Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852

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Energy Conversion and Management

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman

Reduction of efficiency penalty for a natural gas combined cycle power plant T
with post-combustion CO2 capture: Integration of liquid natural gas cold
energy
Junjiang Bao, Lei Zhang, Chunxiao Song, Ning Zhang, Minggang Guo, Xiaopeng Zhang
⁎

State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The high energy consumption requirements of the post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) process of a natural gas
LNG cold energy combined cycle (NGCC) power plant will result in a significant reduction in power generation efficiency, and the
Heat exchange network energy integration of the system can effectively reduce power plant efficiency penalties. However, the existence
Thermal integration of a large amount of low-temperature waste heat in NGCC power plant is difficult to utilize due to its low
CO2 capture
temperature. In this paper, the integration of LNG cold energy with NGCC power plant with PCC process is
NGCC
proposed. For the 391 MW NGCC plant with MEA-based PCC system, the impact of the exhaust gas recirculation
(EGR) process is firstly considered and a basic case of 35% EGR is obtained. Then the internal energy integration
of the NGCC + PCC + EGR system (case 1) reveals that there are a large number of different temperature waste
heat sources in the system, and then the dual-pressure ORC is integrated into the system for energy integration
(case 2). Finally, in order to integrate the low temperature waste heat that has not yet been utilized and recover
the cold energy of LNG, the LNG and the two-stage condensation Rankine cycle are integrated with case 2. The
results show that the net power output of case 3 is 17.55 MW higher than that of NGCC + PCC + EGR system,
the total efficiency is increased by 2.51%, and the efficiency penalty is reduced to 7.9%. It can be seen that the
combination of LNG cold energy and NGCC power plant can effectively improve the power generation efficiency
and reduce the energy penalty.

1. Introduction capture compression technology will increase gradually.

There are three kinds of CCS technology used in power plants,
In recent years, the rapid development of the economy has steadily namely pre-combustion capture [8], post-combustion capture [9,10],
increased demand for electricity, while low cost, high calorific value of and O2-fuel combustion capture [11,12]. Among them, post-combus-
fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas, are widely used in power tion capture has been widely concerned because it can be directly
plants [1]. The problem is that greenhouse gas emissions lead to global modified and the method is mature. There are many options for CO2
warming, sea level rise and so on. To slow down the rise of global post-combustion captures technology, such as MEA-based chemical
average temperatures, countries around the world signed the Paris solvent processes [13], adsorption processes [14–16], multi-stage
agreement in 2015 calling for lower CO2 emissions. On the other hand, membrane processes [17,18] and temperature swing adsorption pro-
solar energy [2], wind energy [3], geothermal energy [4] and other cesses [19,20]. The absorption process of monoethanolamine (MEA)
clean energy sources have been developed rapidly. Even so, fossil en- solvent which has been widely used post-combustion due to its good
ergy will remain the main source of energy in the near future. Among absorption effect, large treatment capacity and its mature technology.
them, the power generation capacity of NGCC power plants currently And it can also be operated at atmospheric pressure and low CO2
accounts for more than 20% of global power generation, the net power concentration. A summary of the literatures on NGCC power plant and
generation efficiency of NGCC power plants can reach 55%-60% [5–7], MEA-based CO2 capture progress are given in Table 1.
and the CO2 generated by unit power generation is only half of that of From Table 1, it could be found that the PCC process of the NGCC
coal-fired power plants [1]. In order to achieve the target of CO2 power plant will result in high efficiency penalty, and the overall power
emission reduction, the proportion of NGCC power plants with CO2 generation efficiency is decreased by about 6–10% [37], where the unit

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (X. Zhang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.111852
Received 13 June 2019; Received in revised form 16 July 2019; Accepted 17 July 2019
Available online 20 July 2019
0196-8904/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
J. Bao, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852

Nomenclature Sep separator

DP dual pressure
Acronyms
Symbols
NGCC natural gas combined cycle
LNG liquid natural gas n molar flow rate [kmole·s−1]
PCC post-combustion CO2 capture m mass flow rate [kg·s−1]
EGR exhaust gas recirculation p pressure [bar]
ORC organic Rankine cycle LHV Lower heating value
TSCRC two-stage condensation Rankine cycle Q heat [MW]
CCR CO2 capture rate W work [MW]
TI thermal integration s specific entropy [kJ·kg−1·K−1]
PC power consumption T temperature [K]
HP high pressure η efficiency
HPP high pressure pump
IP intermediate pressure Subscripts
IPP intermediate pressure pump
LP low pressure aux Auxiliary power
LPP low pressure pump net net power output
RP recirculation pump mech mechanical
GT gas turbine gen generator
ST steam turbine reb reboiler
ECON economizer comp compressor
HRSG heat recovery steam generator turb turbine
RHT reheater in inlet
SPHT superheater out outlet
DESHT desuperheater i different configurations of NGCC power plants

energy consumption of CO2 capture is usually 2.8–5.8 GJ/ton CO2. This 2. System descriptions
unit energy consumption of CO2 capture is much larger than 2.6 GJ/ton
CO2 with CO2 concentration of 11%, which is a value of ideal operating Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of a NGCC power plant with
status according to the novel and effective thermodynamic cycle pro- PCC and EGR processes. The NGCC power plant is composed of a gas
posed by Wang et al. [34]. Due to the huge global power consumption turbine and steam turbines, and the PCC process consists of two parts:
and the high efficiency penalty of PCC process in power plants, the CO2 capture unit by MEA-based absorption process and CO2 compres-
development of carbon capture technology will be limited to a certain sion and liquefaction process. The PCC process needs steam extraction
extent. The reduction of energy consumption in PCC process can be from steam turbine to supply reboiler.
realized by changing the system structure. For example, by the exhaust The power auxiliary part includes the energy consumption of the
gas recirculation process, it is found that the concentration of CO2 in CO2 compression process, water circulating pumps, cooling pumps and
flue gas is increased, the energy consumption of CO2 captured system is amine circulating pumps of the NGCC power plant, which is provided
reduced, and the net power generation efficiency of power plant is by NGCC power plant. The specific flow chart and principle of each
improved. The power plants assisted by solar or biomass can also re- system can be found in Sections 2.1–2.2.
duce system energy penalty. For example, T. Lambert et al. [26] used
solar energy to assist the CO2 capture of NGCC power plant with EGR
2.1. NGCC power plant process
process. Thermodynamic analysis Another way is utilizing the waste
heat of power plants to improve the power output of the NGCC system.
The schematic diagram of the NGCC power plant is shown in Fig. 2.
For example, G.G. Esquivel-Patiño et al. [5] studied the potential of
Its main equipment includes: air compressor (AC), combustion chamber
thermal integration of power plants and the power generation of ORC,
(Comb), gas turbine (GT) and heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)
and the efficiency of power plants increased from 50.69% to 50.94%.
with three-stage pressure steam turbine (HPST, IPST and LPST).
According to the literature review above, the power generation ef-
First of all, the air is compressed by an air compressor and is mixed
ficiency of the NGCC system can be improved by changing the structure
with natural gas in a combustion chamber to provide oxygen required
of the power plant and using ORC to recover the waste heat. However,
for the natural gas combustion process. The inlet temperature of the gas
it can also be found that in the integration process, a large amount of
turbine is maintained constant by adjusting the feed air quantity, and
low temperature waste heat in the power plant cannot be utilized by the
then the flue gas enters the gas turbine to drive the impeller to generate
ORC using cooling water as a heat sink. Therefore, in this paper, the
electricity. Finally, the exhaust gas emitted by the gas turbine is dis-
idea of using LNG cold energy and NGCC power plant with PCC process
charged into the atmosphere in the form of flue gas after passing
is proposed. First of all, the NGCC power plant with PCC process are
through the heat recovery steam generator and treated by CCS device.
constructed and validated, and then the improvement rate of the EGR
The HRSG consists of three steam generation systems, namely high-
process on power generation efficiency is investigated. On this basis,
pressure evaporation, medium pressure evaporation and low-pressure
the power generation efficiency of the system is improved by using
evaporation systems, and drives the steam turbine to generate elec-
thermal integration and ORC to recover a large number of waste heat
tricity in the form of a steam Rankine cycle. As shown in Fig. 2, the EGR
from different temperature levels in the power plant. Finally, LNG cold
process is to recycle a certain proportion of flue gas from the outlet of
energy is integrated with NGCC system in order to further improve the
heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to the air compressor inlet for
efficiency of power generation.
mixing with fresh air. The EGR process increases the CO2 concentration
of the flue gas of the system, and the EGR process can reduce the loss of

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 J. Bao, et al.

Table 1
The summary of literature review.
Source Years Authors Study details System configuration CCR (%) Qunit (MJ/kg CO2) Performance

Method Platform

[21] 2012 N. Sipöcz Simulation IPSEpro/CO2SIM 440 MW NGCC + MEA + EGR 90% 3.25–3.97 Power plant efficiency is 49.48–50.67%
[22] 2016 M. Pan et al. Simulation Aspen Plus 420 MW NGCC + MEA + EGR 90% 3.96 Comprehensive efficiency increased by 22%
[23] 2013 C. Biliyok et al. Simulation Aspen HYSYS 440 MW NGCC + MEA + EGR 90% – System power generation increased by 10 MW
[24] 2013 P.A. Marchioro Ystad et al. Simulation UniSim 439 MW NGCC + MEA + ORC 90% 2.67–3.95 Power plant efficiency is 50.4–58.46%
[25] 2014 J.K. Pandit et al. Simulation Aspen Plus 400 MW NGCC + MEA/UNO MK 3 a + EGR 85% – Power plant efficiency is 44.6–55.5%
[6] 2014 K. Lindqvist et al. Simulation Aspen HYSYS 416 MW NGCC + MEA + EGR 90% 3.97–4.28 Power plant efficiency is 49.45–50.36%
[1] 2015 X. Luo et al. Simulation Aspen Plus 453 MW NGCC + MEA + EGR 90% 4.31–4.54 Power plant efficiency is 49.16–58.74%
[10] 2017 Y. Hu, H. Ahn Simulation UniSim 569 MW NGCC/EGR + MEA 90% – Power plant efficiency is 47.2–57.2%

3
[26] 2014 T. Lambert et al. Simulation Aspen Plus 421 MW NGCC + MEA + EGR 75% 3.99–5.82 Total energy loss decreased from 15.3% to 13.6%
[7] 2017 Y. Hu et al. Simulation UniSim 555 MW NGCC + MEA + EGR 90% 4.14–4.70 Power plant efficiency is 46.95–55.55%
[5] 2017 G.G.Esquivel-Patiño et al. Simulation Aspen Plus 453 MW NGCC + MEA + ORC ∼90% – Power plant efficiency is 50.69–58.49%
[27] 2018 S.-Y. Oh et al. Simulation Aspen Plus 550 MW Coal-fired + MEA 90% 3.21–3.97 Power plant efficiency is 26.5–30.6%
[9] 2019 Gerardo Geovanni et al. Simulation Aspen Plus 453 MW NGCC + MEA + EGR + ORC 90% – Net power output is 381.2 MW- 391.41 MW
[28] 2016 Z. He et al. Simulation Aspen Plus 453 MW NGCC + MEA 90% – Dynamic system simulation provides operational strategies
[29] 2018 C. Nwaoha et al. Simulation ProMax 115 MW Coal-fired + MEA–DEA 90% 2.75–4.25 Reduce energy consumption by mixing MEA and DEA
[30] 2018 P.L. Mores et al. Simulation GAMS 420 MW NGCC + MEA > 90% – The mitigation cost is 90.88 $/t CO2
[31] 2019 Pérez Sánchez et al. Simulation Aspen HYSYS 400 MW NGCC + MEA + EGR 90% 3.14–3.68 LOCEb is reduced by $10
[32] 2019 A.MAlcaráz-Calderon et al. Simulation Aspen Plus 674 MW NGCC + EGR + MEA 90% 3.58–3.62 Power plant efficiency is 45.9–52.1%
[33] 2017 J. Wang et al. Simulation Aspen Plus 300 MW Coal-fired + MEA + solar 90% 3.54 Power plant efficiency is 26.55–33.65%
[34] 2019 J. Wang et al. Simulation Aspen Plus MEA 90% – The second law efficiency is around 28%
[35] 2019 J. Wang et al. Simulation Aspen Plus 300 MW Coal-fired + MEA + solar 70–90% 3.34–3.54 Power plant efficiency is 29.04–38.54%
[36] 2019 Y. Xu et al. Simulation Aspen Plus MEA – 2.82–4.97 The evaluation parameter COPCO2 is put forward.

Note: UNO MK 3a: Absorption solvent; LOCEb: Levelized cost of electricity; DEAc: Diethanolamine.
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852
J. Bao, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852

Natural Gas Combine Cycle Power Plant Post-Combustion Capture

Capture based on MEA absorption CO2 to storage

Exhaust gas recirculation Clean exhaust

CO2 compression and liquefaction

Combustion
Preheater Stripper
Absorber

HRSG
Fresh air
Flue gas
Backwater
Air compression Gas turbine Reboiler
to NGCC
Natural Gas LP steam

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of NGCC power plant with PCC process.

the system without changing the configuration of the main body of the reduce the efficiency penalty of the system [40]. The schematic dia-
power plant. And it can reduce the mass flow into the PCC system and gram of basic ORC and its T-s diagram are shown in Fig. 4. After being
reduce the energy consumption and equipment size required for the pressurized by the working fluid pump, the organic working fluid is
capture process [1]. heated to saturation or overheating in the evaporator. Then it enters the
turbine and drives the impeller to drive the generator for generating
2.2. Description of PCC process electricity. The exhaust vapor is then condensed to saturated liquid
phase and returns to the inlet of the pump to complete the cycle.
The PCC process is mainly composed of CO2 capture process and The basic ORC system above has only one endothermic process and
CO2 compression process, and the schematic diagram is given in Fig. 3. one exothermic process, which can make good use of a single heat
The flue gas from the outlet of HRSG flows into the absorption tower source and heat sink in a small temperature range. However, there is a
after being pretreated and is absorbed by the absorbent from the top of lot of waste heat at different temperature levels in NGCC-PCC system.
the tower. The capture process uses the MEA solution to absorb CO2 Aiming at this problem, the double-pressure ORC system, as shown in
from the flue gas, and the gas containing a small amount of CO2 at the Fig. 5, will be used to recover the waste heat at different temperature
top of the column is discharged into the atmospheric environment. The levels. To further improve the thermal efficiency of ORC, the re-
liquid at the bottom of the absorption tower is preheated by the stream generator will be added to the system. According to the T-s diagram in
from the bottom of the stripping tower and then enters the stripping Fig. 5, the heat absorption process of the double-pressure ORC is dif-
tower. The CO2 is extracted from the top of the tower and the lean ferent from that of basic ORC. Double-pressure ORC is a cycle that heat
solvent at the bottom of the tower is cooled by internal heat exchange transfer with multiple different heat sources under two different pres-
which returns to the absorption tower to complete the absorption sures. One endothermic process is carried out in subcritical and the
process. In order to transport and store the captured CO2 at room other is in supercritical.
temperature, it is necessary to separate and purify the CO2 from the In addition, this paper also integrates that LNG cold energy into the
stripping tower, and compress it above the supercritical pressure. The system. However, the direct utilization of LNG cold energy will cause
CO2/H2O mixture from the stripper column is dewatered by the se- the heat transfer temperature difference of cold and hot streams too
paration device, and then the CO2 is condensed to the saturated liquid large, resulting in large irreversible loss. Therefore, in order to reduce
phase through the ammonia refrigeration cycle. The liquid CO2 is the irreversibility caused by the large temperature difference process of
compressed to 150 bar [38,39] by the pump for further storage. LNG cold energy utilization, the two-stage condensation Rankine cycle
[41,42], as shown in Fig. 6, is used for energy integration. For the two-
2.3. ORC system and its improvement stage condensation Rankine cycle, the organic working fluid is divided
into two streams and expanded to different condensing pressures after
From the literature review, it can be seen that ORC system can ef- passing through the evaporator. As shown in Fig. 6(b), they are con-
fectively make use of the process waste heat of NGCC-PCC system and densed to a saturated liquid phase through condensers, respectively,

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the NGCC power plant process.

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J. Bao, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852

Fig. 3. a) Schematic diagram and b) P-H diagram of CO2 compression and liquefaction process.

Fig. 4. a) Schematic diagram b) T-s diagram of the basic ORC process.

Fig. 5. a) Schematic diagram b) T-s diagram of the dual-pressure ORC process.

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J. Bao, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852

Wnet _NGCC = WGT + WST (3)

3.1.2. Energy analysis of PCC process

For the CO2 capture progress, the main parameters are the CO2
capture rate and the energy consumption required for the CO2 per unit
mass. The CO2 capture rate CCR [44] is represented by the molar ratio
of the captured CO2 to the CO2 entering the system.
CCR = nCO2 \_captured/ nCO2 \_in (4)
The formula for the energy consumption of unit mass CO2 captured
is as follows:
Qunit = Qreboiler / mCO2 \_captured (5)
where Qreboiler is the energy consumption of reboiler, and mCO2 \_captured is
the mass flow rate of captured CO2.
CO2 compression energy consumption WCO2 _PC is:

WCO2 _PC = Wcomp + Wpump_CO2 (6)

Fig. 6. a) Schematic diagram b) T-s diagram of the TSCRC progress. where there the Wcomp including the power consumption of CO2
compressors and refrigerant compression, Wpump_CO2 is the power con-
and then mixed to flow into the evaporator by pump compression to sumption of CO2 pump.
complete the cycle.
3.1.3. Energy analysis of double-pressure ORC and TSCRC
3. Research methods The net power output of the double-pressure ORC and TSCRC
system can be described by the following formulas, respectively:
3.1. Model establishment Wnet_ORC = Wturb _ORC Wpump_ORC
DP DP DP (7)
In order to analyze the system, the following assumptions are made Wnet _TSCRC = Wturb _TSCRC Wpump _TSCRC (8)
in the simulation:

(1) LNG burns completely in the combustor and the NGCC power plant 3.1.4. Efficiency of power plants
is at steady state. The calorific value QNG of the combustion process of the power plant
(2) No leaks are occurred in the different configurations of the system is provided by NG:
[43].
QNG = mNG ·LHV (9)
(3) The gas and liquid in the absorption and desorption column are
ideally distributed on each stage of the tray [44]. where LHV is the low heating value of NG.
(4) The energy loss in the mixer and the separator, the friction loss with Auxiliary pump consumption Waux consists of power consumption
the pipe and the heat exchanger, and the heat loss are ignored. of cooling water and amine pump:
(5) The heat exchange between the equipment and the environment in
Waux = Wwater _pumps + WNH3 _pumps (10)
the system and the kinetic and potential energy during the cycle are
negligible. where Wwater _pumps is the total power consumption of the cooling
water, and the WNH3 _pumps is the total power consumption of amine
3.1.1. Energy analysis of NGCC power plant pump.
For a NGCC power plant, the power output is composed of gas The total power output of NGCC power plant with different con-
turbine and steam turbine, and the gas turbine and air compressor are figurations are as follows:
connected by mechanical device. The net power output of the gas tur-
Wnet \_TI = WNGCC + TI WCO2 _PC Waux (11)
bine is shown as follows [43]:
WGT = (Wgas _turb Wair _comp/ mech )· gen (1) Wnet \_TI + ORC = WNGCC + TI WCO2 _PC Waux + Wnet _ORC DP (12)

where the Wgas _turb is the gas turbine power output, Wair _comp is the air Wnet \_TI + ORC + TSCRC
compression power consumption, mech is the mechanical efficiency, and
= WNGCC + TI WCO2 _PC Waux + Wnet _ORC + Wnet _TSCRC (13)
gen is the generator efficiency.
DP

The net power output of the steam turbine can be expressed as where the Wnet \_TI , Wnet \_TI + ORC and Wnet \_TI + ORC + TSCRC represent the net
follows [43]: power generation of the integrated scheme of
WST = (WHPST + WIPST + WLPST )· (WHPP + WIPP + WLPP + WRP ) NGCC + PCC + EGR + TI, NGCC + PCC + EGR + TI + ORC, and
gen
NGCC + PCC + EGR + TI + ORC + LNG, respectively.
(2) The efficiency of basic NGCC power plant is:
where the WIPST , WIPST and WLPST are the mechanical work of high-
NGCC = Wnet _NGCC / QNG (14)
pressure, medium-pressure and low-pressure steam turbines, respec-
tively, and WHPP , WIPP , WLPP and WRP are the power consumption of The NGCC power plant efficiency of each configuration is defined as
high-pressure, medium-pressure, and low-pressure recirculation pump the following:
in power plant, respectively.
NGCC _i = Wnet _i/ QNG (15)
The total power output of NGCC power plant can be described as
follows: where i represents the different configured NGCC power plant.

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J. Bao, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852

The energy penalty of the different configured NGCC power plant also be reduced. The results show that the net power generation effi-
[45] is as shown: ciency of the system is increased by 0.86%, and the energy penalty is
reduced from 13.94% to 12.40% because of the addition of the EGR
Energy _penalty = 1 NGCC _i / NGCC (16) process. Therefore, the NGCC power plant with the PCC and EGR pro-
cess is selected in the following research to further reduce the system
energy penalty. For the purpose of comparison, NGCC + PCC + 35%
3.2. Model verification
EGR is defined as a basic case.
The simulation of NGCC power plant with the PCC process is per-
4.2. Case I. Integration of NGCC system with PCC and EGR process
formed in the Aspen HYSYS 9.0 environment. Peng-Robinson equation
is the state of equation for the gas turbine, dual-pressure ORC and
During the simulation, it is found that there are a large number of
TSCRC. ASME steam model [43] is used for the steam turbines, and
hot and cold streams in the NGCC system with PCC and EGR processes.
Amine and the Kent-Eisenberg model for the CO2 capture unit [46]. In
First, internal thermal integration is performed to recover system waste
order to verify the accuracy of the model, the NGCC power plant and
heat, reduce system utilities consumption and increase system power
CO2 capture unit are verified, respectively.
generation efficiency, due to its ease of modification.
The internal thermal integration is analyzed by pinch theory which
3.2.1. Verification of the NGCC system
is a thermal integration method based on thermodynamic process and
First of all, the gas turbine and steam turbine are simulated, and the
principle proposed by Linnhoff and Hindmarsh (1983) [48,49]. The
NGCC power plant is consistent with that of Z. Liu and I.A. Karimi [43].
energy consumption of the system is reduced by strengthening the heat
The design parameters including feed air, fuel gas composition and
exchanger network of the whole system of the NGCC power plant, and
basic parameters, are given in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively.
the minimum amount of cold and hot utilities is obtained. The inlet and
The simulation results of NGCC power plant are shown in Table 4,
outlet temperature of the streams in the system and the corresponding
and the results are in good agreement with the literature [43]. There-
heat capacity need to be provided in this process. Through the analysis
fore, the accuracy of the model is verified.
of NGCC power plant, it is found that there are 8 hot streams and 2 cold
streams in the system, as shown in Fig. 9.
3.2.2. Verification of the PCC process The heat streams are as follows: H1-H7 are the waste heat of the LP
In this section, the CO2 capture process based on MEA absorption is steam, the second stage compressor, the first stage compressor, the
verified, and the operating parameters of the system are given in reboiler backwater, the stripping tower top, flue gas and CO2 con-
Table 5. densation, respectively. H8 is a saturated steam that is formed by the
The main energy consumption of CO2 capture process based on MEA superheated steam cooling process [10,14,15]. The cold streams are as
is in the reboiler. Therefore, in order to verify the accuracy of the follows:C1 is the natural gas at the entrance of the combustion
system, the energy consumption and capture rate of the system are chamber, and C2 is the stream at the bottom of the stripping tower. In
compared with the work of S.-Y. Oh et al. [46]. The results are shown in the whole process, the pinch temperature is 10 °C [43,50] (except the
Fig. 7, in which the solid line represents the simulation value and the refrigeration system). The inlet temperature, outlet temperature and
dashed line represents the data of the reference. It can be seen from the heat capacity of the hot and cold streams are given in Table 7.
figure that the CO2 capture rate and the capture energy consumption of According to the data of the hot and cold streams in Table 6, the
the unit CO2 are almost consistent with the literature, which can prove composite curves of the NGCC power plant with PCC and EGR process
the accuracy of the model. are obtained by question table method, as shown in Fig. 10. It can be
seen from the figure that the maximum heat transfer inside the system
4. Results and discussion is 141.84 MW. The net output power of the system is improved by heat
match between the streams. The heat exchange network can be ob-
4.1. Basic case tained as shown in Fig. 11 and the new system is defined as case 1 for
simplicity.
The addition of carbon capture system will reduce the power gen- As can be seen from Fig. 11, three heat exchangers need to be added
eration efficiency of NGCC power plant. Firstly, the generation effi- during the thermal integration process, namely:
ciency of NGCC power plant, the reduction of generation efficiency
after adding PCC system and the influence of EGR process are de- (1) Heat exchanger 1: the waste heat of the first-stage compressor H3 is
termined. The typical capture rate of 90% [23,32,47] is selected for the used for preheating of the bottom stream of the stripper tower.
study. In order to determine the EGR ratio, the variation of O2 con- (2) Heat exchanger 2: the waste heat of the second-stage compressor
centration, CO2 concentration and the capture energy consumption of H2 is used for preheating of the bottom stream of the stripper
unit CO2 with the EGR ratio are investigated, as shown in Fig. 8. With
the increase of EGR ratio, the capture energy consumption Qunit of unit Table 2
CO2 gradually decreases, while the CO2 concentration in flue gas in- Parameters of NGCC power plant feed gas.
creases and the O2 concentration decreases. When the oxygen con-
Parameters Air Fuel
centration into the combustion chamber drops below 16%, the flame
shape and flue gas temperature [22,47] in the combustion process will flow (kg/s) 635.0 14.74
be affected. Therefore, the EGR ratio of 35% is selected in this paper. Temperature (°C) 15.0 10.0
On this basis, NGCC, NGCC + PCC and NGCC + PCC + EGR systems Pressure (bar) 1.0 30.0
LHV (kJ/kg) — 47493.0
are simulated, respectively, and the system parameters are shown in
N2 77.3% 1.47%
Table 6. O2 20.74% —
As can be seen from Table 5, a large amount of low-pressure steam is H2O 1.01% —
extracted due to the addition of the PCC process. Therefore, the power CO2 0.03% 0.68%
output of the low-pressure turbine is reduced, and the net power gen- Ar 0.92% —
CH4 — 87.08%
eration efficiency of the system is reduced from 55.88% to 48.09%. The
C2H6 — 7.83%
amount of extracted steam is reduced from 67.33 kg/s to 62.90 kg/s on C3H8 — 2.94%
account of the EGR process, and the auxiliary energy consumption can

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Table 3
Model parameters of NGCC process.
Component Model Value

Gas turbine (GT) Compressor pressure ratio 15.4

Compressor isentropic efficiency (%) 88.0
Combustor exit temperature (°C) 1405.0
Turbine inlet temperature (°C) 1328.0
Turbine exhaust temperature (°C) 615.0

Heat Recovery steam generator (HRSG) HP steam temperature (°C) 565.0

IP steam temperature (°C) 297.0
LP steam temperature (°C) 295.0
HP/IP/LP pinch point temperatures (°C) 10.0

Steam turbines (STs) HP/IP/LP inlet pressure (bar) 98.8/24.0/4.0

HP/IP/LP ST isentropic efficiency (%) 87.0/91.0/89.0

Condenser Pressure (bar) 0.074

Cooling water inlet temperature (°C) 25.0
Cooling water temperature rise (°C) 10.0

Generator Generator efficiency (%) 98.5

Table 4
Comparison of NGCC simulation results with literature.
Performance Literature [43] Simulation

GT power (MW) 253.2 253.6

ST power (MW) 139.8 139.87
Plant net power (MW) 393.0 393.47
Plant efficiency (%) 56.14 56.21

Table 5
Model parameters of PCC process [46].
Parameter Value

Inlet gas composition (mol%) N2 76.65

O2 12.91
H2O 6.71
CO2 3.73 Fig. 8. The influence of EGR ratio on (a) O2 concentration (b) CO2 concentra-
Inlet gas temperature/pressure (°C/bar) 40/1.1 tion (c) Energy consumption of unit CO2.
Lean solvent temperature/pressure (°C/bar) 40/1.1
Inlet gas flow rate (kmol/h) 85,000
Lean solvent flow rate (kmol/h) 120,000 Table 6
Number of stages/pressure in absorber (bar) 10/1.1 Performance of NGCC, NGCC + PCC and NGCC + PCC + EGR systems.
Number of stages/pressure in stripper (bar) 6/2.0
Case NGCC NGCC + PCC NGCC + PCC + EGR

Gas turbine power 257.51 257.51 253.9

Gas turbine 507.09 507.09 529.8
Air compressor 249.58 249.58 275.9

Steam turbine power 142.69 100.58 110.22

HP turbine 28.49 28.49 29.47
IP turbine 47.94 47.94 50.25
LP turbine 66.26 24.19 30.50
Circulating Pumps 1.33 1.33 1.35
CW pump 1.53 0.56 0.70

Post Captured Aux 1.14 1.10

Steam extraction kg/s — 67.33 62.90
Specific power consumption — 4.11 3.85
Lean pump — 0.239 0.218
Rich pump — 0.117 0.109
CW pumps — 0.784 0.780

CO2 Compression 13.12 13.12

CO2 compressor — 12.96 12.96
CW pumps — 0.163 0.163

Fig. 7. Comparison of the results between simulation and literature for PCC Total power generation 394.20 352.72 358.64
Net power 391.19 336.56 342.40
process.
Net power efficiency (%) 55.88 48.08 48.91
Energy penalty (%) — 13.95 12.46

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J. Bao, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852

Fig. 9. Hot and cold streams of the NGCC system with PCC and EGR processes.

Table 7 the stripping tower, the amount of the extraction steam is reduced from
Hot and cold streams of the NGCC power plant. 62.90 kg/s to 61.53 kg/s, and the energy consumption of CO2 capture is
Streams Tin (°C) Tout (°C) FCp (kW/K) Duty (kW)
reduced. Therefore, the net power generation of the NGCC power plant
is improved. With the increase of natural gas inlet temperature, the net
H1 295.0 140.0 131.87 20,440 output power of the gas turbine and the steam turbine will be slightly
H2 176.4 40.0 39.32 5292 increased under the condition that the key parameters of the system
H3 170.4 40.0 43.89 5245
remain unchanged. The system flowsheet after thermal integration is
H4 128.3 40.0 264.55 23,360
H5 101.9 40.0 559.77 34,650 shown in Fig. 12.
H6 99.03 40.0 640.06 37,770 The system performance of the internal thermal integration process
H7 40.0 −5.0 241.93 10,150 is shown in Table A1 of appendix. As can be seen from the Table, the net
H8 140.0 128.3 11794.87 138,000
power output in the integrated system has been slightly improved. The
C1 10.0 120 34.93 3843
C2 118.3 120 81176.47 138,000 net output work of case 1 NGCC + PCC + EGR + TI is 0.59% higher
than that of basic case NGCC + PCC + EGR. The structure of internal
thermal integration process is simple and easy to realize. The amount of
cold utilities can be reduced by thermal integration process, but it can
also be seen from the total composite curve that there is still a large
amount of waste heat in the system that cannot be integrated into the
system effectively.

4.3. Case Ⅱ. NGCC + PCC + EGR + TI + ORC

It can be seen from section 4.2 that there is a lot of waste heat at
different temperature levels in the case 1 system. According to the
temperature of waste heat, the parameters such as the working fluid of
ORC, the inlet and outlet temperature of streams, the evaporation
pressure and condensation pressure are shown in Table 8. The para-
meters of streams after integrating the double-pressure ORC system are
shown in Table 9.
Fig. 13 shows the composite curve of
NGCC + PCC + EGR + TI + ORC system, known as case 2, which is
the NGCC power plant incorporating ORC process. It can be seen that
Fig. 10. Composite curves of the NGCC power plant with PCC and EGR process. the maximum heat transfer capacity of the system increases, and the
matching of streams at the high and low temperature level is improved,
as shown in the first and third parts of the diagram. The analysis of the
tower.
heat exchanger network is carried out after the parameters of the
(3) Heat exchanger 3: the waste heat of the first-stage compressor H3 is
streams are obtained, and the result is shown in Fig. 14.
used for preheating of natural gas.
As seen from Fig. 14, four additional heat exchangers are required
for the utilization of waste heat in double-pressure ORC, which are as
Because the heat exchanger 1 and 2 preheat the bottom stream of
follow:

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J. Bao, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852

Fig. 11. The heat exchanger network of case 1.

Fig. 12. Flowsheet of the NGCC power plant in case 1 NGCC + PCC + EGR + TI.

Table 8 (1) Heat exchanger 1: the waste heat of superheated steam H1 is used
Working fluid and system parameters of dual-pressure ORC. to heat the working fluid of high-pressure loop for dual-pressure
Parameter Value
ORC cycle.
(2) Heat exchanger 2: the waste heat of steam backwater H4 makes the
Working fluid R245fa working fluid of low-pressure loop for dual-pressure ORC cycle
Pinch temperature (°C) 10.0 evaporate.
Turbine isentropic efficiency (%) 80
Pump isentropic efficiency (%) 75
(3) Heat exchanger 3: the waste heat of stripping tower top H5 preheats
Condensation temperature (°C) 40.0 the working fluid of low-pressure loop for dual-pressure ORC cycle.
Inlet temperature of LP-ORC (°C) 40.2 (4) Heat exchanger 4: the working fluid of low-pressure loop for dual-
Inlet temperature of HP-ORC (°C) 130.0 pressure ORC cycle is preheated by the waste heat of flue gas H6.
Turbine inlet temperature/pressure of LP-ORC (°C/bar) 118.0/6
Turbine inlet temperature/pressure of HP-ORC (°C/bar) 260.0/30
Due to the addition of double-pressure ORC, the maximum heat
transfer capacity of the system is increased. In this process, a large
amount of heat source at different temperature in the system are uti-
lized through the ORC process, and the net output power of the NGCC

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J. Bao, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852

Table 9 Table 10
The streams for the NGCC power plant with dual-pressure ORC. Working fluid and system parameters of TSCRC.
Streams Type Tin (°C) Tout (°C) FCp (kW/K) Duty (kW) Parameter Value

System H1 Hot 295.0 140.0 128.96 19,990 Working fluid CH3F

H2 Hot 176.4 40.0 39.32 5195 Pinch temperature (°C) 5
H3 Hot 170.4 40.0 43.89 5244 Turbine isentropic efficiency (%) 80
H4 Hot 128.3 40.0 264.55 23,360 Pump isentropic efficiency (%) 75
H5 Hot 101.9 40.0 559.77 34,650 First condensation temperature (°C) −80.4
H6 Hot 99.0 40.0 640.06 37,770 Second condensation temperature (°C) −46.0
H7 Hot 40.0 −5.0 241.93 10,150 Evaporation temperature (°C) 15.0
H8 Hot 140.0 128.3 11521.36 134,800
C1 Cold 118.3 120.0 81176.47 138,000
C2 Cold 10.0 120.0 34.93 3843
power generation efficiency are increased by 7.721 MW and 1.12%,
ORC ORC-H1 Hot 82.32 40.0 242.69 63,109 respectively, and the energy penalty is reduced from 11.3% to 9.3%.
ORC-C1 Cold 40.2 118.0 278.35 50,815
ORC-C2 Cold 130.0 260.0 153.77 19,990
4.4. Case III. NGCC + PCC + EGR + TI + ORC + LNG

Through the analysis of section 4.3, it can be found that there is still
a large amount of waste heat energy in case 2 system, but the tem-
perature is low (about 90 °C). At this time, a large amount of cold uti-
lities is required in the power plant to cool the low-temperature heat
streams. For the NGCC power plant, NG comes from LNG tanks with a
large amount of cold energy. Low temperature LNG is usually heated by
seawater, which means that the cold energy of LNG is released into the
environment through seawater, resulting in a waste of cold energy. The
irreversible loss of the system is large because the temperature differ-
ence of heat transfer is large when the cold energy at −162 °C is used
directly. The LNG cold energy can be used for power generation by two-
stage condensation Rankine cycle, which avoids the large irreversible
Fig. 13. Composite curves of NGCC power plant incorporating ORC streams for loss caused by direct utilization of LNG cold energy. In this section, in
case 2. order to further improve the integration system performance, the LNG
cold energy is integrated into NGCC power plant through two-stage
condensation Rankine cycle (TSCRC). The parameters of TSCRC system
power plant system is significantly improved. The result of case 2
are given in Table 10. New hot and cold streams are formed in the
NGCC + PCC + EGR + TI + ORC is given in Table A1 of appendix.
system, in which C2 takes into account the utilization process of cold
According to Table A1 of appendix, the power generation of case 2
energy in the low temperature section of LNG. As a result, the inlet
system is 354.64 MW. Compared with case 1, the power generation and
temperature of LNG cold stream C2 has changed from 10 °C to −162 °C.

Fig. 14. Heat exchanger network diagram of case 2 (NGCC + PCC + EGR + TI + ORC).

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J. Bao, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852

Table 11 of case 3 are given in Fig. 15. It can be found that the maximum heat
New stream data after considering LNG cold energy in case 3. transfer capacity of the system is further increased, and the amount of
Streams Type Tin (°C) Tout (°C) FCp (kW/K) Duty (kW) cold utilities in the system is reduced due to the addition of LNG cold
energy. In order to make full use of the cold energy, the analysis of the
C2 Cold −162.0 120.0 35.79 6120 heat transfer network of the system is carried out and the diagram of
TSCRC-C1 Cold −67.4 15.0 49.87 11,230
the heat exchange network is as shown in Fig. 16.
TSCRC-H1 Hot −46.0 −46.0 – 3176
TSCRC-H2 Hot −80.4 −80.4 – 6218
As seen from Fig. 16, five heat exchangers need to be added to the
NGCC power plant with integrated utilization of LNG cold energy as
follows:

(1) Heat exchangers 1 and 2: the LNG cold energy C2 is used for li-
quefaction of different pressure working fluid in TSCRC process.
(2) Heat exchanger 3: LNG cold energy C2 is used for inter-cooling of
compressor stage 2.
(3) Heat exchanger 4 and 5: working fluid C1 of TSCRC is used in CO2
liquefaction and dual-pressure ORC condensation process, respec-
tively.

For heat exchanger 1 and 2, LNG cold energy is used as the heat sink
of TSCRC to condense its working fluid, which reduce the irreversible
loss of utilization of LNG cold energy. The use of the remaining part of
LNG cold energy reduces the system's cold utilities in the heat ex-
changer 3. In heat exchanger 4, the evaporation process of TSCRC
process is used in CO2 liquefaction process, and the amount of system's
Fig. 15. Composite curves of NGCC power plant incorporating LNG streams
cold utilities is further reduced in heat exchanger 5. In addition, the
case 3 NGCC + PCC + EGR + TI + ORC + LNG.
external refrigeration system in case 2 is replaced by the heat exchanger
4.
Table 11 shows the stream data, which is added after considering the The two-stage condensation Rankine cycle is used as a medium for
TSCRC system, and the other streams are the same as the case 2. the integration process of case 3, which enables LNG cold energy to be
According to the data of hot and cold streams, the composite curves closely integrated with the NGCC power plant. The performance of the

Fig. 16. Heat exchanger network diagram of case 3.

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J. Bao, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852

Fig. 17. Flowsheet of the NGCC power plant in case 3 NGCC + PCC + EGR + TI + ORC + LNG.

system is improved and the performance parameters are given in the of the system is increased from 48.09% to 48.95% because the EGR
appendix Table A1. For case 3, the LNG cold energy is firstly used to process can increase the CO2 concentration at the inlet of the PCC
generate electricity by the two-stage condensation Rankine cycle, and progress. Through internal thermal integration, the efficiency is
the net power generation is 1.761 MW. The temperature of LNG in the increased by 0.59% by increasing the inlet temperature of NG and
system is increased, and then it is used in the CO2 condensation process. reducing the amount of steam needed in the reboiler.
And the power consumption of CO2 capture system is reduced in the (2) The energy integration of ORC progress and the NGCC power plant
process of integration, which makes full use of the cold energy of LNG is considered, because there are still a lot of waste heat at different
and reduces the use of utilities. Then the energy integration process of temperature levels in the power plant. With the construction of
case 3 is summarized and the detailed data are given in Table A1 of double-pressure ORC, the internal waste heat of the system is uti-
appendix. It can be found that the net output power of the case 3 lized effectively. The power recovery of ORC system is 7.721 MW
reaches 360.22 MW, and the power generation efficiency is increased to and the power generation efficiency of the system is increased from
51.46%, and the energy penalty of the power plant is reduced to 7.9%. 49.54% to 50.66%.
Finally, the flowsheet of case 3 is given in Fig. 17. (3) Since a large amount of low temperature waste heat cannot be
utilized by double-pressure ORC, then the LNG cold energy is fur-
5. Conclusion ther integrated with the NGCC power plant. Firstly, the LNG cold
energy is used to generate electricity, and the power generation is
The high energy consumption demand of the PCC process for the 1.761 MW. After that, the temperature of LNG in the system is in-
NGCC power plant will lead to a significant reduction in power gen- creased, and then it is used in the CO2 liquefaction process.
eration efficiency. However, a large amount of low-temperature waste Therefore, the CO2 liquefaction device is also saved for the NGCC
heat in NGCC power plant is difficult to be used due to its low tem- power plant. Compared with the basic case, the power output of the
perature level. In this paper, the idea of integrating LNG cold energy case 3 is increased by 17.55 MW, the total efficiency of power plant
with the NGCC power plant with PCC process is proposed. For the is increased by 2.51%, and the energy penalty is reduced to 7.9%.
NGCC power plant of 391 MW with the PCC process, the model of the
NGCC power plant is established and verified. The integration of the Declaration of Competing Interest
system is carried on to reduce the energy penalty. The following con-
clusions are obtained: None.

(1) When the NGCC power plant is combined with the PCC device Acknowledgement
based on MEA absorption process, the power generation efficiency
of the power plant is reduced from 55.88% to 48.09%, which is This research was financially supported by the National Natural
mainly due to the high energy consumption of the compression Science Foundation of China (No. 51606025), MOST innovation team
process and the extraction of the low-pressure steam. Under the in key area (No. 2016RA4053) and the Fundamental Research Funds for
condition of 35% EGR cycle ratio, the power generation efficiency the Central Universities (Grant No. DUT19JC05).

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J. Bao, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111852

Appendix

Table A1
Performance of various integrated NGCC power plants.
Case Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

Gas turbine power 257.04 257.04 257.04

Gas turbine 532.89 532.89 532.89
Air compression 275.86 275.86 275.86

Steam turbines power 111.29 111.29 111.29

HP turbine 29.51 29.51 29.51
IP turbine 50.32 50.32 50.32
LP turbine 31.46 31.46 31.46
circulating water pumps 1.35 1.35 1.35
HPP 1.241 1.241 1.241
IPP 0.072 0.072 0.072
LPP 0.143 0.143 0.143
RP 0.021 0.021 0.021
CW pumps 0.680 0.680 0.680

Post Captured Aux 1.107 1.107 1.107

Steam extraction kg/s 61.44 61.44 61.44
Specific power consumption 3.83 3.83 3.83
Lean pump 0.218 0.218 0.218
Rich pump 0.109 0.109 0.109
Auxiliary in capture unit 0.780 0.780 0.780

CO2 Compression 13.12 13.12 9.32

CO2 compressor 12.96 12.96 9.242
CW pump 0.163 0.163 0.078

ORC 7.721 7.721

Turbines 8.176 8.176
Pumps 0.457 0.455

TSCRC 1.761
Turbines 1.803
Pumps 0.042

Total power generation 362.81 370.41 372.14

Net power 346.44 354.02 359.56
Net power efficiency (%) 49.49% 50.57% 51.36%
Energy penalty (%) 11.4% 9.4% 8.0%

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