Report
Report
CONVENTIONAL HALL
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
NITHISHKUMAR S (20BCE049)
SANJEEV S P (20BCE066)
KRITHICKSUNDAR S M (20BCE035)
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Post Box No: 2034, Coimbatore – 641049
NOVEMBER 2023
i
KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY
COIMBATORE – 641049
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
The candidates with college roll/ register number 20BCE049, 20BCE066, 20BCE035 was
examined in the Project Viva-Voce examination held on ………………
ii
ABSTRACT
conventional hall (G + 2) and intended for various events and gatherings. The
The functional requirements and aspects of aesthetics are locked into normally
be the architect while the aspect of the safety, serviceability, durability, and
For this purpose, a site is selected in which the building has three floors
including a ground floor, it consists of all the rooms required for a conventional
outer appearance of the plan. Staad Pro is a software tool to design structural
design of any plan and it can give loads of that structure. In this project work, an
1893- 2002.
iii
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT
At the end of our project work, I would like to thank all the people who have
DR. D. Saravanan, Principal for providing the necessary facilities for the
We are much obligated to express our deem gratitude and sincere thanks to
Engineering for her valuable guidance, immense effort, and support to finish
advice, inspiring guidance and moral support which played a vital role in
We thank all staff members, supporting staff members and friends for their
selfless support and cooperation and all of those who have rendered help
iv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS ABBREVATIONS
Ast Area of tension reinforcement
B Breadth of beam
bf Breadth of flange of beam
bw Breadth of beam web
D Effective depth of beam or slab
D Overall depth of beam or slab
Fck Characteristic compressive strength of
concrete
fy Characteristic yield strength of steel
Lo Effective length of beam
Lx Slab length along the shorter span
Ly Slab length along the longer span
Mu Design moment for limit state design
Mu lim Limiting moment of resistances
Pt Percentage of steel
S Spacing
Vu Shear force
Vs Strength of shear reinforcement
Ꞇv Nominal shear stress
Ꞇc Shear stress in concrete
Ꞇc max Maximum shear stress in concrete with
shear reinforcement
Ø Diameter of bar
M20 Grade of concrete
Fe415 Grade of steel
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
NO CONTENTS NO
1 CHAPTER 1 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1.1 ADVANTAGES 1
1.2 GENERAL THEORY 3
1.2.1 TENSILE STRENGHT 3
1.2.2 ELASTICITY 4
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROJECT 9
1.3.1 MATERIALS 9
2 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 METHOD OF FLEXIBILITY
COEFFICIENTS 10
2.1.1 LIMITATIONS 10
2.2 SLOPE DISPLACEMENT METHOD 10
2.2.1 LIMITATIONS 11
2.3 KANE'S METHOD 11
2.3.1 ADVANTAGES 12
2.3.2 LIMITATIONS 12
2.4 APPROXIMATE METHOD 12
2.4.1 HORIZONTAL CASES 13
2.5 MATRIX ANALYSIS OF FRAMES 13
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO FIGURES NAME PAGE NO
1.1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN FOR
1 CONVENTIONAL BUILDING 7
1.2 FIRST FLOOR PLAN FOR CONVENTIONAL
2 BUILDING 8
1.3 SECOND FLOOR PLAN FOR
3 CONVENTIONAL BUILDING 8
8 6.1 ELEVATION 47
9 6.2 PLAN 47
viii
LIST OF TABLES
S.NO TABLE NAMES PAGE NO
1.1 Minimum Grade of Concrete for different
1 exposure conditions 3
1.2 Unit weight of common Building Materials
2 (From IS 875 part 1) 4
3 Live loads on Floors (From IS 875 part 2) 5
4 3.1 DIMENSIONS OF ROOM 19
8.1 DESIGN PARAMETRES OF BEAM &
5 COLUMN 62
6 8.2 DESIGN PARAMETERS OF SLAB 62
ix
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 Advantages:
The STAAD. Pro v8i Graphical User Interface: It is used to generate the
model, which can then be analysed using the STAAD engine. After analysis and
design is completed, the GUI can also be used to view the results graphically.
The STAAD analysis and design engine: It is a general-purpose calculation
engine for structural analysis and integrated Steel, Concrete, Timber, and
Aluminium design.
To start with I have solved some sample problems using STAAD Pro and
checked the accuracy of the results with manual calculations. The results were
to satisfaction and were accurate. In the initial phase of my project, I have done
1
calculations regarding loadings on buildings and considered seismic and wind
loads. Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics
required to study and predicts the behaviour of structures.
2
1.2 GENERAL THEORY
Mild M20
Moderate M25
Severe M30
Extreme M40
The tensile strength of concrete is very low and hence it is not taken in to
which affects the extent and width of cracks in the structure. According to IS
3
1.2.2 Elasticity:
𝐸𝑐 = 5000√𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
The unit weight of concrete depends up on the type of aggregates and number of
voids.
Table 1.2 Unit weight of common Building Materials (From IS 875 part 1)
1 plain concrete 24
2 reinforced concrete 25
3 brick masonry 20
4 stone masonry 24
5 wood 8
6 steel 78.5
4
S.N MINIMUM LIVE LOAD
Office floors other than entrance halls, work rooms facility is provided,
halls
4 buildings, restaurants 4
5 halls 5
3.0
Stairs, landing, Balconies, and corridors
7 5.0
for floors mentioned in 1, but not liable
5
to overcrowding stairs, landings and
floors
6
PLAN OF CONVENTIONAL HALL:
7
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
8
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROJECT:
No of stories: G+2
1.3.1 Materials:
9
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
3. Kane’s method
4. Approximate method
5. Matrix method
procedure was first formulated by axle bender in 1914 based on the applications
of compatibility and equilibrium conditions. The method derives its name from
the fact that support slopes and displacements are explicitly comported. Set up
10
simultaneous equations is formed the solution of these parameters and the joint
2.2.1 Limitations:
computations. This method is not recommended for frames larger than too bays
and two stories. This method involves distributing the known fixed and
It presents some difficulties when applied to rigid frame especially when the
This method over comes some of the disadvantages of hardy cross method.
H.C.M distributes only the total joint moment at any stage of iteration. The
11
consequently skipping a few steps error at any stage of iteration is corrected
2.3.1 Advantages:
2.3.2 Limitations:
value of same storey. The beams of storey should not undergo rotation when the
structure for the given loading and hence by locate the print inflection. Since
structures. The inflection points can be visualized as hinges for the purpose of
12
analysis. The solution of structures is sundered simple once the inflection points
are located. The loading cases are arising in multi-storeyed frames namely
horizontal and vertical loading. The analysis carried out separately for these two
cases.
13
2.6 Design of multi storied residential building.
2.6.1 General:
A structure can be defined as a body which can resist the applied loads without
like pinned elements (truss elements), beam element, column, shear wall slab
Design process involves the selection and detailing of the components that
make up the structural system. The main object of reinforced concrete design is
to achieve a structure that will result in a safe economical solution. The Design
1. Beam design
2. Column design
3. Slab design
4. Foundation design
14
2.6.2 Limit state method
acceptability that a structure will not become unserviceable in its lifetime for the
use for which it is intended. I.e., it will not reach a limit state. In this limit state
Limit state: The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements
collapse limit state implies failures in the source that a clearly defined limit state
of structural usefulness has been exceeded. However, it does not mean complete
collapse.
a) Flexural
b) Compression
c) Shear
15
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN OF SLAB
Slabs are plane structural members whose thickness is small as compared to its
length and breadth. Slabs are most frequently used as roof coverings and floors
building. Slabs supports mainly transverse loads and transfers them to the
supports by bending action in one or more directions. Beams or walls are the
Types of Slabs:
Depending up on the ratio of longer span to short span(ly/lx) the slabs are
classified in to:
b. Two-way slab
Slabs which are supported on all four edges and the ration of longer span to the
shorter span (ly/lx) are greater than 2 are called as one-way slabs. One-way
slabs bend in one direction. along the shorter span and hence span and hence it
needs main reinforcement in one direction only (along the shorter span) to resist
16
is provided along the longer span above the main reinforcement to distribute the
When the slabs are supported on all the four edges and the ratio of longer span
to the shorter span (ly/lx) is less than or equal to 2, the slabs are likely to bend
along the two spans and such slabs are called as two-way slabs. The load is
transferred in both the direction to the four supporting edges and hence main
A. Effective Span:
The effective span of a simply supported slab shall be taken as clear pan plus
effective depth of the slab or centre to centre distance between the supports
whichever is less.
The effective span of a cantilever slab shall be taken as its length to the face of
the support plus half the effective depth except where it forms the end of a
continuous slab where the length to the centre of support shall be taken.
B. Limiting Stiffness:
The stiffness of slabs is governed by the span to depth ratio. As per Clause 23.2
of IS 456 for spans not exceeding 10m, the span to depth ration (Basic values)
17
Cantilever – 7
Simply supported – 20
Continuous – 26
Depending upon the type of steel and percentage of steel, the above values have
For two-way slabs, the shorter span be used for calculating the span to effective
depth ration.
C. Minimum Reinforcement:
The reinforcement in either direction of span shall not be less than 0.15% of
gross cross-sectional area if mild steel is use. However, this value is reduced to
0.12% where high strength deformed bars or welded wire fabrics are used.
D. Maximum Reinforcement:
the diameter of the bars shall not exceed one eighth of the total thickness of slab
18
E. Spacing of Main Reinforcement:
The spacing of main reinforcement in slabs shall not be more than three times
the effective depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is less (clause 26.3.3 of
IS-456)
ly/lx = 10/4.27 = 2.34 > 2 (one way slab) as per IS 456: 2000
D = 125 mm
19
d = 125 – 20 – 12/2
d = 99 m
Load calculation:
Moment calculation:
Depth calculation.
20
M30 & Fe 415, assuming it as a balance section
[assume b =1000mm]
d = 96.97 < 99 mm
Calculation of Ast:
IS456: 200
21
38.922 x 106 = 0.87 X 415 X Ast X 100 [1- (415 X Ast / 1000 X 99 X 30)]
= 150 mm2
Assume 12 mm Ø bar.
Spacing:
22
= 323.66 mm
2. 3d = 297 mm
3. 300mm
Distributors:
= 523.57 mm
2. 5d = 495 mm
3. 450 mm
23
Vu = 35.63 KN
τv = 35.63 x 10 3
/ 1000 x 99
= 1.35 N/mm2
= 1.35 %
τc = 0.72 N/ mm 2
24
here τv < τc, so minimum reinforcement should be provided.
Hence Safe.
To find k1:
provided)
Fs = 228.1
25
K1 = 1.4 [ from pg no:38 form IS 456 :2000]
4.369/99 < 32 k1
44 < 45
It is safe
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF BEAMS
4.1. Theory
26
Concrete is strong in compression but very weak in tension. Hence Plain
develop. If flexural members like beams and slabs are made of plain concrete
their load carrying capacity is very low due to its low tensile strength.
Since steel is very strong in tension, steel bars are provided to resist tensile
In case of simply supported beam, tensile stresses are induced in bottom layers
because of positive bending moment (sagging bending moment) and hence steel
In cantilever beams steel bars are placed near the top of the beam to resist the
tensile stress developed in top layers due the negative bending moment
If the reinforcing bars are provided only on tension side in the beam section, it
27
Consider a simply supported beam subjected to bending under factored loads.
Since plane sections are assumed to remain plane before and after bending
strain are proportional to distance from the neutral axis. Above the neutral axis,
the entire cross section is in compression and below the neutral axis, the cross
section is in tension. All the tensile stresses are assumed to be resisted by the
steel bars as the tensile strength of concrete is ignored. The resultant tensile
Beams which are reinforced in both compression and tension sides are called as
doubly reinforced beam. These beams are generally provided when the
dimensions of the beam are restricted, and it is required to resist moment higher
(1) When the depth of the beam is restricted due to architectural or any
construction problems
28
(2) At the supports of a continuous beam where bending moment changes its
sign
(3) In precast members (during handling bending moment changes its sign)
(4) In bracing members of a frame due to changes in the direction of wind loads
Data:
fck = 30 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
29
= 6.855 KN/ m
= 18.28 KN/ m
Moment calculation:
Mu = w x l2/8
Mu = 44.45 x 4.57 2 / 8
Mu = 116 KNm
D = 700 mm
d = 700 – 30 – 12/2
d = 664 mm
Calculation of Ast
(fy x Ast
)
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x(1− fck x b x d )
( 415 x Ast
)
116 x 10 6 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 664 x (1− 30 x 1000 x 664 )
30
Mu lim = 0.36 (Xu max / d) [1- 0.42(Xu max / d)] bd2 Fck
Minimum reinforcement = Ast /b x d = 0.85 /fy [as per IS 456:2000 pg. no :47]
= 408 mm 2
31
Fig 4.1 Design of Beam
reinforcement.
Shear force, Vu = 72 KN
Vu
Shear stress, τv = ( b x d )
3
72 x 10
=( )
300 x 664
= 0.87 N/mm2
( 678
)
= 250 x 664 x 100
= 0.34
32
From IS 456: 2000 table 19, pg. no: 73,
τc = 0.29 N/mm2
τv > τc
It is safe.
Vus = Vu - τc bd
iv) 300mm
33
Fig 4.2 Spacing of beam
Ld ≱ (( ))
M1
V
+ Lo
Ast x fy
M1 = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1−( b x d x fck )¿
M1 = 126.37 KNm
1)Lo = d = 450mm
(( ))
M1
V
+ Lo = 126.37/72 x10^3 + 1175.2=2930.3 mm
Ld = ¿τbd))
25 x 0.87 x 415
= ( 4 x 1.6 x 1.2 ) = 1175.2 mm
Ld ≱ (( ))
M1
V
+ Lo. Hence, it is safe.
34
Check for deflection:
L
1) ( d ) actual = ( 4570 /664 ) =6.88
6.68<22
Hence, it is safe.
35
CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF COLUMN
5.1. Theory
A vertical member whose effective length is greater than 3 times its least lateral
loads from the beams or slabs to the footings or foundations. The inclined
than 3 times its least lateral dimension. Generally, the column may be square,
placed in the column to reduce the size of the column or to increase the load
carrying capacity and to resist any tension that might develop due to bending of
tensile stresses likely to develop, the reinforcement should be placed as near the
36
splitting of concrete due to development of transverse tension and to prevent
37
COLUMN ORIENTATION:
38
Design of Column:
No. of Stories =3
Self-Weight = 0.125 x 25
= 3.125 KN / m
Live Load = 4 KN / m
39
Dead Load = 3.125 KN / m
Floor Finish = 1 KN / m
Live Load = 4 KN / m
Fig 5.2
Load on beam:
Wall Load:
= 4 – 0.7
= 3.3 m
= 15.18 KN / m
= 194.77125 KN
= 59.14125 KN
= 171 KN
41
Total Load = 424.913 KN
= 172.38 KN
= 59.14125 KN
= 171 KN
= 172.38 KN
= 59.14125 KN
42
= 171 KN
= 1.8495 x 25
= 46.2375 KN
Assume 1% of steel.
Ag = 87049.75956 mm2
Asc = 0.01 Ag
43
= 1350 mm2
Assume 12 mm Ø rod.
It is safe.
Lateral ties:
2. 6mm
Pitch:
3. 48(Dia) = 48 x 12 = 228 mm
4. 300mm
44
Provide 175 mm pitch.
45
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF FOOTING
the load of the super structure to the foundation soil. The foundation distributes
the load over a larger area so that the pressure on the soil does not exceed its
allowable bearing capacity and restricts the settlement of the structure within
foundation soil. if the load to be supported is very high and soil is of low
bearing capacity deep foundation like pile foundation well foundation etc are
46
6.1 Design of footing:
47
48
Fig 6.3 Stability Check
49
CHAPTER 7
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Stairs provide access for the various floors of the building the stairs consist of
series of steps with landing at appropriate intervals the stretch between the two
building is called flight. The rooms or space where stairs are provided is called
staircase.
public buildings it may be to 2m. to allow free flow of users the width of
Each steps have one tread (going) and one rise. Rise and tread are proportioned
to provide convenient and easy access. The rise may vary from 150mm to
200mm. the tread is in between 250mm and 300m. as per IS 456:2000, the slope
50
7.1 TYPES OF STAIRCASES:
D. Geometrical staircase
F. Spiral staircase
Given Data:
Width = 2 m
Thread = 300 mm
Raise = 200 mm
Fy = 415 N/mm2
Fck = 30 N/mm2
51
Design of flight:
height
No of rise = rise
4
= 0.2
= 20 steps
230
Effective span = (9 x 300) +1000 + ( 2 )
= 3815 mm = 3.815 m
= 2.5 KN/m²
Load calculation:
1 x 0.15 x 25
Dead load = cos ɵ
3.125
Dead load = 0.68
52
= 5.51 kN/m
CALCULATION OF MOMENT:
w x l xl
Mu = 8
18.015 x 3.815²
= 8
= 32.77 KNm
Mu = 3.45 bd2
d = 98 mm
53
Spacing:
iii) 300mm
Distributors:
Spacing:
iii) 300mm
= 4930 mm = 4.93 m
54
w x l xl
Mu = 8
18.015 x 4.93²
= 8
= 54.73 KNm
Mu = 3.45 bd2
d = 123 mm
Spacing:
iii) 300mm
55
Distributors:
= 180mm2
Spacing:
iii) 300mm
56
CHAPTER 8
Our project involves analysis and design of multi-storied [G+2] using a very popular
designing software STAAD Pro. We have chosen STAAD Pro because of its
following advantages:
analysis and design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis
capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to visualization and result
verification, STAAD. Pro is the professional's choice for steel, concrete, timber,
aluminium and cold-formed steel design of low and high-rise buildings, culverts,
The STAAD. Pro Graphical User Interface: It is used to generate the model, which
can then be analysed using the STAAD engine. After analysis and design is
completed, the GUI can also be used to view the results graphically.
57
The STAAD analysis and design engine: It is a general-purpose calculation engine
for structural analysis and integrated Steel, Concrete, Timber, and Aluminium
design.
To start with we have solved some sample problems using STAAD Pro and checked
the accuracy of the results with manual calculations. The results were to satisfaction
and were accurate. In the initial phase of our project, we have done calculations
Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to
study and predicts the behaviour of structures. Structural analysis can be viewed
more abstractly as a method to drive the engineering design process or prove the
The results of such an analysis typically include support reactions, stresses, and
displacements. This
Advanced structural analysis may examine dynamic response, stability, and non-
linear behaviour.
being designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an
appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations of
58
normal construction and use and have adequate durability and adequate resistance to
the effects of seismic and wind. Structure and structural elements shall normally be
experiment and experience and the need to design for durability. Design. including
design for durability, construction and use in service should be considered. The
service. The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements as
the structural safety of buildings are being covered by way of laying down minimum
design loads which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed loads, and other
external loads, the structure would be required to bear. Strict conformity to loading
standards recommended in this code, it is hoped, will not only ensure the structural
59
In this method, the joints are rigid i.e., the joints rotate. The rotation of the
moments acting at the ends of the members, are written in terms of slope
and deflection.
these rotations, the end moments are calculated using the slope
deflection.
equations.
Limitations:
computations. This method is not recommended for frames larger than two
storeys.
60
Useful for analysis of indeterminate beams and rigid jointed
frames.
methods.
Limitations:
prismatic members but it presents some difficulties when applied to rigid frames,
61
S.NO DETAILS VALUES
1 FC 25000 KN/m^2
1 FC 25000 KN/m^2
62
Fig 8.1 Beam dimension assigning
63
Fig 8.3 Slab thickness assigning
64
Fig 8.5 Result
65
Fig 8.7 Final Output
66
Fig 8.9 Footing details
67
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
68