Student Name: Student number:
Natalia López Huerta Al03059366
Azul Yazed Moreno Guajardost AL03024950
Tessa De La Fuente Al03065424
Alisson Michaelle Gutiérrez Ramírez Al03065076
Course Name: Matter & Energy II Profesor:
Paamon Sarahi Rojo Acosta
Module 3: Activity 5: Equivalent resistance, Ohm’s Law
Electricity, Magnetism and modern physics
Date: 5 de abril del 2024
Bibliography (5 pts – At least 3 sources):
Inspirit Learning Inc. (2023, 28 marzo). Parallel Circuits Study Guide - Inspirit Learning Inc. Inspirit Learning Inc
Experience the Future of Education. https://www.inspiritvr.com/parallel-circuits-study-guide/
Kuphaldt, T. R. (2022, 27 septiembre). What is the Difference Between Series and Parallel Circuits? Series And
Parallel Circuits | Electronics Textbook. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-5/what-are
series-and-parallel-circuits/
Admin. (2023, 31 marzo). Difference between Serial and Parallel Transmission. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/gate/
difference-between-series-and-parallel-transmission/#:~:text=In%20the%20case%20of%20serial%20
transmission%2C%20only%20a%20single%20
communication,data%20bits%20in%20the%20network.
Objective of the activity:
Equivalent resistance and Ohm's Law by means of the necessary methodology and formulas.
Description of the activity:
Through an experiment the ohm law and the equivalent resistance will be known.
Requirements for the activity:
Review video to learn about the use of breadboard:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaXXu292iNg Bill of Materials:
1. 2 Red LEDs
2. 1 Green LED
3. 1 Yellow LED
4. 1 x 390Ω resistor (R1) • 1 x 220Ω resistor (R2)
5. 1 x 100Ω resistor (R3)
6. 1 x 9 volt battery connector
7. 1 protoboard
8. 9 Volt Battery
9. Multimeter
10. Cell Phone Camera (Photos & Video)
Part 1 [20 pts]
1. Based on your knowledge, describe what a serial connection and a parallel connection are.
• Series Connection: In a series connection, components are connected end-to-end,
forming a single pathway for the flow of electric current. In this configuration:
• Current: The same current flows through each component. Since there's only one pathway,
the current remains constant throughout the circuit.
• Voltage: The total voltage of the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each component.
The voltage is divided across the components based on their resistances, with higher
resistances leading to greater voltage drops.
• Resistance: The total resistance in a series circuit is the sum of the individual resistances.
Because current encounters resistance at each component, the total resistance increases as
more components are added in series.
Parallel Connection: In a parallel connection, components are connected in branches, providing
multiple pathways for the flow of electric current. In this configuration:
• Current: The total current entering the parallel circuit equals the sum of the currents through
each branch. Current divides among the branches based on the resistance offered by each
branch, with less resistance leading to more current flow.
• Voltage: Each branch in a parallel circuit experiences the same voltage as the source
voltage. This is because each branch is directly connected across the voltage source,
providing a constant voltage across all branches.
• Resistance: The reciprocal of the total resistance in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of
the reciprocals of the individual resistances. This means that adding more branches with
lower resistance will decrease the total resistance of the circuit.
2. It lists three practical applications of serial connections and five applications of parallel
connections.
Serial Connections:
Serial Communication between Computers: Serial connections, such as RS-232 or USB,
are commonly used to establish communication between computers and peripheral devices
like printers, modems, and keyboards.
Networking Devices: Serial connections are used in networking devices like routers and
switches to establish connections between them for data transmission.
Data Logging: Serial connections are employed in data logging applications where data from
various sensors or instruments is collected and transmitted sequentially for storage or analysis.
Parallel Connections:
Memory Interfaces: In computer systems, parallel connections are used in memory interfaces
to allow for high-speed data transfer between the processor and memory modules.
Printers and Scanners: Parallel connections are utilized in printers and scanners for fast data
transfer between the computer and the printing/scanning device.
Digital Signal Processing (DSP): Parallel connections are employed in DSP applications
where simultaneous processing of multiple data streams is required for tasks such as audio or
image processing.
Microprocessor Interfacing: Parallel connections are used in microprocessor interfacing for
connecting input/output devices like LEDs, displays, and keypads.
Data Bus in Computer Architecture: Within computer architecture, parallel connections form
the data bus, enabling rapid transfer of data between various components like the CPU,
memory, and peripherals.
3. With the information gathered about Ohm's and Kirchhoff's Laws, according to your
knowledge, make a concept map that integrates the procedure to use these laws.
Ohm’s Law (V=I*R)
Kirchhoff’s Law
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
The sum of currents entering a node Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
equals to the sum of currents leaving The sum of voltages around any
the node closed loop in a circuit is zero
Circuit Analysis
Involves applying Ohm’s Law, KCL and KVL
to analyze and solve circuits, determining
voltages, currents, and resistances within
them
4. To continue with the activity, it is important that you collect data on the calculation of
equivalent resistances.
Part 2 (30 pts)
1. Select the most complete concept map to determine the methodology for the application of
Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws. Remember to place the formulas and laws to be used, as
well as the necessary instrument for measuring current, resistance and voltage.
2. Carry out the following experiment in the physics laboratory, with the requested material
and the one provided by your teacher:
1. On one side of the breadboard, build a circuit in series with three LEDs and 3
resistors, as shown in the figure:
1. On one side of the breadboard, build a parallel circuit with three LEDs and 3 LEDs.
resistances, as shown in the figure:
1. In each of the circuits, measure with the multimeter the current and voltage that exists in
each part of each of the two circuits.
2. Considering the differences that exist in both circuits, calculate the voltages, currents and
equivalent resistance in each case.
Series Circuit: Given:
Voltage (V): 9V
Current (I): 9.03A
Equivalent Resistance (R): 220Ω
We can use Ohm's Law (𝑉=𝐼𝑅V=IR) to find the current:
𝐼=𝑉𝑅=9𝑉220Ω≈0.041𝐴
Now, to calculate the total resistance, we use the formula for the series circuit:
𝑅𝑒𝑞=𝑅1+𝑅2=220Ω
Now, we can calculate the total voltage drop across the circuit:
𝑉=𝐼𝑅=(0.041𝐴)(220Ω)=9.03𝑉
Parallel Circuit: Given:
Voltage (V): 9V
Current (I): 6.16A
Equivalent Resistance (R): 220Ω
To find the total current in a parallel circuit, we sum the currents through each branch:
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙=𝐼1+𝐼2=6.16𝐴
Now, we can calculate the equivalent resistance using the formula for parallel circuits:
Req 1 =R1 /1 +R2 /1
Given: 1𝑅𝑒𝑞=1220Ω
We calculate 𝑅𝑒𝑞 by taking the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals:
𝑅𝑒𝑞=11220Ω≈220Ω
3. With the results you obtain, fill out the following table:
Circuit Voltage Current Equivalent
resistence
Serie 9V 9.03A 220 Ω
Parallel 9V 6.16A 220 Ω
Part 3 (40 pts)
10. Based on the above, make a video about the results of the experiment, showing your
measurements and how you used Ohm's and Kirchhoff's Laws to determine the equivalent
resistance, currents, and voltages in each section of the circuit. Include the following:
1. Procedure for the calculation of equivalent resistances.
Series Circuit: Given:
Voltage (V): 9V
Current (I): 9.03A
Equivalent Resistance (R): 220Ω
We can use Ohm's Law (𝑉=𝐼𝑅V=IR) to find the current:
𝐼=𝑉𝑅=9𝑉220Ω≈0.041𝐴
Now, to calculate the total resistance, we use the formula for the series circuit:
𝑅𝑒𝑞=𝑅1+𝑅2=220Ω
Now, we can calculate the total voltage drop across the circuit:
𝑉=𝐼𝑅=(0.041𝐴)(220Ω)=9.03𝑉
Parallel Circuit: Given:
Voltage (V): 9V
Current (I): 6.16A
Equivalent Resistance (R): 220Ω
To find the total current in a parallel circuit, we sum the currents through each branch:
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙=𝐼1+𝐼2=6.16𝐴
Now, we can calculate the equivalent resistance using the formula for parallel circuits:
Req 1 =R1 /1 +R2 /1
Given: 1𝑅𝑒𝑞=1220Ω
We calculate 𝑅𝑒𝑞 by taking the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals:
𝑅𝑒𝑞=11220Ω≈220Ω
2. Application of Ohm's Law in the solution of the circuit.
Ohm's Law:
Series Circuit:
𝑉=𝐼𝑅
Total resistance (𝑅𝑒𝑞 ) in a series circuit: 𝑅𝑒𝑞=𝑅1+𝑅2+
Total voltage drop across the circuit (𝑉): 𝑉=𝐼𝑅
Parallel Circuit:
Total current (𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ) in a parallel circuit: 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙=𝐼1+𝐼2+..
Equivalent resistance (𝑅𝑒𝑞 ) in a parallel circuit: 1𝑅𝑒𝑞=1𝑅1+1𝑅2+
3. Steps to follow to apply Kirchhoff's Laws in the circuit solution (calculation of
voltages and currents)
Identify the circuit elements: Determine the components of the circuit including resistors, voltage
sources, and current sources.
Assign currents and voltages: Assign variables to the currents flowing through each branch of the
circuit and the voltages across each component. Choose directions for currents arbitrarily; their
actual directions will be determined by the calculations.
Apply Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL):
At each junction (node) in the circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node equals the sum of
currents flowing out of that node.
Set up equations based on KCL for each node in the circuit.
Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL):
Around any closed loop in the circuit, the sum of the voltage rises equals the sum of the voltage
drops.
Set up equations based on KVL for each loop in the circuit.
Solve the system of equations: Using the equations derived from KCL and KVL, solve for the
unknown currents and voltages.
Conclusion (5 pts)
In conclusion, this activity offers a comprehensive exploration of equivalent resistance, Ohm's
Law, and Kirchhoff's Laws through practical experimentation. By building series and parallel
circuits, measuring voltage and current, and applying theoretical concepts, gain valuable hands-on
experience in circuit analysis and problem-solving. The activity effectively bridges theoretical
knowledge with real-world application, enhancing understanding and proficiency in electrical
circuitry.
