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Simultaneous Quantification of Curcuminoids and Xanthorrhizol in Curcuma

Xanthorrhiza by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Article in Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies · July 2017

DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1343729

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Simultaneous quantification of curcuminoids and

xanthorrhizol in Curcuma xanthorrhiza by high-
performance liquid chromatography

Epi Erpina, Mohamad Rafi, Latifah Kosim Darusman, Arum Vitasari, Budi
Riza Putra & Eti Rohaeti

To cite this article: Epi Erpina, Mohamad Rafi, Latifah Kosim Darusman, Arum Vitasari, Budi
Riza Putra & Eti Rohaeti (2017): Simultaneous quantification of curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol
in Curcuma xanthorrhiza by high-performance liquid chromatography, Journal of Liquid
Chromatography & Related Technologies, DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1343729

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Simultaneous quantification of curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol in Curcuma

xanthorrhiza by high-performance liquid chromatography
Epi Erpinaa, Mohamad Rafia,b , Latifah Kosim Darusmana,b, Arum Vitasaria, Budi Riza Putraa, and Eti Rohaetia
a
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia; bTropical Biopharmaca
Research Center-Institute of Research and Community Services, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
A new method for simultaneous quantification of curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol (XNT) in Curcuma Curcuma xanthorrhiza;
xanthorrhiza was developed and validated using high-performance liquid chromatography with curcuminoids; HPLC;
diode-array UV–Vis detector. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex C18 at simultaneous quantification;
xanthorrhizol
room temperature with the mobile-phase acetonitrile 0.001% formic acid in gradient elution system
and delivered at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection wavelength 425 nm was used for curcuminoids and
224 nm for XNT. System suitability, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantitation,
Downloaded by [University of Bath] at 09:58 26 September 2017

and stability were evaluated and were found in good agreement with Association of Official Analytical
Chemists guidelines for single-laboratory validation. The proposed method was found to be precise,
accurate, and reliable and also could be applied for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of
curcuminoids and XNT in C. xanthorriza raw material and its herbal medicinal product.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Introduction class.[6] Figure 1 shows the chemical structures of these major

components from CX.
Curcuma xanthorrhiza (CX) or java turmeric is known as
The quantity of a chemical marker could be used as an
temulawakin Indonesia. This rhizomatous herb was spread-
indicator of the quality of medicinal plants.[7] Quality control
ing and widely cultivated in the tropical and subtropical
of medicinal plants using multicomponent analysis has been
regions especially in the Southeast Asia. Java turmeric is
widely accepted for the quality evaluation of medicinal plant
one of the medicinal plants most used in jamu, an Indonesian
raw material and their finished products.[8] As we mentioned
traditional medicine. There are several reported paper in the
in the above paragraph, curcuminoids and XNT are a chemical
biologicalactivities of CX, such as antimicrobial, antibacterial,
marker and already used to determine the quality of CX
antinociceptive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory
for ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy to obtain a
activities.[1–5] Some of these activities are likely due from
standardized herbal medicinal product containing CX. Many
CX main components such as curcuminoids and xanthorrhi-
analytical methods have been developed for quantification
zol (XNT). Curcuminoids belong to the diarylheptanoids
of curcuminoids and XNT individually. The analytical techniques
class and represented in CX by curcumin (CUR), demethox-
used for the quantification of curcuminoids mostly basedon
ycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC).
chromatographic, electrophoresis, and spectrophotometric tech-
The yellowish-orange color of CX rhizome was caused by
niques.[9] A number of quantitative analyses of curcuminoids
the presence of curcuminoids. XNT is also one of the major
have been reported using HPTLC,[10] Gas Chromatography-Mass
components presented in CX and belongs to sesquiterpenoid

CONTACT Mohamad Rafi [email protected] Research and Community Services, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl Taman Kencana No. 3, Kampus IPB Taman
Kencana, Bogor 16128, Indonesia.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ljlc.
© 2017 Taylor & Francis
 2 E. ERPINA ET AL.

Bogor and one sample of turmeric (Curcuma longa). All of the

samples were sieved, dried, and pulverized before use.

Instrumentation and chromatographic conditions

An HPLC system of LC-20A series (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan)
equipped with a diode array UV–Vis detectorwas used in this
study. Chromatographic separation of the four analytes was
achieved using a Phenomenex C18 column (150 � 4.6 mm
ID, 5 µm particle size). The mobile phase used consists of acet-
onitrile (A) and 0.001% formic acid in water with pH 6.5 (B)
with a gradient elution program of 45–85% (A) for 0–60 min,
85–100% (A) for 60–75 min, and 100% (A) for 75–80 min. The
flow rate used is 1 mL/min, injection volume is 20 µL and
monitored at 425 nm for quantitation of curcuminoids and
224 nm for XNT.

Preparation of samples and standard solutions

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Accurately weighed powdered samples (25 mg) were sonicated

with methanol (5 mL) for 1 hr at room temperature. After
Figure 1. The chemical structure of the tested compound (a) curcumin, filtration through a 0.45 µm membrane filter, the sample
(b) demethoxycurcumin, (c) bisdemethoxycurcumin, and (d) xanthorrhizol.
solutions were diluted to 10 mL with methanol before injected
into HPLC system. Standard stock solutions of CUR, DMC,
Spectrometry (GC-MS),[11] HPLC,[12–14] Ultra Performance and BDMC were prepared in methanol at concentrations of
Liquid Chromatography (UPLC),[15] microemulsion Electro- 1,000 µg/mL. An appropriate amount of each standard stock
kinetic Chromatography (EKC),[16] Supercritical Fluid Chroma- solution was mixed and diluted with methanol to obtain 5
tography (SFC),[17] and spectrophotometric (UV–Vis, NIR, concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 37.5 µg/mL for CUR,
Raman).[18–20] HPLC is the frequently used analytical technique DMC, and BDMC. Solutions of XNT diluted with methanol
that is for quantitative analysis of XNT.[21,22] Liquid chromato- to obtain five concentrations range from 100 to 850 µg/mL.
graphy such as HPLC is the most analytical technique used for Calibration curves will be constructed from all of the solutions
determination of curcuminoids or XNT because of their powerful of the four analytes.
separation ability.
Up to now, no paper has been reported regarding
Method validation
simultaneous quantification of curcuminoids and XNT by
HPLC technique, so we took this opportunity to develop this Validation of the method for determination of CUR,
method. In this present study, a new HPLC method has been BDMC, DMC, and XNT was evaluated by following the
developed for simultaneous quantification of curcuminoids single-laboratory validation guidelines from Association of
(CUR, DMC, and BDMC) and XNT in CX. The developed Official Analytical Chemists.[23] We determine the system
method was precise, accurate, and reliable for the simultaneous suitability, linearity of the calibration curves, limit of detection
quantification of the four analytes present in CX raw material (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, and
and herbal products. stability for validation of the method.

Experimental
Results and discussion
Chemicals
Optimization of HPLC condition
Curcumin, DMC, and BDMC were purchased from ChromaDex
Inc. (Santa Ana, CA, USA). XNT was isolated from the methanol An excellent quantitative multicomponent analysis with an
extract of CX with purity 85.42% by HPLC analysis. The HPLC HPLC should have a better resolution for all of the interest
grade of acetonitrile, formic acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, analytes with other adjacent peaks. In this study, we optimized
and methanol were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, the mobile-phase composition to have a good baseline
Germany). Membrane filter (0.22 µm pore size; PTFE; P/N separation of the four analytes. Another parameter such as
E252) was obtained from Whatman (Buckinghamshire, flow rate was maintained at 1 mL/min, and also for the
England), which wasused for filtration of samples solutions. detection, wavelength of curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol
was chosen at 425 and 224 nm, respectively. We have tried a
different composition of mobile phase consisting of
Plant materials
acetonitrile–water under different gradient elution modes
Samples of CX from Bogor, Solo, and Yogyakarta were used in but did not give a satisfactory baseline separation of the
this study. We also used one commercial powder of CX from CUR, DMD, BDMC, and XNT in CX. An additive such as
 JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES 3

formic acid, acetic acid, and phosphoric acid was added to the
mixture of acetonitrile–water to improve the resolution. We
found that formic acid gives an improved baseline separation
of the desired analytes.
We also compared a different concentration of formic acid
in the mobile phase and found that the higher concentration
of formic acid will cause a decreasing in the baseline of
chromatogram (Figure 2), so the peak area of analytes will
not be quantified accurately. After many tests in the compo-
sition of the mobile phase, the optimum HPLC condition that
was giving excellent separations (resolution > 1.5) of the four
analytes in CX was achieved using 45–85% of acetonitrile in
0.001% of formic acid for 60 min using a linear gradient
elution. The retention time of CUR, DMC, BDMC, and
XNT were 9.11, 9.96, 10.82, and 32.44 min, respectively, and
UV–Vis spectra of the analytes were matched with the Figure 3. HPLC chromatograms in the optimimum condition. (a) Sample of CX,
reference standards (Figure 3). A combination of acetonitrile (b) standard solution of 5 µg/mL curcuminoids contains bisdemethoxycurcumin
with 0.001% formic acid was chosen because the analytes peak (1), demethoxycurcumin (2), curcumin (3), and 85 µg/mL xanthorrhizol (4), and
(c) UV–Vis spectra of the four analytes. Operating conditions as in Figure 2 with
Downloaded by [University of Bath] at 09:58 26 September 2017

was well defined and resolved at this composition of the mobile acetonitrile and 0.001% formic acid as the mobile phase.
phase.
Linearity
Validation of the developed method To obtain calibration curves based on linear regression
analysis, we plotted the analyte peak areas (Y) against the
System suitability
corresponding concentrations (X, µg/mL) of the standard
The system suitability was evaluated to determine that the
solutions. The range of concentration level used is
performance of analytical instrument has met the minimum
0.5–37.5 µg/mL for curcuminoids and 5–850 µg/mL for XNT.
standard requirements before used for quantitative analysis
The calibration curves for CUR, DMC, BDMC, and XNT were
of the analyte. System suitability test was conducted by
linear with correlation coefficients (r2) greater than 0.9950 as
making five replicate injections of 5 µg/mL of curcuminoids shown in Table 2. This value indicates that the method can
and 85 µg/mL of XNT solutions and analyzing each analyte measure the response proportional to the concentration of
for their retention time, peak area, capacity factor, peak tailing analytes in a test solution.
factor, and theoretical plate number. Relative standard
deviations of all parameter were calculated to evaluate the
system suitability of the developed method. From the results Limit of detection and limit of quantification
obtained, we found RSDs for retention time < 2, peak area The minimum level at which the investigated compounds
< 4, capacity factor < 4, tailing factor < 4.5, and N < 2 can be reliably detected (LOD), and quantified (LOQ) was
(Table 1). This low RSDs value indicates that the developed determined experimentally. The LOD was expressed as the
method had low variation and met the standard requirement concentration of sample that generated a response to three
for a better performance of the analytical instrument. times of the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, and the LOQ was
ten times of the S/N ratio. The LOD of CUR, DMC, BDMC,
and XNT were found to be 0.0250, 0.0166, 0.0119, and
0.2856 µg/mL, respectively. The LOQ of CUR, DMC, BDMC,

Table 1. System suitability study for determination of curcuminoids and

xanthorrhizol.
Analyte BDMC DMC CUR XNT
Retention time (min)
Mean 9.11 9.89 10.72 32.10
RSD (%) 1.67 1.34 1.02 0.10
Peak area
Mean (area/µg) 11,242,220 9,468,090 9,721,930 314,751
RSD (%) 3.49 3.43 3.54 3.84
Capacity factor
Mean 5.96 6.55 7.19 31.07
RSD (%) 2.09 1.56 1.09 3.59
Tailing factor
Figure 2. HPLC chromatograms using acetonitrile with different concentrations Mean 1.31 1.23 1.25 1.00
of formic acid (a) 0.001%, (b) 0.005%, and (c) 0.1% as the mobile phase in the RSD (%) 4.27 3.32 3.47 0.57
optimum HPLC condition. Column, Phenomenex C18 (150 � 4.6 mm ID, 5 µm Theoretical plate number
particle size); mobile phase for (a), acetonitrile (A) and 0.001% formic acid in water Mean 17,986 15,524 14,658 3,030
(B) with a gradient elution program of 45–85% (A) for 0–60 min, 85–100% (A) for RSD (%) 1.95 1.95 1.48 0.81
60–75 min, 100% (A) for 75–80 min; flow rate 1 mL/min; detection wavelength at BDMC, bisdemethoxycurcumin; CUR, curcumin; DMC, demethoxycurcumin; XNT,
425 nm for quantitation of curcuminoids and 224 nm for xanthorrhizol. xanthorrhizol.
 4 E. ERPINA ET AL.

Table 2. Analytical data of the calibration curves, LOD, LOQ, precision, recovery, and stability for the quantitative analysis of curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol.
Regression equation (y ¼ a þ bx)a LOD LOQ Precision (RSD, %) Recoveryb Stabilityc
Analyte (correlation coefficient r2) (µg/mL) (µg/mL) Intra-day (n ¼ 5) Inter-day (n ¼ 3) Average recovery (%)b RSD (%) (n ¼ 3) RSD(%)(n ¼ 6)
BDMC Y ¼ 249508X 85575 (r2 ¼ 0.9998) 0.0119 0.0397 Day 1 ¼ 3.404 2.55 116.27 1.01 2.35
Day 2 ¼ 1.928
Day 3 ¼ 3.256
DMC Y ¼ 183942X 26179 (r2 ¼ 0.9999) 0.0186 0.0619 Day 1 ¼ 2.338 2.69 93.18 2.06 2.85
Day 2 ¼ 2.210
Day 3 ¼ 1.737
CUR Y ¼ 194614X 17383 (r2 ¼ 0.9999 0.0250 0.0833 Day 1 ¼ 2.355 0.64 92.61 2.32 3.06
Day 2 ¼ 1.669
Day 3 ¼ 1.900
XNT Y ¼ 5778.2X 49343 (r2 ¼ 0.9984) 0.2856 1.1904 Day 1 ¼ 4.363 0.98 83.86 3.57 1.95
Day 2 ¼ 4.050
Day 3 ¼ 1.677
BDMC, bisdemethoxycurcumin; CUR, curcumin; DMC, demethoxycurcumin; LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantification; XNT, xanthorrhizol.
a
Concentration range of 0.5–37.5 µg/mL for CUR, DMC, and BDMC and 5–850 µg/mL for XNT.
b
Three levels of added standard compounds (0.5, 1, and 1.5 µg/mL) to the sample solution with each level measured in triplicate.
c
Six measurements at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr after the extraction of the sample.

Table 3. Contents of the four analytes in the tested samples (mg/g).

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Analyte (mg/g � standard deviation), n ¼ 3

Samples CX Sources of samples BDMC DMC CUR XNT
CX-1 Bogor 0.49 � 0.011 5.33 � 0.006 10.82 � 0.107 158.30 � 0.834
CX-2 Yogyakarta 0.20 � 0.025 3.44 � 0.144 14.47 � 0.273 201.75 � 1.996
CX-3 Solo 0.16 � 0.0044 1.38 � 0.0511 8.49 � 0.744 136.46 � 1.142
CX-4 (commercial sample) Bogor 0.14 � 0.0003 0.12 � 0.004 0.27 � 0.015 5.85 � 0.129
Curcuma longa Bogor 4.75 � 0.191 8.43 � 0.407 30.76 � 0.857 –
BDMC, bisdemethoxycurcumin; CUR, curcumin; CX, Curcuma xanthorrhiza; DMC, demethoxycurcumin; XNT, xanthorrhizol.

and XNT were found to be 0.0397, 0.0619, 0.0833, and recovery from 83.86 to 116.27%, and % RSDs were below than
1.1904 µg/mL, respectively. Low values of LOD and LOQ 3.57% for the four marker compounds. The value of recovery
indicate that the developed method has an excellent sensitivity. and low of % RSDs show that the methods used in the analysis
had a good accuracy. A good recovery indicates the accuracy of
Precision and stability the method. The results are summarized in Table 2.
The analytical precision was determined by analyzing five inde-
pendently prepared samples of CX using the same method,
Application of the HPLC method
operator, instruments, and equipment. This method can deter-
mine the random error derived from sample preparation, such The developed method was successfully applied to the simul-
as weighing. The specificity of the chromatographic method taneous quantitative analysis of CUR, BDMC, DMC, and XNT
was established to ensure separation of sample and the stan- in a single running. Peaks in the chromatograms were identified
dard. Intraday assay variation was evaluated by injecting these by the same retention time and online UV–Vis spectra with
samples in replicates of five in the same day. Interday assay those of the reference standards. This method had been applied
variation was assessed by injecting these samples in replicates to analyzed the desired analytes in CX samples collected from
of five on three different days. The relative standard deviation different regions and its commercial powder. We also compared
was determined for evaluating the precision. RSDs for the result with other Curcuma species, such as C. longa.
intra-day and interday precision were found below than 4.5% Determination of curcuminoid and xanthorrizol was
for all of the compounds. Stability of analytes in the sample performed on each sample with three replicates. The results
solution was evaluated by analyzing the sample solution at 0, are summarized in Table 3. By using this method, we detected
3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr after the preparation of sample at room curcuminoids and XNT in all CX samples with a different level
temperature. The analytes were found to be stable in the sample of concentrations. Based on this result, different amounts of
solution with RSDs values between 1.95 and 3.06% for all analytes were caused by the different location growths, soils,
targeted compounds. The precision and stability are supported climates, and growth stages. By using this method, we also
by the low %RSDs, as shown in Table 2 and demonstrate that could distinguish CX from C. longa because curcuminoids
this method had good precision and stability. amount in the C. longa was higher than CX, and in the
C. longa, we did not detect the peak from XNT. Xanthorrizol
Accuracy is known as a specific marker compound for CX samples.
Three different quantities (low, medium, and high) of the
standards were added into the sample to evaluate the accuracy
Conclusion
of the developed analytical method. Then the amount of each
component was subsequently calculated from calibration In this paper, we established a new method for simultaneous
curves. The method had a satisfactory accuracy with the overall quantification of curcuminoids and XNT in C. xanthorrhiza
 JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES 5

using HPLC coupled with diode array UV–Vis detector. Our [9] Rohman, A. Mini Review Analysis of Curcuminoids in Food and
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