous beams including non-

prismatic members but it presents some difficulties when applied to rigid frames,

especially when frames are subjected to side sway.

2. Unsymmetrical frames must be analysed more than once to obtain FM (fixed

moments) in the structures.

TABLE 8.1 DESIGN PARAMETRES OF BEAM & COLUMN

61
S.NO DETAILS VALUES

1 FC 25000 KN/m^2

2 Fy main 415000 KN/m^2

3 Fy sec 415000 KN/m^2

4 Max main 20mm

5 Max sec 16mm

6 Min main 12mm

7 Min sec 8mm

TABLE 8.2 DESIGN PARAMETERS OF SLAB

S.NO DETAILS VALUES

1 FC 25000 KN/m^2

2 Fy main 415000 KN/m^2

STAAD pro Pictures:

62
Fig 8.1 Beam dimension assigning

Fig 8.2 Beam assigned parts.

63
Fig 8.3 Slab thickness assigning

Fig 8.4 Column Assigning

64
Fig 8.5 Result

Fig 8.6 Deflection & Bending moment.

65
Fig 8.7 Final Output

Fig 8.8 Footing details

66
Fig 8.9 Footing details

Fig 8.10 3D View

67
CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

Construction of Conventional Building should be providing safety, and it should

be economical. This project describes detailed planning and designing of G+2

residential building. this project involves design of structures with various

methods such as conventional method and by software. Getting familiar with

civil engineering software Auto CAD and Staad Pro.

68

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